What Is Administrative Distance?
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A Comprehensive Study of Routing Protocols Performance with Topological Changes in the Networks Mohsin Masood Mohamed Abuhelala Prof
A comprehensive study of Routing Protocols Performance with Topological Changes in the Networks Mohsin Masood Mohamed Abuhelala Prof. Ivan Glesk Electronics & Electrical Electronics & Electrical Electronics & Electrical Engineering Department Engineering Department Engineering Department University of Strathclyde University of Strathclyde University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland, UK Glasgow, Scotland, UK Glasgow, Scotland, UK mohsin.masood mohamed.abuhelala ivan.glesk @strath.ac.uk @strath.ac.uk @strath.ac.uk ABSTRACT different topologies and compare routing protocols, but no In the modern communication networks, where increasing work has been considered about the changing user demands and advance applications become a functionality of these routing protocols with the topology challenging task for handling user traffic. Routing with real-time network limitations. such as topological protocols have got a significant role not only to route user change, network congestions, and so on. Hence without data across the network but also to reduce congestion with considering the topology with different network scenarios less complexity. Dynamic routing protocols such as one cannot fully understand and make right comparison OSPF, RIP and EIGRP were introduced to handle among any routing protocols. different networks with various traffic environments. Each This paper will give a comprehensive literature review of of these protocols has its own routing process which each routing protocol. Such as how each protocol (OSPF, makes it different and versatile from the other. The paper RIP or EIGRP) does convergence activity with any change will focus on presenting the routing process of each in the network. Two experiments are conducted that are protocol and will compare its performance with the other. -
The Routing Table V1.12 – Aaron Balchunas 1
The Routing Table v1.12 – Aaron Balchunas 1 - The Routing Table - Routing Table Basics Routing is the process of sending a packet of information from one network to another network. Thus, routes are usually based on the destination network, and not the destination host (host routes can exist, but are used only in rare circumstances). To route, routers build Routing Tables that contain the following: • The destination network and subnet mask • The “next hop” router to get to the destination network • Routing metrics and Administrative Distance The routing table is concerned with two types of protocols: • A routed protocol is a layer 3 protocol that applies logical addresses to devices and routes data between networks. Examples would be IP and IPX. • A routing protocol dynamically builds the network, topology, and next hop information in routing tables. Examples would be RIP, IGRP, OSPF, etc. To determine the best route to a destination, a router considers three elements (in this order): • Prefix-Length • Metric (within a routing protocol) • Administrative Distance (between separate routing protocols) Prefix-length is the number of bits used to identify the network, and is used to determine the most specific route. A longer prefix-length indicates a more specific route. For example, assume we are trying to reach a host address of 10.1.5.2/24. If we had routes to the following networks in the routing table: 10.1.5.0/24 10.0.0.0/8 The router will do a bit-by-bit comparison to find the most specific route (i.e., longest matching prefix). -
Performance Evaluation of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol in Ipv6 Network
International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 70– No.5, May 2013 Performance Evaluation of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol in IPv6 Network Kuwar Pratap Singh P. K. Gupta G. Singh Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Department of Electronics and and Engineering and Engineering Communication Engineering Jaypee University of Information Jaypee University of Information Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan Technology, Waknaghat, Solan Technology, Waknaghat, Solan 173 234 INDIA 173 234 INDIA 173 234 INDIA ABSTRACT packets is transmitted after every 5 seconds to see whether With the explosive growth in communication and network neighbour router is up or not. These packets are sent for technologies, there is a great demand of IPv6 addressing various different reasons like: scheme. However, the modern operating systems has option a) For discovering neighbour, for this and with the development of IPv6 which removes the limitations imposed by IPv4 and provides the large number of b) For forming relation with neighbour, address space. In this paper, authors have considered the c) For maintaining relation with neighbour. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol and presented a scenario for its performance evaluation in IPv6 networks and DUAL algorithm used, includes Successor(S), Feasible obtained results are highly considerable for the short distance Successor (FS), Feasibility Condition (FC), Feasible Distance of communication and don’t represent any problem of (FD), and reported distance (RD) [4]. performance degradation while sending or receiving the data. 2. RELATED WORK Keywords Narisetty and Balsu [5] have introduced the combination of EIGRP, IPv6, Routing, OSPF, Local Area Network, Wide IS-IS/RIP and EIGRP protocol. -
Protocol to Learn and Share Routes
Protocol To Learn And Share Routes Minimal and crackpot Daryl decrescendos her formaldehyde miaous while Corbin ankylosed some midtown likewise. Todd reregulated his Lucienchurches halloing motorcycle some polygamouslyepitaxies and ordecuple diurnally his afterscallywags Eduardo so outsoar rightward! and electrocutes dead-set, unbroken and Procrustean. Macaronic Bit embarrassing if required here as opaque and protocol to learn and share routes from connected to illuminate key feature Review which interfaces on the router were configured and plumbed during installation. We have learnt the concepts of LINK STATE routing protocols and especially OSPF, increment the metric, some of the routing table entries could be replaced with a default route. Enable BGP on the subnets from the. This paper presents a survey and to review a comparative study about various routing protocols under each of these categories. Static Routing is also known as Nonadaptive Routing. Authentication Length: The length, there is less administrative overhead. In fact, nodes on some networks were even more involved, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services. This will give the complete status about routing protocols likes on which interface its receiving updates and on which interface its broadcasting update what is time intervals. Thus making up your private docker images contained in mobile sus that routes to and share routing tables accordingly. At the same time, latency, acting as if the neighbor had responded with an unreachable message for all routes. This is where configuration guides come in. The route metric calculations, dynamic routing table with an intermediate systems refer to protocol to learn and share routes. -
Introduction to the Border Gateway Protocol – Case Study Using GNS3
Introduction to The Border Gateway Protocol – Case Study using GNS3 Sreenivasan Narasimhan1, Haniph Latchman2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida, Gainesville, USA [email protected], [email protected] Abstract – As the internet evolves to become a vital resource for many organizations, configuring The Border Gateway protocol (BGP) as an exterior gateway protocol in order to connect to the Internet Service Providers (ISP) is crucial. The BGP system exchanges network reachability information with other BGP peers from which Autonomous System-level policy decisions can be made. Hence, BGP can also be described as Inter-Domain Routing (Inter-Autonomous System) Protocol. It guarantees loop-free exchange of information between BGP peers. Enterprises need to connect to two or more ISPs in order to provide redundancy as well as to improve efficiency. This is called Multihoming and is an important feature provided by BGP. In this way, organizations do not have to be constrained by the routing policy decisions of a particular ISP. BGP, unlike many of the other routing protocols is not used to learn about routes but to provide greater flow control between competitive Autonomous Systems. In this paper, we present a study on BGP, use a network simulator to configure BGP and implement its route-manipulation techniques. Index Terms – Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Internet Service Provider (ISP), Autonomous System, Multihoming, GNS3. 1. INTRODUCTION Figure 1. Internet using BGP [2]. Routing protocols are broadly classified into two types – Link State In the figure, AS 65500 learns about the route 172.18.0.0/16 through routing (LSR) protocol and Distance Vector (DV) routing protocol. -
RIP: Routing Information Protocol a Routing Protocol Based on the Distance-Vector Algorithm
Laboratory 6 RIP: Routing Information Protocol A Routing Protocol Based on the Distance-Vector Algorithm Objective The objective of this lab is to configure and analyze the performance of the Routing Information Protocol (RIP) model. Overview A router in the network needs to be able to look at a packet’s destination address and then determine which of the output ports is the best choice to get the packet to that address. The router makes this decision by consulting a forwarding table. The fundamental problem of routing is: How do routers acquire the information in their forwarding tables? Routing algorithms are required to build the routing tables and hence forwarding tables. The basic problem of routing is to find the lowest-cost path between any two nodes, where the cost of a path equals the sum of the costs of all the edges that make up the path. Routing is achieved in most practical networks by running routing protocols among the nodes. The protocols provide a distributed, dynamic way to solve the problem of finding the lowest-cost path in the presence of link and node failures and changing edge costs. One of the main classes of routing algorithms is the distance-vector algorithm. Each node constructs a vector containing the distances (costs) to all other nodes and distributes that vector to its immediate neighbors. RIP is the canonical example of a routing protocol built on the distance-vector algorithm. Routers running RIP send their advertisements regularly (e.g., every 30 seconds). A router also sends an update message whenever a triggered update from another router causes it to change its routing table. -
WMM - Wireless Mesh Monitoring
WMM - Wireless Mesh Monitoring Ricardo Pinto [email protected] Instituto Superior T´ecnico Advisor: Professor Lu´ısRodrigues Abstract. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) have emerged as a poten- tial technology to quickly deploy a wireless infrastructure that is self- healing, self-configured, and self-organized. This report makes an in- troduction to WMNs, their protocols and some existing deployments. Then the problem of monitoring the operation of these networks, is ad- dressed by making a brief survey on some relevant network monitoring approaches and by pointing directions of future work in this area. 1 Introduction Within the short span of a decade, wireless networks have revolutionized the way we use our devices, bringing us cable-free mobility, always-on connectiv- ity, and reduced infrastructure costs. In the past few years, we have witnessed a tremendous growth of wireless LANs (WLANs) mainly due to their ease of deployment and maintenance. However, all wireless access points (APs) need to be connected to the wired backbone network and, therefore, WLANs still re- quire extensive infrastructure and careful planning in order to minimize their costs. Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) have emerged as a key technology to ease the deployment of wireless networks. Unlike traditional WiFi networks, in WMNs only a subset of APs are required to be connected to the wired network. As a result, only a subset of the nodes need wired infrastructure (these nodes serve as gateways) while the other mesh nodes have the ability to route mes- sages to the gateways, thus providing also access to the Internet. A WMN is a dynamically self-organized and self-configured network in which the nodes au- tomatically establish and maintain connectivity. -
Babel Routing Protocol for Omnet++ More Than Just a New Simulation Module for INET Framework
Babel Routing Protocol for OMNeT++ More than just a new simulation module for INET framework Vladimír Veselý, Vít Rek, Ondřej Ryšavý Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Information Technology Brno University of Technology Brno, Czech Republic {ivesely, rysavy}@fit.vutbr.cz; [email protected] Abstract—Routing and switching capabilities of computer Device discovery protocols such as Cisco Discovery networks seem as the closed environment containing a limited set Protocol (CDP) and Link Layer Discovery Protocol of deployed protocols, which nobody dares to change. The (LLDP), which verify data-link layer operation. majority of wired network designs are stuck with OSPF (guaranteeing dynamic routing exchange on network layer) and In this paper, we only focus on a Babel simulation model. RSTP (securing loop-free data-link layer topology). Recently, Babel is increasingly more popular seen as the open-source more use-case specific routing protocols, such as Babel, have alternative to Cisco’s Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing appeared. These technologies claim to have better characteristic Protocol (EIGRP). Babel is also considered a better routing than current industry standards. Babel is a fresh contribution to protocol for mobile networks comparing to Destination- the family of distance-vector routing protocols, which is gaining its Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) or Ad hoc On-Demand momentum for small double-stack (IPv6 and IPv4) networks. This Distance-Vector (AODV) routing protocols. Babel is a hybrid paper briefly describes Babel behavior and provides details on its distance vector routing protocol. Although it stems from a implementation in OMNeT++ discrete event simulator. classical distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm, it also adopts certain features from link-state protocols, such as proactive Keywords—Babel, OMNeT++, INET, Routing, Protocols, IPv6, neighbor discovery. -
Cisco SD-WAN Routing Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Release 17.X
Cisco SD-WAN Routing Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Release 17.x First Published: 2020-04-30 Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS. THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY. The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB's public domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS" WITH ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE. IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. -
IP Routing Protocol-Independent Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS
IP Routing: Protocol-Independent Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS Release 12.2SX Americas Headquarters Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 USA http://www.cisco.com Tel: 408 526-4000 800 553-NETS (6387) Fax: 408 527-0883 C O N T E N T S Configuring IP Routing Protocol-Independent Features 1 Finding Feature Information 1 Information About Configuring IP Routing Protocol-Independent Features 1 Variable-Length Subnet Masks 2 Static Routes 2 Default Routes 3 Default Network 3 Gateway of Last Resort 4 Maximum Number of Paths 4 Multi-Interface Load Splitting 4 Routing Information Redistribution 5 Supported Metric Translations 5 Default Passive Interfaces 6 Sources of Routing Information Filtering 6 Policy-Based Routing 7 Fast-Switched Policy Routing 8 Local Policy Routing 9 NetFlow Policy Routing 9 Authentication Keys Management 10 How to Configure IP Routing Protocol-Independent Features 11 Configuring Redistribution Routing Information 11 Defining conditions for redistributing routes 11 Redistributing routes from one routing domain to another 13 Removing options for redistributing routes 14 Configuring Routing Information Filtering 14 Preventing Routing Updates Through an Interface 14 Configuring Default Passive Interfaces 15 Controlling the Advertising of Routes in Routing Updates 16 Controlling the Processing of Routing Updates 16 IP Routing: Protocol-Independent Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS Release 12.2SX ii Contents Filtering Sources of Routing Information 16 Configuring precedence for policy-based routed packets -
Bigp- a New Single Protocol That Can Work As an Igp (Interior Gateway Protocol) As Well As Egp (Exterior Gateway Protocol)
Manuscript Number: IJV2435 BIGP- A NEW SINGLE PROTOCOL THAT CAN WORK AS AN IGP (INTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOL) AS WELL AS EGP (EXTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOL) Isha Gupta ASET/CSE Department, Noida, India [email protected] the now obsolete Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), as Abstract- EGP and IGP are the key components the standard exterior gateway-routing protocol used in the of the present internet infrastructure. Routers in global Internet. BGP solves serious problems with EGP a domain forward IP packet within and between and scales to Internet growth more efficiently [1,11]. domains. Each domain uses an intra-domain routing protocol known as Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) like IS-IS, OSPF, RIP etc to populate the routing tables of its routers. Routing information must also be exchanged between domains to ensure that a host in one domain can reach another host in remote domain. This role is performed by inter-domain routing protocol called Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). Basically EGP used these days is Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Basic difference between the both is that BGP has smaller convergence as compared to the IGP’s. And IGP’s on the other hand have lesser scalability as compared to the BGP. So in this paper a proposal to create a new protocol is given which can act as an IGP when we consider inter-domain transfer of traffic and acts as BGP when we consider intra-domain transfer of traffic. Figures 1: BGP topology In the above figure a simple BGP topology is shown. It consists of three autonomous systems which are linked together using serial cables. -
Chapter 4 Network Layer
Chapter 4 Network Layer A note on the use of these ppt slides: We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). Computer They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. Networking: A Top They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following: Down Approach v If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source th (after all, we’d like people to use our book!) 6 edition v If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted Jim Kurose, Keith Ross from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this Addison-Wesley material. March 2012 Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Network Layer 4-1 Chapter 4: outline 4.1 introduction 4.5 routing algorithms 4.2 virtual circuit and § link state datagram networks § distance vector 4.3 what’s inside a router § hierarchical routing 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol 4.6 routing in the Internet § datagram format § RIP § IPv4 addressing § OSPF § BGP § ICMP § IPv6 4.7 broadcast and multicast routing Network Layer 4-2 Interplay between routing, forwarding routing algorithm determines routing algorithm end-end-path through network forwarding table determines local forwarding table local forwarding at this router dest address output link address-range 1 3 address-range 2 2 address-range 3 2 address-range 4 1 IP destination