The Civilian Conservation Corps at Camp Rand (F-75), Josephine County, Oregon
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"... THE BEST YEAR I SPENTINMYENTIRE LIFE" THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS AT CAMP RAND (F-75), JOSEPHINE COUNTY, OREGON by Kay Atwood Dennis J. Gray Ward Tonsfeldt February 2004 Township 34 S. Range 8 W. U. S. G.S. Quad.: Galice, OR. "... THE BEST YEAR I SPENT IN MY ENTIRE LIFE" THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS AT CAMP RAND (F-75), JOSEPHINE COUNTY, OREGON Prepared for: U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management Grants Pass Resource Area Medford District Office Medford, Oregon 97504 Order No. HMP035019 by Kay Atwood Dennis J. Gray Ward Tonsfeldt Cascade Research, LLC 668 Leonard St. Ashland, Oregon 97520 February 2004 Management Summary The Grants Pass Resource Area of the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) contracted with Cascade Research, LLC of Ashland, Oregon to undertake an evaluation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp at Rand, Oregon. Due to increased visitor use of the Rand BLM facility in recent years, and proposals to pave and use portions of the old CCC camp site for equipment storage, the Grants Pass Resource Area needs to determine the scientific significance of the Camp Rand site in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The purpose of the field evaluation was to determine the content, depth, variability, and integrity of any archaeological deposits, and to document the location of former Camp Rand structures. In addition, research was conducted to augment and synthesize the known history of the Camp Rand. This report presents the results of these investigations and recommendations for future management and interpretation of the site. Test excavations, and other field work for the current study at the Camp Rand CCC site, were conducted primarily between July 14 and July 18, 2003. The site of the former CCC camp at Rand is in the meadow just south of the BLM Rand River Office and Visitor's Center on the east side of the Merlin-Galice Road, about three miles north of the town of Galice, Oregon, and approximately 17 air miles northwest of Grants Pass, Oregon. Field work at the site was directed towards locating the positions of former Camp Rand structures and features at the site, and determining the potential for buried cultural deposits. Initially, a pedestrian survey of the camp area was undertaken using five meter spaced transects. Using a 1934 aerial photograph of the camp, building corners were located in relation to a fixed feature and the perimeter dimensions of the buildings were scaled from the aerial photograph. A transit and tape measure were used to lay out the building corners, which were then marked with pin flags and eventually with steel rebar stakes. In order to confirm the accuracy the preliminary building placement, and to sample for subsurface cultural remains, a shallow 1 meter wide x 7.5 meter long east-west trench was excavated along the northern end of the mess hall/kitchen. The field work resulted in establishing with a high degree of certainty, the identity and location of the principal buildings of Camp Rand c. 1934, including the two enrollees' barracks, the mess hall/kitchen, the recreation hall, the officers' quarters and shower house, and the administrative office. Other building localities were also documented, including the enrollees' latrine, the fuel station, the blacksmith shop, the repair garage, the infirmary and canteen, and the electrical power house. In addition to the buildings, a number of features were located, ranging from concrete foundations and stone steps, to a metal kitchen septic system, and the concrete base of the camp flag pole. The subsurface excavations in the mess hall/kitchen vicinity yielded a total of 285 individual artifacts from the excavation of 10 square meters (.5 cubic meters) on the perimeter of i the Camp Rand mess hall/kitchen. The vast majority of the artifacts (92.5 percent) were related to building architecture. The architectural component of the assemblage is in turn dominated by a variety of wire nail types (94.5 percent). All of the recovered architectural artifacts are consistent with materials used during the era the camp was built, and with the construction materials described for CCC camps in general. The artifacts are curated at the BLM Medford District Office. Various avenues of historical research were explored in order to gather as complete as possible history of Camp Rand. These sources included: government files and reports; newspaper archives; information and records from the National Archives; letters and descriptions of Camp Rand from former CCC enrollees; interviews with former Rand Forest Service employees, and information gleaned from historic photographs. The field work, along with the historic research conducted for this project, has clarified the history of Camp Rand and its value to the southern Oregon community during the depths of the Depression and to the CCC enrollees who served at Rand. The current project has also documented the historical importance of the CCC and Camp Rand in the development of the infrastructure in the Rogue River region. Based on the results from this study of Camp Rand, several recommendations for the future of the site and its interpretation have been developed. These include: Protection of existing features at the site. Creating an historic photograph/text display at the proposed expanded Rand Visitors Center. Media presentation (Power point or 35 mm slide) of the story of Camp Rand. Developing a pamphlet documenting the history of Camp Rand and the CCC for distribution to the public. An oral interview and historic document collection project to enhance the understanding of Camp Rand and to preserve Camp Rand related material and memorabilia. ii A CKNO WLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank several individuals for their assistance with this project. Rena Cox, whose husband worked at Camp Rand, recalled camp personnel and suggested individuals for interviews. Ralph Reeves, "local experienced man" at road construction for the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) at Rand, kindly agreed to an interview about his experiences. Mr. Reeves' daughter, Betty McCormick, helped arrange the meeting and encouraged her father in his recollections. Stanley Bennett, former Siskiyou National Forest employee, recalled Camp Rand's physical status during the early months of 1942. Phyllis Steeves, Heritage Program Manager/Forest Archaeologist for the Siuslaw National Forest (Waldport, Oregon), generously loaned Civilian Conservation Corps materials and photographs pertaining to Camp Rand. In this regard, the contribution of Richard Hansen, historian of CCC camps in Oregon and now deceased, should be recognized. Mr. Hansen donated his large research collection composed of letters, documents, historical sketches and photographs to Phyllis Steeves of the Siuslaw National Forest and she has preserved these materials in the Forest archives. The authors are grateful for both Mr. Hansen's efforts and Ms. Steeves assistance. Ralph Delamarter of Bend, Oregon created the satellite image map for this report. The authors appreciate his assistance and expertise. Ann Ramage, Medford District Archaeologist and Contracting Officers' Representative for this project, offered her steady support and encouragement. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................I Research Questions ................................................ I 2. PROJECT LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................... 3 Location.....................................................................................................................3 Environmental Setting ............................................... 3 3. FIELD AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................... 7 Field Methods ................................................ 7 Artifact Analysis ............................................... 7 HistoricalResearch Sources ...................................... 8 4. CULTURAL BACKGROUND ...................................... 10 Prehistory................................................... 10 Regional Historic Overview ...................................... 11.....1 History of Rand 1 855-1932 ............................................... 12 The Civilian Conservation Corps ............................................... 14 The CCC in the Pacific Northwest .................................. 16 CCCArchitectureand Building Programs ............................ 1 8 5. CAMP RAND: THE BUILD ENVIRONMENT .......................... 20 Buildings c. 1933-1940 ............................................... 20 Buildings c. 1940-1942 ............................................... 26 Localities.................................................................................................................... 27 Features..................................................................................................................... 30 Artifacts..................................................................................................................... 38 6. CCC CAMP RAND (F-75) 1933-1942: A HISTORY ...................... 40 Establishingthe Camp .......................................... 40 Com p anies................................................................................................................. 41 Camp Rand Supply and Economic Effects ............................ 45 Camp Life ................................................... 46 Camp