"... THE BEST YEAR I SPENTINMYENTIRE LIFE"

THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS AT CAMP RAND (F-75), JOSEPHINE COUNTY, OREGON

by

Kay Atwood Dennis J. Gray Ward Tonsfeldt

February 2004 Township 34 S. Range 8 W. U. S. G.S. Quad.: Galice, OR.

"... THE BEST YEAR I SPENT IN MY ENTIRE LIFE"

THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS AT CAMP RAND (F-75), JOSEPHINE COUNTY, OREGON

Prepared for:

U.S.D.I. Bureau of Land Management Grants Pass Resource Area Medford District Office Medford, Oregon 97504 Order No. HMP035019

by

Kay Atwood Dennis J. Gray Ward Tonsfeldt

Cascade Research, LLC 668 Leonard St. Ashland, Oregon 97520

February 2004 Management Summary

The Grants Pass Resource Area of the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) contracted with Cascade Research, LLC of Ashland, Oregon to undertake an evaluation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camp at Rand, Oregon. Due to increased visitor use of the Rand BLM facility in recent years, and proposals to pave and use portions of the old CCC camp site for equipment storage, the Grants Pass Resource Area needs to determine the scientific significance of the Camp Rand site in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The purpose of the field evaluation was to determine the content, depth, variability, and integrity of any archaeological deposits, and to document the location of former Camp Rand structures. In addition, research was conducted to augment and synthesize the known history of the Camp Rand. This report presents the results of these investigations and recommendations for future management and interpretation of the site. Test excavations, and other field work for the current study at the Camp Rand CCC site, were conducted primarily between July 14 and July 18, 2003.

The site of the former CCC camp at Rand is in the meadow just south of the BLM Rand River Office and Visitor's Center on the east side of the Merlin-Galice Road, about three miles north of the town of Galice, Oregon, and approximately 17 air miles northwest of Grants Pass, Oregon.

Field work at the site was directed towards locating the positions of former Camp Rand structures and features at the site, and determining the potential for buried cultural deposits. Initially, a pedestrian survey of the camp area was undertaken using five meter spaced transects. Using a 1934 aerial photograph of the camp, building corners were located in relation to a fixed feature and the perimeter dimensions of the buildings were scaled from the aerial photograph. A transit and tape measure were used to lay out the building corners, which were then marked with pin flags and eventually with steel rebar stakes. In order to confirm the accuracy the preliminary building placement, and to sample for subsurface cultural remains, a shallow 1 meter wide x 7.5 meter long east-west trench was excavated along the northern end of the mess hall/kitchen.

The field work resulted in establishing with a high degree of certainty, the identity and location of the principal buildings of Camp Rand c. 1934, including the two enrollees' barracks, the mess hall/kitchen, the recreation hall, the officers' quarters and shower house, and the administrative office. Other building localities were also documented, including the enrollees' latrine, the fuel station, the blacksmith shop, the repair garage, the infirmary and canteen, and the electrical power house. In addition to the buildings, a number of features were located, ranging from concrete foundations and stone steps, to a metal kitchen septic system, and the concrete base of the camp flag pole.

The subsurface excavations in the mess hall/kitchen vicinity yielded a total of 285 individual artifacts from the excavation of 10 square meters (.5 cubic meters) on the perimeter of

i the Camp Rand mess hall/kitchen. The vast majority of the artifacts (92.5 percent) were related to building architecture. The architectural component of the assemblage is in turn dominated by a variety of wire nail types (94.5 percent). All of the recovered architectural artifacts are consistent with materials used during the era the camp was built, and with the construction materials described for CCC camps in general. The artifacts are curated at the BLM Medford District Office.

Various avenues of historical research were explored in order to gather as complete as possible history of Camp Rand. These sources included: government files and reports; newspaper archives; information and records from the National Archives; letters and descriptions of Camp Rand from former CCC enrollees; interviews with former Rand Forest Service employees, and information gleaned from historic photographs.

The field work, along with the historic research conducted for this project, has clarified the history of Camp Rand and its value to the southern Oregon community during the depths of the Depression and to the CCC enrollees who served at Rand. The current project has also documented the historical importance of the CCC and Camp Rand in the development of the infrastructure in the Rogue River region.

Based on the results from this study of Camp Rand, several recommendations for the future of the site and its interpretation have been developed. These include:

Protection of existing features at the site.

Creating an historic photograph/text display at the proposed expanded Rand Visitors Center.

Media presentation (Power point or 35 mm slide) of the story of Camp Rand.

Developing a pamphlet documenting the history of Camp Rand and the CCC for distribution to the public.

An oral interview and historic document collection project to enhance the understanding of Camp Rand and to preserve Camp Rand related material and memorabilia.

ii A CKNO WLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank several individuals for their assistance with this project. Rena Cox, whose husband worked at Camp Rand, recalled camp personnel and suggested individuals for interviews. Ralph Reeves, "local experienced man" at road construction for the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) at Rand, kindly agreed to an interview about his experiences. Mr. Reeves' daughter, Betty McCormick, helped arrange the meeting and encouraged her father in his recollections. Stanley Bennett, former Siskiyou National Forest employee, recalled Camp Rand's physical status during the early months of 1942.

Phyllis Steeves, Heritage Program Manager/Forest Archaeologist for the Siuslaw National Forest (Waldport, Oregon), generously loaned Civilian Conservation Corps materials and photographs pertaining to Camp Rand. In this regard, the contribution of Richard Hansen, historian of CCC camps in Oregon and now deceased, should be recognized. Mr. Hansen donated his large research collection composed of letters, documents, historical sketches and photographs to Phyllis Steeves of the Siuslaw National Forest and she has preserved these materials in the Forest archives. The authors are grateful for both Mr. Hansen's efforts and Ms. Steeves assistance.

Ralph Delamarter of Bend, Oregon created the satellite image map for this report. The authors appreciate his assistance and expertise. Ann Ramage, Medford District Archaeologist and Contracting Officers' Representative for this project, offered her steady support and encouragement.

111 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION...... I Research Questions ...... I 2. PROJECT LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT ...... 3 Location...... 3 Environmental Setting ...... 3 3. FIELD AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 7 Field Methods ...... 7 Artifact Analysis ...... 7 HistoricalResearch Sources ...... 8 4. CULTURAL BACKGROUND ...... 10 Prehistory...... 10 Regional Historic Overview ...... 11.....1 History of Rand 1 855-1932 ...... 12 The Civilian Conservation Corps ...... 14 The CCC in the Pacific Northwest ...... 16 CCCArchitectureand Building Programs ...... 1 8 5. CAMP RAND: THE BUILD ENVIRONMENT ...... 20 Buildings c. 1933-1940 ...... 20 Buildings c. 1940-1942 ...... 26 Localities...... 27 Features...... 30 Artifacts...... 38 6. CCC CAMP RAND (F-75) 1933-1942: A HISTORY ...... 40 Establishingthe Camp ...... 40 Com p anies...... 41 Camp Rand Supply and Economic Effects ...... 45 Camp Life ...... 46 Camp Rand Projects ...... 56 Closing and Dismantling of Camp Rand ...... 62 The Legacy of Camp Rand ...... 63 7. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ...... 64 8. RECOMMENDATIONS...... 66

References Cited...... 68

APPENDIX A: Artifact Catalog, OR-JO-15...... 73 APPENDIX B: Interview Notes with Ralph A. Reeves ...... 76 APPENDIX C: Historical Photographs ...... 83 APPENDIX D: Selected Camp Rand Historical Documents ...... 87

iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1. Martin Caretto, Cover Photograph and Quotation

Figure 2. Site Location Map ...... 5

Figure 3. Site Overview Photographs ...... 6

Figure 4. Camp Rand Aerial Photograph, 1934 ...... 9

F igure 5. Plan Map of Camp Rand ...... 21

Figure 6. Plan Map of Camp Rand on Satellite Image ...... 22

Figure 7. HistoricalCamp Rand Overview Photographs,c. 1934 ...... 25

Figure 8. Maintenance Buildings ...... 29

Figure 9. Locality 5, West Side Bench ...... 30

Figure 10. Feature 1 and Feature 2 ...... 31

Figure 11. Feature 3, and Features 3 and 8 ......

Figure 12. Feature 7 and Feature 4 ...... 36

Figure 13. Feature 10 and Feature 13 ...... 37

Figure 14. Chin-up Bar, Feature 16 ...... 38

Figure 15. Camp Rand Enrollees, Company 1650, c. 1934 ...... 42

Figure17. Camp Rand Superintend V. V Church and U. S. Army Officers ...... 42

Figure 17. Enrollees at Camp Rand (M. Caretto left), c. 1934 ...... 47

Figure 18. Interior of the Camp Rand Kitchen ...... 48

Figure 19. Men Leaving for Work, Camp Rand c. 1934 ...... 49

Figure 20. Camp Rand Men at CraterLake c. 1934 ...... 54

V LIST OF FIGURESAND TABLES

Figure 21. Construction of the Grave Creek Bridge, 1934 ...... 57

Figure 22. The Completed Grave Creek Bridge, 1934 ...... 59

Figure 23. Road Construction by Company 1650, 1934 ...... 59

Figure 24. Road Work by Company 1650, 1934 ...... 60

Table 1. Largest CCC Programs by State in August, 1933 ...... 17

Vi 1. INTRODUCTION

The Grants Pass Resource Area of the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) contracted with Cascade Research, LLC of Ashland, Oregon to undertake an evaluation of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Camp at Rand, Oregon. Due to increased visitor use of the Rand facility in recent years, and proposals to pave and use portions of the old CCC camp site for equipment storage, the Grants Pass Resource Area needs to determine the scientific significance of the Camp Rand site in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. These regulations specify that archaeological sites that could potentially contribute important information to our understanding of regional history may be considered significant, and therefore eligible for protection from expected impacts. Specifically, the purpose of the field evaluation was to determine the content, depth, variability, and integrity of any archaeological deposits, and to document the location of former Camp Rand structures. In addition, research was conducted to augment the known history of the site. This report presents the results of these investigations and recommendations for future management and interpretation of the site of tbe CCC Camp at Rand.

Previous investigations at the Camp Rand CCC site are limited to literature reviews (Gray 1994; Atwood 1998), and a surface inventory (Fagan and Kritzer 1998) undertaken prior to a proposed (and later abandoned) construction of a new visitor's center at Rand. The surface inventory is documented in a State of Oregon Site Form OR-JO- 15 that was updated by the BLM in 2002.

Test excavations and other field work for the current study at the Camp Rand CCC site, were conducted between July 14 and July 18, 2003 by Cascade Research, LLC of Ashland, Oregon. A few subsequent day visits were made to the site to verify measurements and features. Dennis Gray served as principal investigator for the project and was assisted in the field by Ward Tonsfeldt, Jeff Applen, and by volunteer Greg Applen. The following report was prepared by Dennis Gray, Kay Atwood, and Ward Tonsfeldt. Ann Ramage, Medford District Archaeologist, served as the Contracting Officers' Representative (COR) for the project, and greatly assisted with the collection of government documents related to Camp Rand.

Research Questions

Several research questions were posed by the BLM for the current study. According to the contract (BLM 2003), field work was to be designed to answer, at a minimum, the following question or topics:

Are the locations of the buildings and structures detectable?

The impact of this federal program on the economy of Josephine county. For example, was the source of food for the CCC camp local markets or national military source?

I *. Questions of social class and race. Is there a detectable difference between the lifestyles and amenities of the military officers and the CCC enrollees? A black company was stationed at Rand for a period of time and segregated from the white enrollees. Is their presence detectable?

*- Questions regarding the daily life of the camp inhabitants.

2 2. PROJECT LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT

Location

The site of the former CCC camp at Rand is in the meadow just south of the BLM Rand Visitors Center on the east side of the Merlin-Galice Road, about three miles north of the town of Galice, Oregon, and approximately 17 air miles northwest of Grants Pass, Oregon. The site lies within Section 24 of Township 34 South, Range 8 West, at an elevation of 740 feet above mean sea level. The Rogue River flows northward along the eastern edge of the occupied terrace (Figure 2).

Environmental Setting

The Camp Rand site is situated on a relatively broad river terrace on the west side of the Rogue River, approximately three miles down river from the community of Galice. From its headwaters in the High Cascades of southern Oregon, the Rogue River flows generally southwest to the broad Rogue River Valley near the city of Medford at an elevation of about 1,300 feet. At this point, the river gradient flattens and the river only drops 500 feet in elevation over the next 40 miles to the town of Galice. Six miles north and down river of Galice, the river is joined by Grave Creek where the Wild and Scenic section of the river begins. From this point (approximately 700 feet above sea level), the river makes a sharp bend to the west--first to the northwest and then to the southwest-- before emptying into the Pacific (Purdom 1977).

The section of the Rogue River managed by the Bureau of Land Management encompasses a variety of geologic formations, vegetation regimes, and geographic land forms. Up river from the Rand/Galice area, the valley formed by the river is generally more broad and open than further down river, although there are still rugged terrain and narrow canyons in this section of the river. The broad river terraces along this upper, drier stretch of the Rogue River support a vegetation regime dominated by oak woodlands, Pacific madrone, and manzanita. Mixed evergreen and conifer overstory are interspersed with the oak woodlands on the north facing slopes of the more mountainous sections along the river; dense riparian vegetation is common along the shoreline. Below Galice, on the Wild Section of the river within the Rogue River Canyon, the terrain is steeper with only occasional large terraces. Although the forest species are similar, aspect is a more significant factor along this part of the river; the north facing slopes are dominated by a mixed conifer forest, the drier, southern aspect terrain supports more xeric tolerant overstory species, like oak and madrone (Purdom 1977).

The river terrace where CCC Camp Rand was situated is relatively flat, with an open, grass-covered meadow surrounded by mixed conifers and hardwoods (Figure 3). Overstory species noted at the site include Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, incense cedar, white and black oak, and Pacific madrone. Poison oak and Himalayan black berries are the dominate shrubs, along with occasional clusters of domestic iris. Many of the hardwood species (oak and madrone) are 3 of considerable size and age, and are visible on the 1934 aerial photograph of the site. Comparing the landscape of the 1930s on historic photographs with the modern vegetation regime, it is evident that the conifers have prospered due to fire suppression during the modern era, and have encroached on the existing meadow.

The climate along the middle stretch Rogue River can be generally characterized as having mild, wet winters and hot dry summers, making year-around settlement possible throughout most of the project area. Rainfall is greatest along that portion of the river closest to the coast. Most of the precipitation falls in the winter months. Light snowfall is not uncommon within the project area, and heavy snows occasionally occur. Heavy winter rainfall and melting snows have on occasion caused severe flooding along the Rogue and its principal tributaries. In 1964 when over 9 inches of rain fell within a four-day period in December, the Rogue surged up to 100 feet above low-water levels (Kovalik n.d.). The 1964 flooding had only a minor impact on the Rand project area; relatively thin silt deposits were noted in a feature on the eastern edge on the terrace.

Disturbances to the site since the removal of the CCC camp buildings have been moderate. The central access road has been extended to the south and paved; a certain amount of debris (construction and vegetation) has been deposited in the meadow; and the meadow and surrounding forested areas have seen use as a fire fighting camp, and for a time, recreational residences. In 1991, preparations for the Back Country Byways dedication ceremony resulted in the removal of some small conifers that had encroached upon the meadow (Reed 2003, personal communication).

4 Figure 2. Site Location Map U.S.G.S. Quad. Galice, Or., 1998: T. 34 S., R8 W. Section 24 5 Overview of Meadow; View to 350 Degrees

Overview of Meadow: View to 210 Degrees

Figure 3. Site Overview Photographs

6 3. FIELD AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Field Methods

Field work was directed towards locating the positions of former Camp Rand structures and features at the site, and determining the potential for buried cultural deposits. Initially, a pedestrian survey of the camp area was undertaken using five meter spaced transects. Features, isolated artifacts, and areas of interest were marked with flagging. Metal probes proved useful in detecting partially buried or vegetation-hidden features. In an effort to trace the water line that serviced the camp, metal detectors were employed, however, they (or their operators) proved of little value in an environment rich in modern debris. No CCC-related refuse dumps were located during this survey or earlier inventories (see Fagan and Kritzer 1998; BLM 2002) .

The most useful tool for locating the camp buildings proved to be the 1934 aerial photograph of the camp with assembled Company 1650 (Figure 4). Once a known feature on the photograph was identified (in this case the concrete foundation of the ice house), building corners were located in relation to that fixed feature, and the perimeter dimensions of the buildings were then scaled from the aerial photograph. A transit and tape measure were used to initially lay out the building corners, which were marked with pin flags and eventually with steel rebar stakes. In addition, a number of non-structural features and the general topography were mapped by instrument. All features were measured, described, and photographed; general site overview photographs were also taken.

In order to confirm the accuracy of the preliminary building placement, and to sample for subsurface cultural remains, a 5 centimeter deep, 1 meter wide x 7.5 meter long east-west trench was excavated along the northern end of the mess hall. A number of architectural artifacts were recovered (see artifact analysis below and Appendix A), however, no positive evidence of the building footprint was noted. Subsequently, the western end of the trench was expanded to the north of unit 1 by excavating an adjacent 1 x 1.5 meter test unit (unit 6). This test unit yielded a flat shim stone, used to level the perimeter sill of the mess hall. Another shim stone was detected due west of the first stone with a metal probe. The position of the northern mess hall wall was thus confirmed, and an adjustment was made to the preliminary building layout. As a further sample of subsurface deposits, a 1 x 1 meter unit (unit 7), also 5 centimeters in depth, was excavated at the southwest corner of the mess hall. All of the excavated soil was passed through 1/8 inch mesh shaker screens.

Artifact Analysis

Artifacts recovered from the subsurface testing of the Rand CCC Camp were cleaned, measured and described, and cataloged by functional class and excavation unit. The artifacts were labeled by site number (OR-JO-15), test unit number (1-7), level, and by consecutive numbers (Appendix A). Artifacts were returned to the BLM Medford District Office for curation. 7 HistoricalResearch Sources

Various avenues of historical research were explored in order to gather as complete as possible history of Camp Rand. Efforts over the years, from both the Forest Service and the BLM, had resulted in the collection of a moderate amount of information concerning the camp in the files at the BLM Medford District Office. Information obtained from government files included:

Historic Photographs.

Letters and camp descriptions from enrollees, Mr. Martin Caretto and Mr. George Morey.

Forest Service District reports and records.

A variety of maps related to the Rand area covering most of the twentieth century.

Cultural Resource Site Records.

The Rand Ranger Station National Register Nomination.

Information generated during the course of the current project included data collected from these additional sources:

Newspaper accounts from the archives of the Grants Pass Courierand the Medford Mail Tribune.

An interview with Ralph A. Reeves, a former CCC enrollee and Forest Service employee at Rand.

Telephone interviews with Mrs. Rena Cox, widow of a Rand Forest Service employee, and Mr. Stanley Bennett, former Forest Service employee at Rand.

Information on Camp Rand obtained from the National Archives (Washington D. C. and Seattle, Washington).

Background information on the CCC from published sources and the internet.

Historic photographs of Camp Rand and of related projects undertaken by enrollees from a collection at the Siuslaw National Forest.

Rand archival material from the Siskiyou and Siuslaw National Forests.

8 A.

"W"

Figure 4. Camp Rand Aerial Photograph, 1934 9 4. CULTURAL BACKGROUND

Prehistory

Settlement of the Rogue River region by prehistoric peoples dates back beyond 8,500 years, based on radiocarbon dating from the archaeological site at Marial, some 25 miles down river from Rand. Recent excavations at the Stratton Creek site, up the Rogue River from Rand, have uncovered artifacts, which may be as old or older (Winthrop 1993, personal Communication). Due to the limited amount of archaeological work, which has been done in the area, the lifeways of these early inhabitants is poorly understood. Current theory and the limited data from these early sites indicates that the early prehistoric settlers in the region practiced a foraging way of life, constantly moving from one economic resource to another. How long this economic and social pattern persisted in the region is unclear, however, by 2,000 to 3,000 years ago a way of life centered on semi-permanent villages had developed. These villages were often located along major river courses in the low elevation valleys where the economic focus was on anadromous fish runs. Although the foraging for other flora and fauna resources continued in the uplands during the warmer months of the year, the seasonal return of the salmon dictated the placement of more permanent settlements along the Rogue River and its tributaries.

Our knowledge of this prehistoric way of life comes from archaeological investigations and from the ethnographic research conducted among the few Native American survivors who were interviewed during the early part of the last century. Near the current project area, there were two principal linguist groups. Along the Rogue River from perhaps Rainie Falls, upriver to Grants Pass and beyond, lived the Lowland Takelma, a Penutian-speaking people. To the south and west of the Lowland Takelma, lived several different groups who shared a common Athapaskan linguistic heritage, although probably speaking in distinct dialects. These groups included the Dakubetede, who occupied the Applegate River drainage to its confluence with the Rogue River; the Shasta Costa who dwelt along the Rogue River west of the Lowland Takelma; and closest to the current project area, the Taltuctuntede who resided along Galice Creek (Gray 1987).

Although there were probably differences in social customs, practices, and beliefs among these groups, overall they shared a similar physical environment and utilized a common technology to exploit the economic resources at hand. Salmon, deer, acorns, and camas provided the bulk of food required by these groups, although a wide variety of other plants and game species were important in the overall economy. Group cooperation was essential for many of the hunting-fishing-gathering tasks, and political control was exercised by the wealthiest in the extended family groups. Winter habitations were composed of semi-subterranean plank- or bark- covered houses, while summer habitations in the uplands consisted of simple brush-covered shelters. (For a more detailed synthesis of information on the material, economic, social, and religious practices of these Native American groups, see: Gray 1987; Beckham 1978 and 1993; and Atwood and Gray 1996).

10 Regional Historic Overview

Disintegration of the Native culture, already under stress from indirect influences of Euro-Americans (e.g., disease), accelerated with the first white contact in the late 1820s. Hudson's Bay Company employee, Peter Skene Ogden, led the earliest of many fur trade explorations through the region in the spring of 1827. During this period of international competition for control of the Northwest, the Company stressed a policy of exhausting fur resources to discourage American trappers and ensure British control of the region.

For the next 25 years trappers and explorers traversed the ancient north-south route that became the Oregon-California Trail. In 1829, Hudson's Bay Company trapper Alexander McLeod crossed into the Rogue drainage and during the 1830s and 1840s, others passed through, trapping, hunting, and clashing with Native inhabitants. In 1837, Ewing Young led a large cattle drive through the region on his way from California to the Willamette Valley. In September 1841, members of the U.S. Navy Exploring Expedition led by George F. Emmons explored the Rogue River Valley on their way south from the Columbia River to San Francisco Bay. In June 1846, five years before the first permanent settlers would reach southern Oregon, Lindsay Applegate passed through the area while seeking a safe wagon route through the Cascades for Willamette Valley-bound emigrants.

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 brought Willamette Valley farmers-turned- miners south over the California-Oregon Trail into the area. By 1852, miners swarmed over bars along the Rogue River bringing chaos to the environment and devastating local Indian bands. Conflicts between cultures escalated in a series of bloody battles and in the spring of 1856, combatants fought the final engagements. The U.S. government removed the Indians who survived the war to reservations in the northern part of the state.

With the Rogue Canyon fully opened to mining, prospectors made important gold discoveries in bench gravels along the river. Established early in the 1850s, Galice and its tributary gulches were intensively mined and the small community became an important supply center for the region's mining population.

Placer mining continued through the 1860s and early 1870s on the bench gravels found along the Rogue River in the vicinity of Galice. In 1874, a local miner discovered the Big Yank Ledge, over two-hundred feet wide and crossing the Rogue River, about three miles downstream from Rand. Although the find initially sparked extensive mining activity in the area, lack of financing and equipment kept production small.

Shortly after the turn of the century, investors pooled their resources and formed the Almeda Mining Company to develop the former Yank Ledge, located just downstream of Centennial Gulch on the Rogue River. During its principal years of operation between 1905 and 1917, the Almeda Mine became one of the most extensively developed mines in southwestern Oregon, with large quantities of copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc extracted from underground workings. About 1905, the mining company laid out the community of Rand on the terrace about one mile upstream from the Almeda Mine. Financial difficulties forced closure of the mine in 1917. 11 Early in the twentieth century, U.S. Forest Service employees joined the miners and packers in the Rogue River Canyon. President Theodore Roosevelt created the Siskiyou National Forest in 1906 as part of a program to administer massive tracts of land assigned to the Forest Reserves. The administration of the Siskiyou National Forest began in November 1906, when acting Supervisor M.J. Anderson opened an office in Grants Pass. By the spring of 1909, the Forest had established six ranger districts, including Port Orford, Agness, Page Creek, Chetco, Gasquet, and Galice. That year, Jesse P. DeWitt, the first ranger assigned to the Galice District, moved into a tent on the Almeda Consolidated Mines Company Rand development. The Forest Service began negotiations with the mining company to secure land at the Rand town site for a permanent ranger station.

By the early twentieth century, a rapidly improving road system and increased auto travel opened the canyon to tourists. The beauty of the Rogue Canyon was broadly recognized as visitors explored the back country. Zane Gray, writer-adventurer, brought wide recognition to the river with the publication in 1924 of Rogue River Feud. During the 1920s, fishing lodges appeared along the river.

The Depression brought difficult times to the canyon. Residents mined, cut wood, and grew their own food to survive. In 1933, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) settled on the flat at Rand just south of the ranger station. Under supervision of the U.S. Forest Service, the CCC crews built miles of truck trails, fought fire, and constructed bridges within the remote reaches of the district.

History of Rand 1855-1932

The earliest known Euro-American occupation of the Rand terrace is described by USFS ranger Loran J. Cooper who compiled historical information on the area:

In the 1850s and 1860s a man by the name of Yank squatted in this district and farmed the flat where the Rand CCC camp now is - a few old fruit trees still remain. According to A.J. Crow [an area settler], Yank had his house on the rise of ground about where the CCC camp water tank is now located. In 1860 the discovery of the Yank ledge caused considerable excitement and a town sprung up on Yank's place called Yankville or Lumberville.

Most of the lumber for buildings at Galice, Yankville, and Quartzville (later Almeda) was barged down the Rogue River from a mill at the mouth of Jump-Off Joe Creek, but later a mill was located near the mines. This leads one to believe from the name of Lumberville, that the mill mentioned may have been the one located at the site of the south gate of Rand Ranger Station, where pieces of the old machinery and the skid roads leading in from the mountain side are plainly seen at this time (Cooper 1939).

12 Historical sources date the discovery of the Yank Ledge (later the Almeda Mine) in 1874 and credit Nathaniel "Yank" McNair for the find. A. J. Walling writes in 1884, "Yankville, otherwise called Lumberville, was a mile above and also held forth inducements to new comers" (Hill 1976:15).

While it contains no indication of a settlement of Yankville, maps of the period outline the boundaries of the "Big Yank Placer" extending several hundred feet down the western slope to the Rogue River. In 1884, the General Land Office survey of the exterior lines of Township 34 South, Range 7 West indicates several developments in the vicinity of the Rand terrace. The survey field notes record a trail, an agricultural enclosure, a mining ditch, and farther north in the section, "Chinese Improvements".

In 1905, mining investors began extensive development of the Almeda Mine approximately one mile downstream from the Rand terrace. As a promotional venture, mining company entrepreneurs platted a town site on the large flat and constructed several houses for mine employees. The developers named the town site Rand after the Witwatersrand, a ridge in the Transvaal of South Africa noted for its gold bearing soil (McArthur 1992: 700). The Almeda School, later called the Rand School was opened at the location around 1914 and ran until about 1950 (The Oldlimer 1998). Describing the Rand development, one writer noted:

... The Rand town site claim ...is included in 500 acres of placer ground claimed by the Almeda Consolidated Mining Co. The property was originally known as the Big Yank Mining property, and was transferred from the Big Yank Mining Co. to W. T. Cope and George W. Cope of the Rand Mining Company, and from them to O.M. Crouch of the Almeda Consolidated Mines Company, on April 3, 1907.. (Mitchell 1932).

The Rand site was further described:

What is now known as the Rand town site was a portion of the Rand Mining Company's placer claims. The company prior to the date of consolidation with the Almeda Co. staked out this so called town site into town lots and sold them to individuals for a money consideration. Title was to be given after patents acquired. ..There are several houses on this so-called town site which the Almeda Consolidated Mining Co. rents out. During the last three years very little mining work has been done on any of the placer claims... .(DeWitt 1913).

The Forest Service housed the ranger from 1908 until approximately 1913 in a tent house on the Rand town site where the Forest Service hoped to establish a station. A 1912 Forest Service map shows the outlines of the Rand town site extending from the northeast quarter of Section 25 through the southeast corner of Section 24 (T34S, R8W). The map also indicates the location of extensive placer tailings just south of the town site's southern boundary. Two years later, a Forest Service map of the terrace indicates several residences of the Almeda Consolidated Mining Company, as well as an amusement hall, the ranger's camp, and a school.

13 In 1917, the first buildings at the Siskiyou National Forest Rand Ranger Station were constructed along the west bank of the Rogue River in the southeast quarter of Section 24. With its presence in the Rogue country firmly established, the U.S. Forest Service oversaw management and protection of lands within the area. The Forest Service administered the Galice District from the ranger station at Rand.

The Civilian Conservation Corps

The Great Depression hit the U.S. after 1929, but the Pacific Northwest had been under economic and social siege conditions for a year or two before that date. The lumber industry, which was the industrial engine of the rural communities, enjoyed prosperous conditions during the 1920s, but was faltering as early as 1928. When the mills and camps in rural areas reduced their crews, there was no other industrial employment for the workers. A complicating social factor during the late 1920s was the influx of people displaced by the dust bowl of the agricultural Midwest. Many of these people were attracted to rural areas, but were ill-adapted to industrial work and did not have the means to begin farming on their own. These immigrants increased the labor pool of many rural communities beyond the number of available jobs. When the economy collapsed after 1929, their positions became even more precarious.

The Civilian Conservation Corp and its predecessor the Emergency Conservation Work program were among the most successful social programs of the New Deal. The basic idea was perhaps one that President Roosevelt had developed himself, for he had used it in his campaign. In Roosevelt's original conception and in the legislation that he brought to Congress in March of 1933, the CCC was to have dual purposes of financial relief for unemployed workers and conservation measures for public lands. This idea was very much "in the air" during the early years of the Depression. In Europe, conservation works for the unemployed were available in many countries, and especially in Germany under the Weimar and National Socialist governments. When the Depression arrived in the Pacific Northwest, the Forest Service began operating conservation work camps for unemployed men in California and Washington. In Oregon, Cascade National Forest Rangers, C.B. McFarland and Axel Lindh, prepared a very innovative plan for unemployed workers in Oakridge, which they submitted to Washington D.C. in March of 1933, one month before the CCC came into existence (Rakestraw 1991).

If Roosevelt's plan was not entirely original, it was well-conceived and widely successful. As CCC publicists were fond of pointing out, it was also the first of the "national recovery organizations" established by the New Deal administration (Salmond 1967). The CCC was successful on two fronts; natural resource conservation and job creation. The conservation work that the program undertook helped repair the damages to forests, range, and farms that had accumulated during the past few decades. In addition, the CCC provided employment that contributed money to the cash-starved economy and offered social stabilization to unemployed young men.

The CCC conservation work made a lasting contribution to American rural life. Urbanization had pulled thousands of Americans off family farms and the mechanization of agriculture with internal-combustion technology had increased the size of farms. As a result, the level of care and good husbandry diminished. High prices for timber had encouraged aggressive 14 logging. The drought had fostered erosion by wind and water. The CCC was dedicated to erasing these depredations to America's public lands. Beyond the actual conservation work that the CCC men performed, they received a thorough indoctrination in good management practices. They were shown the results of poor resource management, and the benefits of conservation and good resource management. For the CCC enrollees who returned to their own farms, this lesson would be important for the future.

The second purpose of the CCC was social stabilization. This idea was important at the beginning of the CCC, but was relegated to a minor place by the end of the organization. For example, an internal publication of the CCC in 1934, soon after its inception, emphasized the organization's social goals over its environmental goals (McKinney 1934):

Goal I Relief of unemployment, especially among young men Goal 2 Health and attitude of enrollees Goal 3 Relief of destitute families Goal 4 Work totals (Conservation Projects)

Ten years later, in the 1944 final report on the CCC prepared by Conrad Wirth and submitted to Harold Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, the social goals had all but disappeared. Wirth listed conservation work and conservation training as the first eight of ten accomplishments that the program achieved. He listed relief and social stabilization as a very minor point in the CCC program (Wirth 1944):

The CCC program was looked on by many as a relief program rather than a conservation program. A good conservation program can do much toward the relief of the unemployed, but its main objective should never be thought of as relief.

This shift in emphasis between 1934 and 1944 interpretations of the CCC is very interesting. It is probably fair to say that political priorities had shifted between 1934 and 1944, and that the CCC went a long way toward meeting both conservation and social goals.

Although the environmental achievements of the CCC were laudable and no doubt successful, the social effects of the program were unique. During its nine year life, the CCC enlisted over 3,000,000 young men. The CCC mobilized a larger number of young Americans than any similar program before World War II conscription. The main thrust of the program was to enlist unemployed young men and put them into a paramilitary setting where they wore uniforms, lived in barracks, and worked under military discipline.

The young men came from many backgrounds and circumstances, from both rural and urban areas. Many had never seen a National Forest, much less had any outdoor experience in a forest or mountain environment. Others came from rural Southern areas, sons of tenant farmers and sharecroppers, who had lived in poverty, without adequate nutrition, for many years. Some from urban centers, lacking jobs or recreational opportunities, had drifted towards delinquency. Many had limited education, some to the point of illiteracy. Once enrolled, each boy had the opportunity to remedy these collective deficiencies (Throop 1979).

15 Life in the CCC for most young men was an adventure. Typically 18 years of age, and members of families on relief, they left their homes and were shipped to an Army base. When they arrived at the Army base, they received uniforms, learned military discipline, and received health screening. They were then assigned to work camps on public lands throughout the US, but especially in the vast public lands of the Western states. In their work camps, they lived in barracks and worked at construction jobs. Many CCC enrollees learned basic literacy skills, and all learned some construction trade craft.

In addition to specific training opportunities, the CCC program was designed to teach certain social values. For example, the enlistees' allowance was officially set at $30 per month, but $25 of that was deducted and sent to their families, who were on relief. The enlistees were given food, shelter, and occupation by the Federal government, then, but they were required to contribute to their families' well-being, thus preserving a sense of family obligation and personal responsibility.

The CCC was a popular program, but it has been criticized in recent years as a government program designed to neutralize the political threat posed by discontented young men in urban areas. By removing the CCC enrollees from their homes and families, and by subjecting them to military discipline, the government ensured that they would be no threat to social stability in darkest years of the Depression.

One element of the CCC program that was vital to its success was the inclusion of veterans and local craftsmen as mentors and leaders for the enlistees. These "locally experienced men" (LEMs) were important for enculturating the enlistees into the para-military organization and for teaching them the rudiments of various trades and crafts. In some instances, the skills of the LEMs were remarkable. These men were masters of their trades, and like most other workers during the Depression, they were often unemployed. One example is the highly skilled mason who supervised the stonework on the Bly Ranger Station on the Fremont National Forest in south-central Oregon.

The CCC in the Pacific Northwest

The Civilian Conservation Corps had programs in all of the 48 states. States west of the Mississippi River had a slight majority of the camps because of the concentration of Federal lands in the west. The largest CCC programs were in the Pacific Coast states and in the Great Lakes region (see Table 1 below). In the west, California and Idaho had the most CCC activity, followed by Oregon, which ranked fourth in the nation in the number of CCC camps and enrollees. By the summer of 1933, 64 camps had been established in Oregon, housing nearly 13,000 men.

16 Table 1. Largest CCC Programs by State in August, 1933

State No. of National National Other State State Private Total Camps Forests Parks Federal Forests Parks Forests Men

Calif. 168 129 12 5 22 33,600

Penn. 97 7 1 87 2 19,400

Idaho 96 74 9 13 19,200

O ff 64 48 2 .6 1' -- 7 12,800

Minn. 61 24 9 24 3 1 12,200

Mich. 59 14 42 3 11,800

Wash. 57 38 5 4 2 8 11,400

Wis. 47 21 9 14 3 - 9,00 [Source: Otis et al. 1986]

In April of 1933, soon after the CCC was formed, the War Department selected Vancouver Barracks, located in Vancouver, Washington, as a regional center for CCC administration, training, and supply. The nationwide CCC organizational structure included nine units or "corps areas" across the U.S. Vancouver Barracks became one of the Districts of the Ninth CCC Corps. In November of 1933, the CCC organizational structure was formally separated from the Vancouver Barracks organizational structure, although there was continuity at the highest level of command. The Quartermasters were separate, as were the motor pool and other service organizations. On November 18, General James K. Parsons took command of the Vancouver CCC District. On October 29, 1936, General George C. Marshall succeeded General Parsons. The first group of enrollees to arrive in 1933 numbered 800. The Barracks Quartermaster, Col. T.M. Knox, was initially charged with the task of supplying the new recruits and the 26 CCC camps to be built in the area.

By the end of the CCC in 1942, the Vancouver District had received 40,000 men, housed them temporarily, outfitted them, and screened them for diseases. They were then transported to their camps in Oregon and Washington, and fed, supplied, and paid their meager monthly wage. All of these activities and the endless paperwork that they generated were the responsibility of the Vancouver District staff.

Once the enrolled men had left Vancouver Barracks and reported to their camps, they were under the administration of the Forest Service, or one of the other branches of the Department of the Interior. These included the National Parks Service, the Oregon and California Railroad Lands administration, and the Grazing Service. The Indian Service-soon to become the Bureau of Indian Affairs-had its own separate Civilian Conservation Corps that was administered from the tribal governments rather than the Army. The Vancouver District served part of the USDA Forest Service Region 6, which included Oregon, Washington, and

17 northwestern Idaho. Civilian Conservation Corps activities in Region 6 were especially intense because of the extensive acreage of the 26 National Forests in the Region.

In the nine years of its operation, the Vancouver District built and staffed 67 camps. These did not operate simultaneously. Camps lasted two to three years until all the conservation work projects adjacent to the camp were finished, then a new camp was built. Each of these camps undertook conservation projects in the surrounding area. When the camps were re- located, they retained their unit number and staff, but they were constantly receiving new enrollees and "graduating" ones that had served for their enlistment period (typically six months, although re-enlistment for additional six-month periods was allowed).

In addition to the ongoing conservation work projects, CCC crews also fought forest fires, much as regular Army troops had done on occasions in the past. Fire fighting was especially important in the Northwest and was well-regarded by members of communities whose livelihood depended on the forest resources. Another activity of the CCC during the 1939-1941 period was military support work on military bases. The second World War was beginning in Europe and the United States was divided about American participation. Using the CCC for enhancing military preparedness was a controversial area that was criticized by opponents of the CCC and by pacificists. After Pearl Harbor, however, six camps of the Vancouver District were "directly engaged in war-related work" (Cray 1990).

CCCArchitecture and Building Programs

The CCC building program on public lands in the Pacific Northwest included a full range of structures for forest management and public recreation. Building types include the following:

* Administration buildings such as ranger stations and guard stations * Residences for personnel and their families * Crew buildings such as dormitories * Service buildings such as shops, warehouses, fuel buildings, machinery buildings * Barns for pack horses and equipment * Recreational structures including lodges, shelters, camp grounds, restrooms

In addition to the buildings, associated structures like outdoor fireplaces, flagpoles, outhouses, and other elements of the site are important. In general, the CCC built "permanent" buildings for their client agencies, including the Department of the Interior, the Forest Service, the National Park Service, Bureau of Reclamation, and other Federal and state agencies managing public lands. The CCC service buildings, including camp structures like those at Rand, were "temporary" buildings, designed to be in service for a limited number of years.

In its nine-year life, the CCC built and occupied around 4,000 CCC camps across the country. These included larger camps used for years, and smaller detached "spike" camps used only for the duration of a specific construction project.

Temporary structures used for the CCC camps included three broad categories: tents, frame buildings, and portable buildings. In general, the first camps were tent camps, and these 18 were replaced with "all-weather" camps, generally of frame buildings. After 1937, all CCC camps were to be built with portable buildings.

Tent camps were derived from military experience, with cotton squad tents and wall tents predominating. The tents could be improved with wooden floors or with wooden walls. They were, however, difficult to heat in cold weather. In warm climates, there was less incentive to replace the tent camps. For the duration of the CCC, tent camps remained in use as detached service or "spike" camps.

The temporary frame buildings, called "cantonments' by the military were built without a perimeter foundation. They were typically set on wooden sills or on posts. The walls were framed and sheathed with nominal 1" ship-lap sheathing. The exteriors were typically covered with roll roofing, or tar paper, or felt underlayment. This material was in turn secured to the walls with vertical battens. Roofing was composition roll roofing, and windows and doors were conventional units. Masonry elements of the frame buildings included brick chimneys and cast concrete walkways or entry steps.

The portable buildings were also designed by the Army. They came into use by the CCC in 1935, and after 1937, they were the standard for all CCC building projects (Otis et al. 1986). The military created them for the CCC in 1933 as structures that could be assembled from a set of framed panels that were bolted together. Otis and Honey have documented the controversy that followed the introduction of portable buildings. Camp commanders were apparently allowed some latitude in choosing whether to use the portable buildings or the conventional framed buildings. The framed buildings were more popular. The portable buildings were less expensive, however, largely because they could be erected with unskilled labor. After an official directive issued in July of 1937, all new CCC camp buildings were to be made from the portable panel components (Otis et al. 1986).

To judge from photos and descriptions, the appearance of the finished portable buildings and the framed buildings was very similar. The portable buildings had no permanent foundation, and the exteriors were covered with composition material or felt underlayment. They had vertical battens or clapboard siding, and composition roofs. The CCC temporary buildings were utilitarian structures designed by the Army. In contrast to the permanent buildings that the CCC built for other government agencies, the camp buildings had no architectural significance. As Otis et al. (1986) point out, the portable buildings were distinctive structures consonant with the aims of the program and the Depression era.

19 5. CAMP RAND: THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Buildings c. 1933-1940

Since the original Camp Rand was built in 1933, it had framed, not portable buildings, although four portable buildings were later erected at the camp during 1941 (National Archives RG 35:115). The typical standard for framed buildings for a camp constructed after November 1933 included 11 separate structures (Otis et al. 1986:74):

Barracks (4) Mess hall Recreation hall Infirmary Officers' quarters Truck garages Latrine Shower house

Camp Rand, however, was largely built in September of 1933, before the framed CCC camps were standardized, thus, Camp Rand varied somewhat in design from the later standards. Original buildings at Camp Rand c. 1934 included (Figures 5 and 6):

Barracks (4) Shower and wash house (2) Mess hall/kitchen with attached ice house Recreation hall Officers' quarters Officers' shower Office Blacksmith shop Fuel station Enrollees' latrine Powerhouse

At Camp Rand, the four enrollee barracks and the shower houses were built as two separate "U" shaped structures. Camp Rand also had the mess hall/kitchen and recreation hall, as well as the officers' quarters, an office, and a latrine for the enrollees and probably a shower room for the officers. The maintenance garage, completed in April of 1935, was built after the primary living quarters. It is absent from the aerial photograph of the camp taken in the Fall of 1934. The truck parking area, fuel station, and blacksmith shop were located to the north of the barracks, just south of the Rand Ranger Station (National Archives RG 35:115).

20 Figure 5. Plan Map of Camp Rand c.1934 21 Rand CCC

20 Figure 6. Plan Map of Camp Rand Foeet on Satellite Image Surface features located by Dennis Gray Digital Ortthoquad from OregonrGeographic Data Center Map features created wvithArcGIS by Ralph Delarrarter 1/20/04 22 The infirmary, a store and supply room have not been confirmed as separate permanent structures, although their existence were noted in the camp report of April, 1934 (National Archives RG 35: 115). Also, information from oral sources indicates that there was an infirmary (Reeves interview 2003) and a store. These services, the infirmary, the camp store or PX, and the supply room, appear to have been located in different buildings during the life of the camp. and may have moved as the portable buildings were added in 1941. In the Febuary 27, 1936 camp report, the infirmary was described as "... inadequate, a 20 by 20 room at the end of the Administrative building" (National Archives RG 35:115). In January of 1937, the infirmary was again described as "...occupies a small part of a building, size of infirmary 20 x 28 feet and is inadequate (National Archives RG 35:115).

In April 3, 1935, the supply room and camp canteen appear to have been located in the original recreation hall. "Our recreation hall is fitted with ping pong tables... Libraries both traveling and permanent are housed at the canteen counter [emphasis added], where books may be obtained at the same time as store supplies are being sold" (National Archives RG 35:115). And, in January of 1940, "inadequate recreation hall in size...one end of hall the supply room until new building is erected" (National Archives RG 35:115). By April of 1941, presumably in one of the newly erected portable buildings, the ... "recreation hall, infirmary and barber shop are in one building" (National Archives RG 35:115).

The original buildings at Camp Rand were laid out to the cardinal directions in a rectangular pattern, with the buildings surrounding an open parade ground that was bisected by an access road; the flag pole was centered at the southern end of the assembly ground.

The CCC framed buildings at Rand were built by enrollees (see Chapter 6 of this report), likely directed by LEMs hired for the construction phase. This was not to be the typical pattern for camp construction. In early 1934, a directive was issued stating that camps were not to be built by enrollees, but rather by local labor in order to insure greater acceptance of the CCC at the community level (Otis et al. 1986:74-5).

As described in the previous section, the buildings at Camp Rand, like other framed CCC camp buildings, were generally built without a perimeter foundation; they were typically set on wooden sills or on posts (wood sills at Camp Rand). The walls were framed with machine cut lumber and sheathed with nominal 1" ship-lap sheathing. The exteriors were covered with roll roofing, tar paper, or felt underlayment. This material was in turn secured to the walls with vertical battens. Roofing was composition roll roofing, and windows and doors were conventional units. Masonry elements of the frame buildings included brick chimneys and cast concrete walkways or entry steps. The buildings at Camp Rand varied in size and differ from the standardized dimensions for similar buildings that were built at a later date.

Buildings for which there are photographs and/or descriptions, and their location have been determined with a high degree of confidence and marked in the field, are described below.

Barracks

There were four barracks (A, B, C, and D) in two separate buildings (east barracks and west barracks) situated along the northern end on the parade ground, facing south and separated 23 by the primary access road. The two buildings were "U" shaped, with the barracks forming the legs of the "U" and the shower/wash houses forming the base of the "U" (Figure 7 and Appendix C). Each barracks could lodge 50 men, and were furnished with wooden, upper and lower bunks (Carretto 1992). The barracks were 20 feet wide by 52.5 feet long; the shower/wash houses were also 20 feet wide and extended 35 feet east-west connecting the two barracks wings. The shower/wash house was outfitted with showers and sinks where the men could wash their clothes. There was one wood burning stove in the laundry room and one in each barracks (Carretto 1992).

Mess Hall/Kitchen

The mess hall and kitchen were located in one building, 20 feet wide by 90 feet long, located in line with, and directly south of, the eastern wing of the east barracks on the eastern side of the primary access road. The two buildings were separated by a 15 foot open space; the long axis of the mess hall was oriented north-south (Figure 7). The kitchen was situated at the southern end of the building, leaving the northern portion for seating.

Officers' Quarters

This 20 foot wide building, also located east of the access road and in line with the mess hall to the north, was 65 feet long (Appendix C). The mess hall and the Officers' quarters were separated by a distance of approximately 90 feet. No descriptions of the interior of the quarters have been found (with the exception of the existence of flush toilets), although apparently some of the unmarried LEM's quartered in the building, along with U.S. military personnel assigned to the camp (Reeves 2003).

Qffice

Attached to, or abutting at a right angle to the Officers' quarters, was the camp office. The building measured 20 feet wide by 49 feet long (Appendix C). This building effectively defined the southern public boundary of Camp Rand with the northern side of the building facing the parade ground, and the camp flag pole located due west of the western end of the office. As noted in the camp reports of January and February of 1936, the infirmary (with a chemical toilet) was apparently located in a 20 or 28 foot section of the building (National Archives RG 35:115). The office was also outfitted with flush toilets.

Officers ' Shower

A 20-foot square building located some 20 feet behind and just east of the Officers' quarters was very likely the shower for use by the military officers and unmarried Forest Service LEMS. Mr. Ralph Reeves (2003) stated that "they [officers] had their own showers and latrine and everything..." Feature 18 (see below) is associated with this structure. The Officers' quarters and the camp office or administration building were fitted with flush toilets, as noted in the camp report of February 27, 1937 "Flush toilets are used in the Officers' and Forestry personnel quarters..." (National Archives RG 35:115). Three flush toilets are noted on the camp disposition shipping ticket of August 17, 1942 (National Archives RG 35:127).

24 km

Figure 7. HistoricalCamp Rand Overview Photographs,c. 1934; View North 25 II

Recreation Hall

On the west side of the access road, 35 feet south of, and in line, with the western wing of the west barrack, was the recreation hall. This structure was also 20 feet wide and extended north-south for 69 feet. The recreational hall served a number of functions, including educational class room, library, disciplinary room, and, for a time as a canteen and store room for supplies (Reeves 2003; Carretto 1992; Morey 1978). Feature 8 is associated with the recreation hall. A description of the recrc.inoi hall from the camp report of April 3, 1935 describes it as follows:

Our recreation hall is fitted with ping pong tables, a pool table and several writing tables and a number of individual benches for the comfort of the men. A capable fireplace has been finished and is a favorite story telling center.(National Archives RG 35:115).

Buildings c. 1940-1942

Camp records indicate that several new buildings were erected in the waning years of Camp Rand. A camp inspection report dated November 21, 1938 mentioned the necessity to build a small gas and oil house..."the platform built last year" (National Archives RG 95:28-29). This same oil house was under construction as of January 25, 1940 (National Archives RG 35:115), and an oil storage building 16 by 16 feet in size is noted on the camp disposition report of August 17, 1942 (Appendix D). This building was likely located north of the main camp in the vicinity of the fuel supply building or the blacksmith shop and repair garage.

Four portable buildings were either under construction or had been erected by March 10 of 1941. These included an educational building 20 by 100'; a 30 by 30' wood shop; an office and supply room 20 by 70 feet in size; and an additional barracks 20' wide by 120' long (National Archives RG 35:127). The location of these buildings is unknown, although it is likely that the west terrace (Locality 5) and the flat area to the east of the Officers' quarters may have been utilized.

Several other rigid buildings are mentioned on the disposition report for which there is no other supporting or explanatory data. These include the "Welfare Bldg. and Barber Shop, 20 x 124'; the T.S. Tool House 26 x 34', the T.S. Garage 26 x 100' [it is unclear what the initials T.S. stand for], and the Army Garage 20 x 25"' (National Archives RG 35:1127). Perhaps the most logical location for the welfare building and barber shop is on the western terrace (Locality 5). It may have been built around the same time the portable buildings were erected, c. 1941. The camp report of March 10, 1941 mentions "recreation hall, infirmary and barber shop are in one building" (National Archives RG 35:115). This suggests that the infirmary, for one, was at last moved to a larger facility and is indicative of the various uses that the buildings served over the life span of the camp. The two garage buildings were probably located in the original truck parking area, south of the repair garage and on the west side of the main access road. These building would no doubt have been modest affairs. The tool house was also probably located in this same "industrial" section of the camp, north of the enrollees' barracks. Presently, there are several flats and cut banks in this area that are suggestive of building pads.

26 Camp Rand infrastructure as of January 1940 was described as follows:

Kitchen and enrollees' bath house have separate grease traps, tile lines, sumps, and leaching ditches to a disposal field for effluent. Quarters of administrative personnel have flush toilets, tile lines and separate sumps. Enrollees have dump bucket, flush type latrine, and a septic tank. All garbage incinerated. Water supply...by gravity flow to camp storage tank (National Archives RG 35:115).

Localities

The following buildings lack precise dimensions and descriptions, and have not been definitively located or marked on the ground, although the plotted locations of these structures (see Figures 5 and 6) are relatively close to their original position at the camp.

Fuel Station (Locality 1)

The fuel station was located north of the eastern barracks, on the east side of the access road. A portion of the building is visible in an historical photograph, indicating that the building had a gable roof with an intersecting shed roof forming a porch-like exterior (Figure 8). The building had a single gas pump (Carretto 1992). The location of this building is currently used for trailer storage and trash dumpsters; Feature 2 is associated.

Machine Shop (Locality 2)

A machine shop or repair garage was situated on the west side of the access road, across from the fuel station. The "garage and repair shop" was completed and noted in the camp report of April 3, 1935 (National Archives RG 35:115). The shop does not appear on the 1934 aerial photograph, but is prominent in a later photograph (Figure 8). Due to the angle of the photograph, dimensions of the building are difficult to determine, although it appears it was approximately 20 by 30 feet in size with a bay opening on the east end (the camp disposition report of August 17, 1942 lists the repair shop as 28' by 26' [National Archives RG 35:127]). The area of the shop was approximately identified on the ground by an extant cut bank and building flat just west of the current BLM crew parking area.

Blacksmith Shop (Locality 3)

To the south of the machine shop and north of the east barracks is the likely location of a blacksmith's shop (Reeves 2003). In a photograph taken the same time as the photograph showing the machine shop, there is a small structure partially obscured by trees on the west side of the access road. The building is not identified in the photograph, but its location in the fuel station/machine shop area suggests it was related to equipment and tool maintenance. The camp disposition report (Appendix D) lists the blacksmith shop as 15 x 34 feet (National Archives RG 35:127 ).

27 Powerhouse (Locality 4)

On the 1934 aerial photograph of Camp Rand immediately north of the northeastern end of the east barracks, and south of the fuel station, is a small structure that appears to have a gable roof and possibly a chimney. The generator house is listed on the 1942 camp disposition report (Appendix D) as being 11 x 17 feet in size (National Archives RG 35:127). According to Ralph Reeves (2003) "They had a generator... a light plant. They had a kid whose job was to turn on the light plant at a certain time, and turn it off at a certain time at night. They usually run it until 10 o'clock." Mr. Carretto (1992) also stated there was "one portable light--power plant didn't work half the time." A number of electrical insulators and electrical wire fragments are yet to be found in some of the old growth trees surrounding the present day meadow.

Infirmary, Barber Shop, Store Room (Locality 5)

Locality 5 is the upper bench that has been cut into the slope west of the recreation hall and the west barracks (Figure 9). The bench measures approximately 150 feet long (N/S) by 26 to 33 feet wide (E/W). The depth of cut ranges from 4' along the southwest edge to F' at the northwest edge. Locality 5 has portions of what appears to be a stone lined pathway along its eastern edge, and may have been the location of the building (s) housing an infirmary, a store house, and camp store or canteen. Mr. Reeves (2003) recalled "This was the first aid place, (infirmary) and where the doctor was... that's why they got the rock walls in there, to hold the dirt." And "I remember climbing up those stairs [Feature 4]... they had a series of steps... that was the infirmary area... " Mr. Carretto wrote (1992) "We also had a general store, supply room, and a maybe 2 or 4 bed infirmary.. .then another building for a recreation room." Mr. Carretto began his CCC service in the Fall of 1934, thus, it would appear that sometime, after the aerial photograph of the camp was taken in late 1934, an additional structure housing a store room, and possibly canteen and an infirmary was added on the western upper terrace.

On the camp disposition report of August 17, 1942 (Appendix D), there are two buildings that may have been located on Locality 5. One is a rigid building 20 x 124 feet in size described as the welfare bldg. and barber shop. Another possibility is the portable education building (erected c. 1941) described as 20 x 100 feet (see preceding building discussion c. 1940-42 ).

28 Fuel Building

Repair Shop

Figure 8. Maintenance Buildings

29 Figure 9. Locality 5, West Side Bench; View to 330 Degrees

Features

Features identified during the course of the field work ranged from the remains of auxiliary structures (the enrollees' latrine and the mess hall ice house) to in-situ building shim stones uncovered during the current investigation. Feature numbers correspond with locations denoted on Figures 5 and 6.

Feature 1 Excavation trench at the north end of the mess hall (Figure 10). The field team excavated a 1m. by 7.5m. trench 5 centimeters in depth to expose elements associated with the north end of the mess hall building. This site was chosen because other features on the ground, including the kitchen septic system (Feature 10) and the mess hall slab (Feature 12), made the location of the perimeter of this building clear. The feature includes a stump cut level with the ground (post- dating the CCC), building material artifacts (see artifact descriptions below), and two flat stones used to shim the sill timbers to level.

Feature 2 Vehicle service pit, north of east barracks (Figure 1 1). This feature is a concrete- lined pit, 4' wide (N/S) and 12' long (E/W). The lining is 6" thick at the sides and 4" thick at the ends. Depth is 18". The bottom of pit is concrete and slopes to the east. At the bottom on the east end, there is an arched drain, which allows rain or oil to escape into the soil.

30 It

Shim Stone in Excavation Unit

Vehicle Service Pit

Figure 10. Feature 1 (top) and Feature2 (bottom) 31 Feature 3 Flag pole base. This feature was found in an upside-down position on the recreation hall slab/footing (Feature 8). The concrete base was cast in an irregular hole, approximately 26" in diameter and 24" deep. The flag pole was supported by two steel plates, 1/4" x 4", set 6" apart. A wooden block 5 i/21 x 9 '/2" provided a spacer at the bottom of the hole for the steel plates. The plates have been cut off near the surface of the concrete. At the base of the pole, the following letters are inscribed in the concrete (Figure 11). CR G.P. This indicates "Camp Rand, Grants Pass."

Feature 4 Stone steps and retaining wall to the west of the west barracks. These steps accessed the building flat to the west of the main camp area. Eight stone steps average 8" in rise and 12" in run. Curving retaining walls on both sides of the steps average 20" to 30" high. At the top of the steps, there is a stone-bordered path to the south. Material for the steps and walls is irregular fieldstone (Figure 12).

Feature 5 Can dump on west building flat. This is a hole approximately 36" in diameter filled with cans; the debris (not collected) post-dates the CCC period.

Feature 6 Loading platform, west-side road. This feature post-dates the CCC. It was built by the Bureau of Public Roads in the 1960s (Reed 2003, personal communication).

Feature 7 Drinking fountain (Figure 12). This feature is located south of the recreation hall. It is built of cobbles and mortar, 30" high, 12" in diameter at top, 20" square at base. Water supply from 3/4" steel pipe.

Feature 8 Concrete entry slab, recreation hall. This concrete pad is located at the southwest corner of the recreation hall building. The slab is 6' x 8', with 10" exposed. The flag pole base was dumped on top of the slab upside down (Figure 1 1). Other debris were also dumped on the slab and in the area immediately to the west, including brick shards, glass, and building fragments. An alternative explanation for this feature is that it served as the footing for the recreation hall fireplace. In an April 3, 1935 description of the recreation hall, "A capable fireplace has been finished and is a favorite story telling center" (National Archives RG 35:115). The presence of brick fragments on top of the slab and the location of the feature on the perimeter of the recreation hall, suggests that the slab may represent the remains of the fireplace footing.

Feature 9 Raised earth bed with cobble border. This bed is raised 8" above ambient terrain and bordered with stream cobbles. Excavation of the bed's center revealed some building material debris, but no evidence of a post or pole. The bed has a rough oval shape, 6' E-W by 7' N-S. This feature had been erroneously referred to as the location of the camp flag pole.

32 Flag Pole Base Prior to Excavation

Flag Pole Base and Entry Slab after Excavation

Figure 11. Feature 3 (top) and Features 3 and 8 (bottom) Feature 10 Kitchen septic system. This is a steel tank, buried 18' to the east (downslope) of the kitchen area, and covered with a 4" concrete slab. A sheet metal pipe brought waste water from the kitchen into the uppermost chamber of the tank, and a drain pipe removed water from the top of the lowest chamber (Figure 13). The tank is 32" wide 12' long, and divided into 5 cascading chambers: chamber A is 4', chamber B is 2', chamber C is 2', chamber D is 2', and chamber E is 2'. Depth of the chambers varies from 24" at A to 36" at E. Chambers show evidence of river silt from the 1964 flood. The camp report of January 5, 1940 stated that "Kitchen and enrollees' bath house have separate grease traps, tile lines, sumps, and leaching ditches to a disposal field for effluent" (National Archives RG 35:115).

Feature 11 Latrine underground system. This is a pit with logs placed across it. Original dimensions of the pit were approximately 10' by 10'. Fragments of seven cross logs remain, along with a metal electrical ground stake. The pit may have also been lined with logs. A steel water pipe, 3/4" diameter, crosses the pit at the northwest corner. The pipe apparently supplied water to the system, but the supply tee has not been located. Mr. Carretto described the working of the latrine as follows:

Building maybe 10' square, several yards away from the main camp, our latrine. Darndest contraption a person ever saw. It worked. Had a box affair built over a deep pit. Maybe 4 or 6 seats. Suspended under these seats was a metal pan with a rod through center, off center slightly. Water dripped onto this pan real slowly. When the pan got off balance from the water and solids, the pan tipped. The water washed every thing into the pit. Every day the pit was treated with quick lime; very sanitary (Carretto 1992).

The camp disposition report of August 17, 1942 (Appendix D) notes a latrine building 9 by 23 feet in size. It is likely that the latrine was rebuilt and enlarged from its original configuration sometime during its decade of use. The camp report of January 25, 1940 also notes that the enrollees had a dump bucket, flush type latrine, and a septic tank (National Archives RG 35:115).

Feature 12 Kitchen/mess hall slab. This is a slab of concrete, now seriously degraded, that stood to the east of the kitchen portion of the mess hall building. It may have served as an entry and marshaling yard for the kitchen. Dimensions are approximately 19' N-S x 12' E-W, and 12" thick. More likely, this was the location of the bake shop noted on the camp disposition report of August 17, 1942 (Appendix D), as being 12 by 20 feet in dimension (National Archives RG 35: 127).

34 Feature 13 Concrete walkway, ice house to kitchen. This walkway extends 20' east of the mess hall to the ice house. The eastern 1 1' of the walkway remains in good condition (Figure 13); the western 9' is degraded. Approximate dimensions are 20' E-W and 4' wide N-S. Thickness of the slab is 4".

Feature 14 Concrete perimeter foundation of the ice house. This is a conventional concrete stem wall foundation on a concrete slab. The stem wall is 6" thick and 6" high. Dimensions of the perimeter are 12' E-W and 17' N-S.

Feature 15 Concrete slab, south end of ice house. This is a concrete slab extending 7' south of the ice house for its full width of 12'. Since the slab extends toward the east access road, the slab probably served as an entry and loading area for the ice house. Thickness of the slab is 6".

Feature 16 A 1 1/4 inch outside diameter metal bar (pipe?) between two white oak trees approximately 7' 6" off the ground, likely used as a chin-up bar (Figure 14).

Feature 17 Raised, rock-lined pathways leading from the office north to the mess hall, and west and north to the latrine. Portions of the raised pathways are visible with occasional alluvial cobbles still in situ. Pathways were approximately 8 feet wide.

Feature 18 Drainage system for the Officers' shower house. Located south of the Officers' shower house is the likely grey water septic system for the shower facility. This feature is composed of a hand dug pit, nine foot square by four feet deep, which was the settling pond for grey water. The pit was fed by a three inch diameter steel drain pipe, and the overflow from the pond emptied into adjacent North Star Gulch.

35 Drinking Fountain

Stone Steps to West Terrace

Figure 12. Feature 7 (top) and Feature4 (bottom) 36 Kitchen Septic System

Concrete Walkway to Icehouse

Figure 13. Feature 10 (top) and Feature13 (bottom) 37 Figure 14. Chin-up Bar, Feature16

Artifacts

A total of 285 individual artifacts were recovered from the excavation of 10 square meters (.5 cubic meters) from seven, five centimeter deep excavation units on the perimeter of the Camp Rand mess hall. The 285 artifacts were cataloged and described under 64 individual or lot numbers by unit and level (see Appendix A). The vast majority of the artifacts (92.5 percent) were related to building architecture. The architectural component of the assemblage (N=275) is in turn dominated by a variety of wire nail types (94.5 percent). The majority of all artifacts (N=214; 75 percent) were recovered from excavation units 2 and 3.

Of the nails recovered, the most functionally descriptive are the 2d roofing nails that affixed the exterior tar paper covering to the building and the rolled composition material to the roof. Roofing nails account for 32.7 percent of the recovered nails (N=85). Of the remaining nails, 19.2 percent (N=50) were 6d or smaller; 48.1 percent (N=125) were 7d or larger. In the 6d or smaller category, half of the nails were galvanized spiral nails, likely used to attached floor boards to joists. The remainder of the smaller nail assemblage were primarily common wire nails, although there were a few (N=2) box nails and finish nails (N=3). The large size nail 38 collection (7d or greater) was dominated by common wire nails of various sizes (7, 8, 10, 12, and 16d) used in framing and general construction.

Other architectural artifacts in the recovered assemblage included five fragments of window glass of varying thickness, portions of two porcelain electrical insulators, a copper electrical wire fragment, four tar paper fragments, a metal water pipe or conduit clamp, and part of a metal double hung window latch. All of the recovered architectural artifacts are consistent with materials used during the era the camp was built, and with the construction materials described for CCC camps in general.

Non-architectural artifacts recovered from the testing during the project were few in number and are more difficult to relate to the CCC occupation of the terrace. These artifacts included: a fragment of a metal watch band; three fragments of a rubber gasket from a canning jar; a charred piece of cardboard; a piece of tinfoil; a 25-35 caliber rifle shell casing; three fragments of a single, wheel-opened sanitary can (#2 or # 3 size); and a length of small-gauge, insulated, three-strand wire. The two gustatory artifacts, the sanitary can, and the canning jar gasket, are the items most likely related to the CCC occupation, particularly since they were recovered in the vicinity of the mess hall/kitchen.

39 6. CCC Camp Rand (F-75) 1933-1942: A History

Establishingthe Camp

In April 1933, regional foresters and directors from southwest Oregon went to Washington D.C. to hear about the Civilian Conservation Corps and forest development programs planned to begin by mid-May 1933. Government officials placed the National Forests in Region Six in the Ninth Corps area and named Medford the district headquarters. City officials lent full support to the program when the district formally organized on May 15, 1933. With Major Clare H. Armstrong as supervising officer, CCC administrative headquarters opened in Medford's old City Hall and the Quartermaster and Headquarters Detachment occupied the Jackson County fairgrounds [then located in south Medford near the present day National Guard Headquarters on Pacific Highway (Reed 2003, personal communication)]. CCC enrollees were already on their way west as Major Armstrong took charge (Civilian Conservation Corps 1938).

By June 1933, the Civilian Conservation Corps had established seven camps on the Siskiyou National Forest, at Agness, Kerby, Bear Camp, Mount Reuben, Pistol River, Gasquet, and Coquille. Opening of the camps had an immediate impact on the region. As Stephen Beckham noted in his study of CCC buildings on the Siskiyou National Forest:

Each camp was to cost the government $108,000 each six months for wages, food and other supplies. When overhead costs were added in, the estimates were that approximately $864,000 would enter the region's economy by the end of 1933 (Beckham 1979:4)

During July and August, men from CCC Company 1650 lived in a tent camp at Mt. Reuben and worked on road construction in the mountains above the Rogue River. In early September 1933, a spike camp (a work party from the main company) moved to the Rand Ranger Station grounds to clear vegetation for construction of a permanent winter CCC camp. Three weeks later, these men returned to Camp Reuben and eighteen other enrollees went to Rand to build the barracks, kitchen, officers' quarters, and other structures. One hundred men arrived at Rand on October 8 to join the construction project (Anon. n.d.: 1, 3).

The enrollees lived in U.S. Army tents at the Camp Rand site during construction. Edith Keyte, a young teacher assigned to the Rand School, in September 1933, recalled,

... [The teacher's] house was on a hill above the open flat that sloped towards the river and the schoolhouse, which stood in a grove of trees on the high river bank. I moved in the first week of September; the Rand CCC Camp moved in the next! The tents, pitched for temporary shelters lined the road leading to the school (Hill 1976:68).

As autumn days grew colder, the men pushed to finish winter quarters. The local newspaper observed, "Although the army squad tents have been very satisfactory during the 40 summer months, wooden winter quarters and electric lights are necessary for the colder season" (Daily Courier, Oct. 11. 1933).

Companies

The men were organized into groups or companies based on U.S. Army standards. CCC companies averaged 200 men each and were designated by a number (e.g.. 1650). Companies were raised and organized from different geographical areas, be they urban or from wider rural regions.

Enrollees occupied Camp Rand in large numbers during years of operation between 1933 and 1941. According to regulations, the men enlisted for six-month periods, but could re-enroll for additional terms. Population at the Camp varied, with counts well over 200 men at times and below 100 at others (Figure 15). Information compiled by Forest historian, Gerald Williams, CCC alumni, and Ninth Corps documents, plots the company occupancy at Rand:

Dates Company Notes

November 1933 to April 1934 1650 From Illinois April 1934 to November 1934 November 1934 to April 1935 April 1935 to November 1935 November 1935 to April 1936 To Washington State (May 1936) April 1936 to November 1936 0 No CCC enrollees November 1936 to April 1937 3870 Rand/Diamond Lake April 1937 to November 1937 3870 November 1937 to April 1938 5484 Rand April 1938 to November 1938 5484 Rand/Diamond Lake November 1938 to April 1939 5484 Rand April 1939 to November 1939 282 Rand/Enterprise November 1939 to April 1940 Rand April 1940 to November 1940 Rand/Enterprise November 1940 to April 1941 6440 Rand April 1941 to November 1941 282 Rand/Enterprise November 1941 to April 1942 Rand

(Williams 1986: USDA Forest Service July 1936; and Throop 1979)

41 Figure 15. Camp Rand Enrollees, Company 1650, c. 1934

U.S. Army officers supervised Camp Rand companies (Figure 16). Leading positions among officers at Rand included the Commanding Officer, Fire Marshall, Executive Mess and Store Officer, Company Physician, Educational Advisor, Construction Supervisor, and Recreation Area Foreman. Non-military supervisory positions filled by Siskiyou National Forest employees included those of Spike Camp Supervisor, Telephone Foreman, Carpenter Foreman, Bridge Foreman, Road Foreman, and Blacksmith (Anon. n.d. :25).

Figure 16. Camp Rand Superintend V. V. Church and U. S. Army Officers 42 A Siskiyou National Forest report notes that on November 6, 1933, with the arrival of 110 "reinforcements" at Rand, "Camp overhead consists of four commissioned officers, two noncommissioned officers and thirteen Forest Service foremen" (USDA Forest Service 1933: 11). Some reassignment of positions from military to civilian occurred after the first year of CCC operation, but the basic organization remained the same. Regular Forest Service employees lived at the Rand Ranger Station; single men working as foremen for the Forest Service lived at Camp Rand, while their married counterparts occupied houses on the Galice Road (Reeves 2003).

Company 1650 was organized at Jefferson Barracks near East St. Louis, Illinois on June 1, 1933. On June 14, 1933, 21 enrollees and a number of U.S. army personnel went by train to Vancouver Barracks, Washington. On June 22, 139 men of Co.1650 departed for Camp Reuben in southern Oregon, where local enrollees joined the group. By the end of June, these men were at work building mountain roads and fighting fire in the Rogue River country. As noted above, Co. 1650 left Camp Reuben for Camp Rand in the Fall of 1933 as winter weather set in (Anon. n.d.: 1). With a continual flow of new and departing enrollees, Company 1650 remained at Rand until May 11, 1936, when the men left Oregon for Camp Tieton in the Yakima Valley.

Camp Rand remained unoccupied during the summer of 1936. In late October of that year, Company 3870 occupied the facility. The Camp Report of January 1937 counted 158 enrollees, largely coming from Texas, with 132 men working on the Forest, 12 local enrolled men, and 21 men detailed to work in camp. Ninth Corps Inspector M.J. Bowen said of Company 3870, the "company has good cooks, well policed buildings and camp grounds, and for a new Company... in an old camp, are in excellent shape" (National Archives RG 35: 115).

By the Fall of 1937, a new group of enrollees settled in at Rand. Company 5484 organized at Fort Benning, Georgia on October 1, 1936, and on October 23, moved to Camp P-70, Fort Union, Virginia. The following October, the company, made up of men from Georgia, Alabama, Florida, and other southern states, came to Rand on the Siskiyou National Forest. In November, the company received its first reinforcements of 62 men, bringing the total Camp population to 167 men (Civilian Conservation Corps 1938: 142,143).

From 1939 through 1941, Camp Rand served as a winter camp for companies working in the high country. According to Ranger Loran Cooper, a number of men remained at Rand to work on a variety of projects, while groups of 50 to 80 men traveled to eastern Oregon. Men from Company 6440 were recruited in Alabama and Georgia and went first to Enterprise, Oregon on the Wallowa National Forest, arriving there on July 27, 1940. The company was sent to Camp Rand for the winter of 1940-1941, but returned to Enterprise in May 1941 (Throop 1979).

Company 282, comprised of 135 enrollees from New York and New Jersey, arrived at Enterprise, Oregon on May 2, 1939. After a season's work on the Wallowa Ranger Station, the Company transferred to Camp Rand for the winter of 1939-1940. Company 282 returned to Enterprise in June 1940 with 60 men. According to historian, Elizabeth Gail Throop, "the disbanded remnant was incorporated with Company 6440..." (Throop 1979:24). As noted above, after spending the winter 1940-941 at Camp Rand, Company 6640 returned to Enterprise in May 1941 for the season (Throop 1979:24).

43 I

As required by federal regulation, CCC enrollees at Camp Rand were young (aged 18 to 25), single, unskilled, unemployed, and generally had unemployed parents. Company 1650, stationed at Rand from October 1933 to May 1936, made up primarily of men from East St. Louis and Chicago, Illinois, represented various ethnic groups. The company roster published in the Christmas 1935 issue of the Camp Rand newspaper lists enrollees: Cimaroli, Clemti, Paravichio, Duchowski, Jakubiec and Bumbleauskas along with men named Shaw, Smith and Watson (The Rand Ripples December, 1935).

On November 6, 1933, African-American men counted among the new enrollees arriving at Camp Rand. Describing the composition of the new Company 1650 enrollees, the editor of a Forest Service regional report observed, "As an additional reinforcement the recruits are composed of 25 colored boys who are also blossoming forth in their characteristic hobbies" (USDA Forest Service 1933: 11).

Although federal policy forbade discrimination against Blacks and other ethnic minorities in the Civilian Conservation Corps, these men endured many difficulties (Otis et al. 1986:7). George Morey, CCC enrollee at Rand, in the Fall of 1933 recalled:

... Late in the winter [1933], we received a new assignment of enrollees and in that group were 50 blacks. They were from Chicago and were the first blacks that many of us had ever worked around. These men were used as a crew to clear right of way and build telephone lines....

The blacks were not allowed in the barracks with the whites. They were required to line up behind the whites for roll call and although they were permitted in the same mess hall with the rest, they were seated at separate tables and at the rear of the building. Although the whites had weekly trips to Grants Pass or Medford for recreation, the blacks were taken an average of once a month to Klamath Falls, as there was no room at the inn at either Medford or Grants Pass for this minority group (Morey 1978: 9).

African-American enrollees remained at Camp Rand for at least one term. "Two baseball teams are being organized under direction of Con Fenners of the forest service..." the Medford newspaper reported in 1934. ". .. He plans to develop a regular company team as well as one team from the colored members of the company" (Mail Tribune, May 14, 1934). It remained difficult to find recreational opportunities for the African-American men stationed at Rand. As CCC Inspector M.J. Bowen of the Medford Office wrote Robert Fechner, Corps Director on May 7, 1934:

Have 23 colored enrollees, and their recreation outside of camp is very limited as Grants Pass have no colored people and don't want any. The same condition on colored enrollees exists at Medford and Roseburg. About the only place colored men can go is Klamath Falls, but that is fully 200 miles from here (National Archives RG 35:115).

44 Bowen went on to suggest: that the CCC could "have a full colored camp near Klamath Falls and move all those located around Medford, Roseburg, Grants Pass, or all in Medford District" (National Archives RG 35:115).

Although African-American enrollees joined companies in the West's Ninth Corps area during the early years of the Civilian Conservation Corps program, protests from the regional commander, "antipathy from local communities, the racist attitude of the Army... along with the usual racial fears", inspired a new federal policy of July 1935 that segregated CCC companies, "Only in those states where the colored strength is too low to form a company unit will mixing of colored men in white units be permitted" (Cole 1999:26).

Camp Rand Supply and Economic Effects

By the summer of 1933, Medford was headquarters "for 14 tent camps, established in the Rogue River, Siskiyou and Fremont national forests, state lands and Crater Lake national park.... 10 camps composed the winter total for Medford District... located in the area between Roseburg and Yreka, Cal. and from Lakeview to the coast"(Mail Tribune May 15, 1934 1:6). With these tent camps distributed throughout the region and permanent camps under construction in the Fall of 1933, local business received large orders for food, lumber and other materials. According to the Medford News, July 28, 1933, the "entire district of Southern Oregon is benefiting [sic] greatly by army purchases...",

Twenty-six thousand dollars was spent for meat alone through the Swift and Company Branch in Medford, according to Captain W.H. Sadler, quartermaster in charge of purchases. The average amount of money paid out each month for subsistence... is above $30,000, more than half of which is spent in the Southern Oregon territory. Of the more than $27,000 that was spent on building the camps in the vicinity of Medford, more than 75 per cent of the money was spent locally... Dozens of incidental expenditures, such as repairs to buildings and trucks, are all made in the immediate vicinity of Medford, he said, bread is also purchased here for the 14 camps in the Medford territory.

At Camp Kerby, one of several permanent camps under construction in southwest Oregon, the Army purchased lumber to build four 20' x 102' barracks, showers, a mess hall, and recreation hall to house the infirmary, store room, enlisted men's quarters, canteen and recreation center. In addition, workers need materials to build housing for forest service personnel as well as Officers' quarters. "In addition," the Grants Pass newspaper reported, "roofing, windows, composition flooring, fixtures, stoves and incidentals have all been contracted for. This also is giving a group of outside carpenters work as well as the fortunate low bidders" (Daily Courier Oct. 11, 1933).

By mid May 1934, as the second year of the CCC program began, 20 camps came under the Medford headquarters supervision, "now the only headquarters in the state of Oregon" (Mail Tribune May 15, 1934 1:6). "With purchases being made regularly here for food supplies for the entire district," the reporter noted, "thousands of dollars have been brought into Medford and other southern Oregon points through the CCC." CCC district headquarters records showed that 45 7

$227,794.91 was spent for rations in one year alone. It took a tremendous stock of food to supply the Medford district camps for just one month including,

. ...70,000 pounds of beef, 15,000 pounds of ham, also pork, veal, chicken and turkey; 45,000 pounds of bread, also 40,000 of flour and 750 pounds of baking powder for biscuits, pastries and hot breads. The list also gives 156,000 eggs, 106,000 pounds of potatoes, 10,000 pounds of onions, 7,500 gallons fresh milk, 36,000 cans of evaporated milk, 40,000 pounds of sugar and 12,000 pounds of coffee (Mail Tribune, May 15, 1934).

"Bids for these supplies," the newspaper noted, "are issued on the 1Oth of each month and opened on the 20tl", for delivery to railheads, Medford, Grants Pass, Roseburg, Yreka, Klamath Falls, Marshfield, Lakeview, and Gold Beach. None of this food is obtained from the army, but is purchased from private firms in this district" (Mail Tribune, May 15, 1934).

Menus for Camp Rand reveal a fare similar in content and variety to U.S. Army rations. Breakfasts consisted of juice or fruit, cereal or eggs, bacon, bread or doughnuts, and coffee. Dinner, the midday meal, might offer soup, spaghetti, potatoes, corn, salad, beef, chicken, veal, macaroni and cheese, or fish. Supper menus offered roast beef or chicken or veal, vegetables, meat loaf, wieners and sauerkraut, stew, pie, coffee or tea. On November 23, 1938 for example, camp cooks served 128 men breakfast for a total cost of $40.78. The menu included five pounds of stewed prunes, cereal, hominy grits, 36 dozen boiled eggs, 48 pounds of bacon, seven pounds of butter, 52 quarts of fresh milk, and coffee. (Appendix D).

A report of perishable food consumed at Camp Rand during the month of February 1941-- the perishable foods were delivered semi-weekly -- listed 674 pounds of smoked or dried meats, 1,288 pounds of fresh beef, 500 pounds of lard, 357 pounds of fresh pork, 128.5 pounds of cooked meats and 86 pounds of fresh veal. Other perishable goods included: 45 pounds of frankfurters, 141 pounds of hearts and liver, 480 pounds of butter, and seven gallons of oysters. Rand men consumed 218 pounds of cheese, 197 pounds of poultry, 540 dozens of eggs, 760 pounds of bread, 1,400 quarts of milk, as well as fresh fruits and vegetables. The Camp Report of March 10, 1941 indicates that the food came from several sources, including local vendors, the Quartermaster's Office, and contracting companies (National Archives RG 35:115).

Camp Life

Camp Environment

The new enrollee arrived at Camp Rand in clothing issued by the U.S. Army on his original enrollment day: work clothes, an "Army olive-drab" dress uniform, underwear, socks and shoes. Additional items included a toilet kit, towels, army blankets, bed ticks and pillows. In Oregon, the quartermaster issued him boots, heavy wool socks, woolen mittens, and a warm jacket to withstand the cold damp weather (Figure 17): "the most clothes he had ever owned," one local enrollee said (Salmond 1967: 137; Daily Courier Nov. 6, 1933). Upon arrival at camp, the enrollee claimed a bunk. Although the Army often furnished barracks with steel cots, Martin Caretto, CCC Company 1650 enrollee at Rand in 1934-1935, recalled that at first the double- 46 deck bunks were built of 2 x 4 and 1 x 6 lumber. Rand men used straw ticks and had no pillows (Carretto: 1992). In his report of February 27, 1936, Inspector Bowen reported that by that date, each enrollee had a "steel cot, cotton mattress, sheets, pillows, pillow cases, lockers and china dishes" (National Archives RG 35:115).

Figure 17. Enrollees at Camp Rand (M. Caretto left), c. 1934

Getting used to camp life could be hard at first. With enrollees assigned to Rand from the Midwest and South, homesickness struck frequently "especially with enrollees from New York, Chicago, and other large, urban areas" (Otis et al., 1986:9). Adjusting to life in crowded conditions and under Army supervision challenged some men. Although a few recruits opted to leave the Corps to return home, most adjusted to the routine. As George Morey recalled,

Try to imagine a crew of 275 inexperienced men, or I should say boys, assembled in a very short time, to be organized and started on a program that was tangled in government red tape... However, after a few weeks the kinks were mostly ironed out and the result was one of the finest operations with the most lasting good results of any undertaking since the depression started (Morey 1978:8)

A schedule that alternated around work, education, and recreation structured the CCC enrollees' days. Work consumed their time Monday through Friday, while weekends and evenings were devoted to leisure activities. The day began at 6:00 a.m. with reveille. The enrollees dressed and appeared on the grounds for exercises at 6:30. Following calisthenics, the men had breakfast in the mess hall (Figure 18). The morning meal, although plain, was nutritious and generous, typically consisting of "stewed prunes, cereal, ham and eggs, coffee, and milk" (Salmond 1967: p. 138).

After breakfast, the men cleaned the barracks and the camp, and then reported to the central grounds at 7:45 a.m. for roll call and work assignments. The men lined up in groups. Those working as loggers stood together, telephone line construction men formed another group, 47 and road workers clustered in another group (Reeves 2003). Some enrollees' duties required them to work on camp detail; most men assisted at kitchen duty on a rotating basis. Others helped in the storeroom unloading supplies from army trucks that delivered supplies each day to Rand from Medford (Caretto 1992). Homer L. Askew, for example, an enrollee at Rand in the Fall of 1933, worked for much of his term as a cook and mess steward (Askew 1992[?]).

Other men walked or climbed into trucks for transportation to their job locations (Figure 19). They ate lunch at noon; typically sandwiches, pie, and coffee served in the field. After an hour's break, enrollees worked until 4:00 p.m. when they returned to Rand. Back in camp, the men had time for sports or other activities until dinner, usually served at 5:30 p.m. (Salmond 1967: 139).

According to CCC historian John Salmond, enrollees wore their dress uniforms to dinner. A substantial meal, dinner consisted of "meat, fresh vegetables, fruit and dessert." After dinner, the enrollee made use of the camp library or took part in a variety of educational or recreational opportunities. Enrollees could leave camp, but had to be in the barracks by 10:00 p.m. and lights out. Taps sounded at 10:15 p.m. and at 1:00 p.m.; an officer made a bed check (Salmond 1967: 140-141).

I

Figure18. Interior of the Camp Rand Kitchen

48 Figure 19. Men Leavingfor Work, Camp Rand c. 1934

New Year's, Lincoln's birthday, Memorial Day, July 4, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas meant days off from work (Salmond 1967:141). The cooks served special holidays meals at Thanksgiving and Christmas - turkey with traditional side dishes - was standard and the camp orchestra entertained during dinner. Members of families of the officers, Forest Service personnel or local men of the company often joined in on holidays. For the 1935 Christmas dinner, "All of the holiday season was marked by beautiful decorations in the mess hall and in the recreation building and with the dinner music played by the Rand orchestra" (Anon. n.d.:16).

On weekends, enrollees took time off unless the weather had been so bad during the week that they had to make up work (Salmond 1967:142). Enrollees might spend Saturdays playing basketball, baseball, boxing, track or quieter games such as pool, checkers or cards. Men could also use Saturdays for group activities such as drama, music, or journalism. A team collected news items and published the camp newspaper, The Rand Ripples.

Enrollees held camp dances and invited girls from the surrounding area. George Morey recalled, "Dances and parties were a regular weekly function. About one fourth of the camp went to Grants Pass Saturday evenings for recreation and fun. A dance was held in the Galice schoolhouse twice a month for those remaining in camp" (Morey 1978:9).

Religious services were held on Sundays with a varying schedule through the years. The Camp Report for May 7, 1934 notes that services were held three times a month at Camp Rand and that transportation was furnished to "those who wish to attend Sunday services in the City." On January 25, 1940, A.W. Stockman reported that a chaplain visited Camp Rand three times a month. A "church truck" he said was available, but "no request for same, account 3 hours round trip to Grants Pass." Stockman reported that "about 98 percent of the men are Catholics. A Catholic priest from Grants Pass visits camp once each month" (National Archives RG 35:115). Men also had time on Sundays for reading, writing letters home, or taking care of personal chores. They could purchase candy, cigarettes, and toilet articles at the post exchange. The 49 enrollees took care of laundry on Sunday and could either wash their own clothes or have them done professionally by a commercial laundry. Marvin Caretto recalls doing his own laundry by hand using a scrub board (Caretto 1992).

If an enrollee needed medical care, Camp Rand had an infirmary where an enrollee, trained in first-aid could assist, or where if sicker, the patient could wait to see the Army doctor (Caretto 1992). Occasionally, the infirmary was overwhelmed as it was in the Spring of 1941 when the Camp Report listed counted 90 cases of influenza, with an average of five sick days per man, and approximately 20 cases of mumps in Company 6640 (National Archives RG 35: 115).

Work

On weekdays, Camp Rand enrollees labored both in camp and at construction sites. A number of jobs centered in the kitchen where cooking, baking, waiting tables, dishwashing, and chopping wood for the cook ranges and heating stoves occupied a number of men. One or two men took positions as the "camp complements" for help as needed (Caretto 1992).

The Army's commander oversaw enrollees in camp. While Forest Service personnel took charge of work projects and coordinated with foremen, who directly supervised the crews working on road construction, fire suppression, and other projects. The Forest Service also hired workers skilled in specific areas: machine operators, mechanics, and blacksmiths. As enrollees became more experienced, or stayed on for additional terms, they could advance to supervisory positions. The Camp Report for Company 1650, inspected April 30, 1934, for example listed 183 men on forest work and 23 on camp work detail only. Sixteen enrolled men lived in the immediate vicinity of the camp. Twelve men worked as supervisors for the Siskiyou National Forest. The camp had two commissioned officers at that time, and no regular army men present (National Archives RG 35: 115).

Enrollees on work detail away from Camp Rand tackled logging, road construction, telephone line repair, building construction and other assignments. Men working at various duties Martin Caretto noted, included "surveyors, rock driller, dynamiters, tree-fallers, heavy equipment operators.. .ordinary workers [and] truck drivers" (Caretto 1992).

When projects took the men some distance from Camp Rand, spike camps were organized near the work site and remained the base for enrollees as long as necessary. Supervisors rotated crews stationed at the spike camps in order that the men could participate in regular activities at the main camp.

Camp Rand operated many vehicles and pieces of heavy equipment and maintained a mechanic's shop on the grounds (Cox 2003). Martin Caretto recalls that the garage was used to "repair our trucks and bull dozers, graders, air compressors, etc." He remembers the vehicle inventory in 1934 as including several "stake body trucks, 4 dumps, 2 pickups (99 percent General Motors Chevrolets)" In April of 1934, the Camp Report lists the following equipment: "six Chevrolet trucks, one Ford Truck, one Ford Pick-up, 1-60 Cats, trail builder bull-dozers, two compressors, two graders and two rippers" (National Archives Record Group 35:115). At the camp's one-pump gas station, crews filled the camps vehicles. "We hauled gas to the heavy equipment in 50 gal. drums with a hand pump..." (Caretto 1992). 50 Education

Mostly unskilled and having at best a high school diploma, enrollees received vocational and academic education in the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Camp Report for 1934 indicates that men asked particularly for classes in instrumental music, airplane model building, geology, dramatics, tool sharpening, and machinery use (National Archives RG 35:115). Although Camp Rand lacked an educational director in 1934, the Forest Service offered classes in forestry, as did men with a special skill to share.

By 1935, the Army developed a vocational and academic curriculum and appointed Education Advisors and assistants to implement the program (Salmond 1967:8). By 1937, there were 1,100 CCC school buildings throughout the country... ."The program boasted instruction 'at all levels, including basic literacy, elementary, high school and college courses, vocational training,' and others" (Otis et al., 1986:11).

Under the supervision of the Rand Education Advisor, enrollees could attend a variety of classes. A veteran CCC enrollee recalls that Camp Rand men used a portion of the recreation building for classes and films in a program that played an important role in the camp's education plan (Reeves 2003). The Medford District of the Civilian Conservation Corps established educational facilities in each of its camps. "The district pioneered the use of movies for camp educational purposes, and its job training and academic program has long been a model..."(Civilian Conservation Corps 1938:27) .

"Educational and entertainment films are now a weekly event at Camp Rand," the newsletter editor wrote in August 1935, and a "dark room is now completed and in working order. Films will be developed and prints made for the members of Co. 1650 at cost, providing practice for the photography class and financial benefit for the snap shotters" (The Rand Ripples August 23, 1935).

In 1935, the Grants Pass newspaper reported that "members of the Rand CCC Camp, Company 1650, have organized a number of classes which are now reported to be well attended by interested members." These included instruction in aeronautics, civics and law, tumbling, photography, cooking and baking (Daily Courier 1935). By January 1936, experts offered classes in dynamiting and powder use -in which men received a diploma- cabinet makers held woodworking classes in the shop and another instructor offered a telephone construction class (The Rand Ripples January 1936). Siskiyou National Forest Ranger Loran Cooper taught enrollees classes in safety and first aid on the job.

W.W. Belcher, Camp Rand's first Educational Advisor, reported to Ninth Corps Area Inspector M.J. Bowen on April 3, 1935 that the educational program available to men of Company 1650 now included academic instruction in "journalism, arithmetic, geology, civics and government." Vocational classes were available in "carpentry, cooking, auto mechanics, short wave radio and photography... all to assist the enrollee in securing work when he reaches home." "Forest operation," Belcher noted, was "taught by District Ranger L.J. Cooper, and a retired concert pianist instructs in piano, violin and orchestra music... first aid, physical training, and typing." The advisor continued,

51 wm=

Much of the educational program is devoted to promoting the happiness and welfare of the men through special lecturers, entertainment and the securing of religious services for the men of the camp (National Archives RG 35:115).

In ensuing years, Camp Rand's educational program developed further. By early 1936, the camp had space devoted to educational pursuits. In the Camp Report for February 27, 1936, Belcher described the Educational Building as "cut into three rooms, a large class and meeting room 20 by 50 feet, a library and office 16 by 20 and a radio room and workshop 10 by 16 feet." "The camp library" Belcher noted, "contains 1541 volumes of both fiction and non-fiction and a photo dark room is partitioned from the office and library (National Archives RG 35:115).

Company 1650 left Camp Rand for Washington State in the spring of 1936 and with its departure, the well-organized educational program was temporarily halted. The camp remained unoccupied during the summer and fall months. Company 3870 arrived at Rand late in 1936, and a new roster of classes was developed for the educational program. In the Camp Report of January 4, 1937, Educational Advisor W.R. Poulson listed the academic classes as including, literacy (arithmetic, reading and writing), English journalism and spelling, and mathematics. Vocational classes included photography, auto mechanics, surveying, business law, business English, diesel engines, aeronautics, typewriting, welding, and sign painting (National Archives RG 35:115).

Company 3870 was replaced in the fall of 1937 by Company 5484, from the 4th Corps District. In his report of October 21, 1937, Educational Advisor John R. Price wrote Inspector Bowen, "The library on hand is that of the disbanded Company 3870 and is, I consider, a comprehensive and well-balanced library." The report mentioned that the men had requested "classes in Academic Subjects [as] English, spelling, writing, citizenship, algebra..." The vocational program, Price explained, would focus on practical skills: "Splendid opportunities will be given the boys for real vocational training. The work project, road building, will afford fine training in the use of trucks, bull-dozers, and other types of big machinery" (National Archives RG 35: 115). Ralph Reeves, Forest Service Road Construction Foreman in charge of CCC crews taught his men blasting, drilling, and surfacing in the process of building the roads (Reeves 2003).

By the end of 1938, while Camp Rand no longer had an Educational Advisor, enrollees of Company 5484 took instruction in several classes. The Camp Report for November 29, 1938 lists blacksmithing, caterpillar operation, dynamite use, truck driving, timber falling, correspondence course and mechanics among the classes available. The library, while holding fewer books than those available to Company 1650 two years earlier, still had "835 books, 2 hometown papers, and I local paper." Concerning the educational needs of Company 5484, Inspector Bowen reported to Washington in late November 1938, that both an educational advisor and building were badly needed at Camp Rand:

Enrollees are from the 4'" Corps Area, educational level low, and many willing to learn. Barracks and other buildings are so crowded that no definite place is available for educational work. Little progress in

52 educational work due to lack of facilities and no educational advisor (National Archives RG 35:115).

Company 282 occupied Camp Rand during 1939. L.W. Norman served as Educational Advisor. In the Camp Report of January 25, 1940, classes listed for 1939 included arithmetic, English, economics, aeronautics, blacksmithing, civics, music, powder, photography, road construction, radio, and typing. Apparently more books had been removed from the library collection that now held just 540 fiction and non-fiction books. The camp educational program continued to offer basic courses to the enrollees. Norman noted that the "Grade and high school classes [were] accredited through the County Superintendent of Schools. Seven eighth grade diplomas awarded recently... a number of men have increased their grade level by attending elementary and high school subjects" (National Archives RG 35:115).

Advisor Norman guided the educational program at Camp Rand for the enrollees of Company 6640 who occupied the facility that year in 1940. In his report dated March 10, 1941, Norman listed the standard classes such as arithmetic, English civics, machine operation, music, photography and woodshop as well as classes in cooking, baking, geography, history, and writing. Norman noted also the enrollees' placements in the program,

Courses in illiterate, elementary and high school level. Educational levels: beginners 8%, elementary 59%, high school 25%, college 6%.... Sixteen illiterate taught to read and write. Six eighth grade diplomas awarded (National Archives RG 35:115).

Men learned about journalism by producing a camp newspaper. During the early years of Camp Rand's operation, Company 1650 published The Rand Ripples. The paper reported camp accomplishments, news of events involving enrollees, announced social and educational events as well as a substantial number of jokes. While other issues were printed - Volume 3 (1936) contains issues numbering up to 27- known extant copies of The Rand Ripples remain from August 16 and 23 and from October 18 through December 25, 1935. For 1936, issues remain from January 15 through April 24. At least one issue of the Dixie Duffel Bag, published by Company 5484 in January 1938 (Vol. 2 No. 1) (Rand) remains extant (Rudeen 1991).

Recreation

During their first season at Camp Rand, enrollees sought leisure activities during the evenings and on weekends. By the spring of 1934, formal plans for recreational activities at Camp Rand were underway. "Two baseball teams," the Medford newspaper announced, "are being organized under direction of Con Fenners of the Forest Service." Fenners, the newspaper stated,

... has taken an active part in the athletic program and has sponsored several outstanding fighters from this camp. He plans to develop a regular company team as well as one team from the colored members of the company.

53 A number of improvements are being made at the camp now that the company is definitely slated to spend the next enrollment period here. The recreational facilities of the camp are being expanded and new equipment purchased (Mail Tribune, May 14, 1934).

In May 1934, Lieutenant Roy Craft initiated use of a swimming hole and diving platform on the Rogue River near camp, and here the Rand championship swimming team held regular practice. Rand men won the district championship the following September. Tragically, enrollee John E. Jablonski broke his neck while diving into the river's shallow water near Grants Pass. Jablonski died at Roseburg Hospital on June 17, 1934 (Anon. n.d. 4,6).

A week later, as a reward for a full year's hard work, and perhaps as a distraction following Jablonski's death, Company 1650's commander organized a special trip for fifty enrollees to visit Crater Lake (Figure 20), Mill Creek Falls, Union Creek, and the Medford CCC headquarters, along with other locations:

Captain Albert T. Anderson. ..arranged this trip for the eastern boys as a fitting climax of a year of good work in the Oregon forests. Lt. Roy C. Craft is in charge of the party, with W.W. Belcher, educational adviser of the company as guide and instructor on the geology and history of the country covered by the party.... (Daily Courier June 23, 1934).

r ,A

i

Figure 20. Camp Rand Men at CraterLake c. 1934 54 While the types of recreational and athletic opportunities varied at Camp Rand throughout the years, enrollees consistently took part in a variety of indoor and outdoor activities. The Camp Report for May 7, 1934 lists athletics available, including baseball, basketball, volleyball, horse shoes, and swimming. Quieter pursuits included radio, piano, camp orchestra, checkers and ping pong. Within a year, additional recreational activities were available. The camp report of April 3, 1935 noted, "a tennis court is being constructed at the present time. Arrangement of the camp roads to permit the grading of a campus and ball field has been completed and baseball is occupying the time and thoughts of the men after work and on the weekends". For those not attending recreation trips to Grants Pass, "those in camp have baseball, volleyball, reading.. .and prospecting for gold in the sand and rocks along the Rogue River. Several enrollees have secured enough gold dust to make charms or stick pins" (National Archives RG 35: 115).

Mess Officer Lieutenant Huffman, who took charge of athletics at Camp Rand in 1935, supervised construction of horseshoe courts (lights were installed over the horseshoe courts later in the year), a tennis court, and "promoting a fine basketball team" (Anon. n.d.:8; The Rand Ripples, August 23, 1935). In the winter of 1936, the editor of the camp newsletter reported that men were "panning for gold and using a sluice box in their free time" (The Rand Ripples, January 1936). In March 1936, Rand's Company 1650 won the Grants Pass Zone Championship in basketball (Anon. n.d.:18).

On February 27, 1936, W.W. Belcher, Educational Advisor at Camp Rand, reported to M.J. Bowen, the Ninth Corps Area Inspector that,

Baseball, both indoor and league, is played almost all year around... with basketball very popular in the three winter months. Basketball suits and shoes are provided for the players and substitutes... Baseballs and bats in sufficient quality are supplied to the men. Touch football is played to a very limited extent, during the wet weather... Hikes and photography field trips also interest many of the men, with hunting and fishing available, although very few avail themselves of the opportunity...(National Archives RG 35:115).

The 1938 Medford District Yearbook indicated that Company 5484, arriving at Rand in the Fall of 1937, continued recreational activities including playing in the orchestra, boxing and holding wrestling matches (Civilian Conservation Corps 1938:144). Late in Camp Rand's existence, recreational opportunities still existed, although details are less specific. For the Camp Report of March 10, 1941, L.W. Norman described the activities of enrollees in Company 6640:

[It] has a good recreation hall and an average supply of recreational and athletic equipment. Athletic contest are held intra-camp and inter-camp. Weekly motion pictures, fishing. Liberty parties every Saturday to Grants Pass, weather and roads permitting. Local dances attended by some (National Archives RG 35:115).

The enrollees made weekend visits to Grants Pass through the years, the nearest community of any size. The Army command appointed a responsible CCC enrollee to drive the Forest Service truck loaded with men, into town. "The camp sergeant," Ralph Reeves recalled, 55 "would go into town with him and was the boss of the whole works. When he said it was time to go home it was time to go" (Reeves 2003). In general, there were few problems between the community and the CCC men. Occasionally the men would obtain liquor from a bootlegger set up in the hills and drink too much. Some Rand enrollees contracted venereal diseases and medical staff held periodic inspections to check for the condition (Reeves 2003).

Camp reports indicate a minimum of serious behavior problems among Rand CCC men, although a few incidences suggest some minor infractions and a few serious difficulties. On November 19, 1938, Inspector Bowen reported that one enrollee of Company 5484, who had arrived a month before, "got into a bad mess by writing a threatening letter to Shirley Temple, demanding $10,000. F.B.I. agents were in camp, placed him under arrest and is now awaiting trial." On January 25, 1940, Inspector A.W. Stockton prepared a supplemental report concerning Company 282 stating, "The four dishonorable discharges in August 1939, were not strictly of group character. While simultaneous, they were to four enrollees who were arrested by civil authorities for disorderly conduct when on a liberty party from camp." Concerning Company 6640, the Rand Camp Report for March 10, 1941 reported "there is one man who was arrested here and sent back to ...Tennessee, for trial ... Charge: violating age of consent (National Archives RG 35:115).

Camp Rand Projects

Between May and September 1933, while Company 1650 was still stationed at Camp Reuben, they began several projects including building the Mt. Reuben, Sanger Peak, Agness - Oak Flat, and Agness-Illahe Roads. During September and October 1933, enrollees built the "permanent" wooden buildings of Camp Rand in order that recruits could be housed as cold weather set in and also remodeled the Ranger's residence at Rand. During the winter of 1933- 1934 the crews' chief projects included work on the road down the Rogue River between Almeda Mine and the mouth of Grave Creek, a route intended to enhance fire prevention as well as recreational access in the river canyon. Over that winter, Camp Rand men improved the Galice Road and installed USFS Galice District's telephone lines (Cooper 1939; Anon. n.d.: 11).

In May 1934, Albert T. Anderson, commanding officer in the Civilian Conservation Corps Ninth District, was assigned to Camp Rand. Local sources credited Anderson with accomplishing "a great many improvements to Camp Rand ... since his arrival"(Daily Courier, April 3, 1935). Ranger Cooper wrote that [in 1934] "the station buildings at Rand Ranger Station all underwent further improvement... "(Cooper 1939: 68). To further develop the compound enrollees carved out three terraces on the slope between the Galice-Almeda Road and the eastern edge of the flat. Under Grants Pass contractor Gus Liem's supervision, CCC crews built an addition to the Ranger's Residence, a garage and office.

Crews completed substantial sections on Almeda Road No.340 in 1934, and constructed a route from Saw Mill Gap by Cold Springs to the West Fork of Cow Creek railroad crossing. Camp Rand crews also built the road from Ninemile Spring to Marble Gap, completing four miles in 1934. By September 1934, the Grants Pass Daily Courier reported that between the fall of 1933 and fall of 1934, Camp Rand enrollees had completed twenty-five miles of roads into "new territory" (Daily Courier, Sept. 1, 1934).

56 I ...... I

On May 10, 1934, a spike camp opened at Cold Spring as a base for the large numbers of men constructing roads throughout the region (Anon. n.d. :4). "With a 100 men at Cold Spring", the Daily Courier noted on September 1, 1934, "it is one of the largest spike camps in the district". Men from the spike camp worked primarily on the Mule Creek, Mt. Reuben and Bear Camp Roads. Additional projects in 1934 included the construction of a 100' foot bridge across Rocky Gulch and a 92' bridge over Rich Gulch. (USDA Forest Service 1933).

During the fall of 1934, Camp Rand enrollees also worked on construction of a cable suspension bridge that spanned 344 feet over the Rogue River at the mouth of Grave Creek. To supply the project, "eight hundred feet of road is now being built on the Grave Creek County road from Reuben Creek to allow supplies to be trucked to the job." Crews from Rand also fought fires in the Rogue country in August, September and October (Anon. n.d.:5-6).

In 1935, Camp Rand enrollees continue construction of the Grave Creek Bridge (Figure 21). The local newspaper described the span's benefit to tourists, noting, "completion of the bridge will open a new scenic loop for sight-seers. They can go by way of Merlin to Galice and on down to the bridge and return to the Pacific Highway via the Grave Creek Road" (Daily Courier, March 28, 1935; April 3, 1935). In May, enrollee Richard Lessman died, and another man was injured during a rock slide while they worked on the rock wall down river from the bridge (Anon. n.d.:8). CCC crews that season also built a trail from the new Mt. Reuben road to the mouth of Whiskey Creek. Road construction continued on the east side of the river, pushing toward the Mt. Reuben road.

Figure21. Construction of the Grave Creek Bridge, 1934 57 Camp Rand men built masonry walls to brace the uppermost terrace of the Rand Ranger Station and the river bank south of the barn in 1935. They also constructed stone retaining walls and walkways bordering the terrace containing the Ranger's Residence and Protective Assistant's Residence. Enrollees also constructed a 10,000 gallon, redwood water tank on the hill above Camp Rand (Anon. n.d.:8).

Under the direction of an entomologist, a group of enrollees hunted ticks in the Rogue region as part of a public health effort to control deadly "spotted fever." The collected ticks were sent to the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Laboratory in Hamilton, Montana. "In their hunt for the pesky tick," a historian of Company 1650 wrote, "[the men] had exhausted the supply of chipmunks, squirrels, mice, blue jays and every other kind of vermin bearing beast and bird around the Rand and Cold Spring sections, to say nothing of the Merlin flats" (Anon. n.d.: 10).

A number of enrollees worked out of the spike camp at Cold Springs on the road to Powers and Agness during the Summer and Fall of 1935. By the time winter rains settled in, the crew had constructed 45 miles of road and passed through Eden Valley (Morey 1978). Another group of enrollees traveled east of the Cascades to build Camp Klamath near Merrill. Oregon. The cadre of men spent two months erecting the buildings for the camp (The Rand Ripples, August 23, 1935).

After a series of fires in August 1935, men rode to the McKenzie River in early September to battle a large blaze. The Cold Spring spike camp fought fire at Bald Flat, and in late September, 62 men fought a big fire at Powers (Anon. n.d.:11-13). When a fire broke out at Crater Point on the Rogue River National Forest on August 22, 1935, "56 Randers responded to the call, leaving in three trucks immediately after supper" (The Rand Ripples August 23, 1935).

Fourteen months after the project began, officials dedicated the Grave Creek Bridge on November 18, 1935. CCC officials, Forest Service personnel, Grants Pass business men, miners, packers, children and enrollees all attended the event. Cooks prepared a special dinner at Camp Rand and a caravan of cars drove to the bridge for the ceremony. Pack trains crossed the bridge first, followed by automobiles (Anon. n.d.:14). A Forest Service reporter wrote, "The Forest Service has just completed the construction of the Grave Creek Bridge, the longest wooden truss suspension bridge in the world...the bridge was built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor from the Rand CCC Camp, Company 1650" (USDA Forest Service 1936:24) (Figure 22).

During the winter of 1935-1936, men worked on the Mt. Reuben Road (Figure 23), blasting the bluffs above the Rogue River just north of Grave Creek and constructing a concrete retaining wall along the river road (Morey 1978). "Work on the road down the Rogue River.. .is in full swing," the Camp Rand newspaper editor wrote, "Four compressors furnish power for the twelve jack hammers and the two bulldozers are pushing the road nearer to a conclusion... Each day sees about sixty men working on this project..." (The Rand Ripples January 1936).

58 Figure22. The Completed Grave Creek Bridge, 1934 (Lower Temporary Bridge Later Removed)

Figure 23. Road Construction by Company 1650,1934 59 I'll...... -

Other enrollees improved and extended the Almeda Road "for much of this seven and a half miles of road between Galice and the mouth of Grave Creek, the road has been blasted out of the rocky wall of the Rogue river canyon, with the river roaring and rushing along below the workers" (The Rand Ripples n.d. [1936?].

In the winter and spring 1936, enrollees also worked on telephone lines. The Camp Rand "telephone crew, working toward Merlin, completed construction of the four mile length of full metallic circuit telephone line.. this line, the best built by the forest service to date, was built entirely by enrollees" (Anon. n.d.: 17).

The enrollees were justifiably proud. The camp newspaper editor outlined their accomplishments, ". . .ranging from collecting wood ticks for the Rocky Mountain Laboratory to help the study of spotted fever, to the construction of buildings at ranger, guard and lookout stations; road and bridge building has been the most continuous job to date... "(The Rand Ripples n.d. [1936?] (Figure 24).

Figure24. Road Work by Company 1650, 1934 60 Sixty new enrollees arrived at Camp Rand on April 15, 1936, bringing the camp's population up to 150 men. "Spike camps sprang up overnight," the Forest Service reported, "with fifteen men going to Rattlesnake, five men on a survey crew, and five men to the Ferron

Ranger Station, to repair the guard station..."(Anon n.d.: 19). One month later, on May 1 1th after weeks of rumor concerning a move, Company 1650 shipped out of Rand for Camp Tieton in the Yakima Valley (Anon. n.d.:20). According to Siskiyou National Forest Ranger Loran Cooper, "Rand Camp CCC was discontinued during the summer, but was re-occupied in the fall"(Cooper 1939:75).

After the departure of Company 1650, four more companies - Nos. 3870, 5484, 6440 and 282 were stationed at Rand between 1937 and 1941. Ralph Reeves, who supervised road crews during winters at Rand and in the high country during summers each year from 1938 to 1941, noted that some enrollees traveled to spike camps at Diamond Lake or Enterprise, while other men remained to work out of Rand on projects in the Rogue country (Reeves 2003).

Company 3870 came to Rand in mid-October 1936. These enrollees remained at the facility one year, concentrating most of their work on heavy road construction on the Siskiyou National Forest. Company 5484 arrived at Camp Rand in October 1937, where "reinforcements" joined them on November 1 (Civilian Conservation Corps 1938: 143). Describing Rand Camp No. 5484 duties, the editor of the 1938 directory of the Medford Ninth District of the Civilian Conservation Corps wrote, "The main work project of this camp is road building... [roads] for the purpose of linking up other roads on the national Forest which are being built for preservation of this vast area of green gold". According to Ranger Loran Cooper, the CCC enrollees handled "most of the improvement in the area" including work on the Bear Camp Road, on forest camps at Cold Spring and Ninemile, and on relocation and construction of the Silver Peak-Hobson Horn Trail (Cooper 1939: 79). The Camp Report of June 16, 1938 announced that "Rand Camp will move to the Diamond Lake Camp on the Umpqua Forest on or about June 20" (National Archives RG 95:28-29).

A severe fire season in 1938 hampered the Corps improvement projects. In the fall, crews relocated the Whiskey Creek section of the Rogue River Trail and began construction work on the trail. Later in the season, crews worked on the Rand-Merlin section of telephone lines (Cooper 1939).

In 1939, Ranger Cooper noted that "the usual amount of annual improvement work since the inception of the CCC program was done this season". The junction of the Almeda Road with the Mt. Reuben Road was "roughed through" in the spring, a project that had been underway "during the fall, winter, and spring seasons from Camp Rand since the fall of 1933." According to the Ranger, "the section along the Rogue River had been pronounced by some as being the hardest construction job carried on by the Forest Service in the West". In the fall, men from Camp Rand resumed work on the Bear Camp Road (Cooper 1939:86).

During 1940, enrollees built new lookouts at Eden Ridge and Bob's Garden on the Agness District, and cleared vegetation for visibility at several lookout locations. Horse trail construction improved the Silver Peak Lookout spur trail and the Bob's Garden Lookout spur trail. Road construction projects continued on the Almeda Road and Bear Camp Road (Cooper 1939). 61 Enrollees worked on the Bear Camp Road during the winter and spring of 1941, completing two more miles. The Ninth Corps Inspection Report of March 10, 1941, outlined future projects for Camp Rand men, including road construction, telephone line construction, building a fire lookout tower and landscaping (National Archives RG 35:115). Company 6640 left the camp in May 1941 and was replaced by men from Company 282 who returned to Rand from Enterprise. After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States entered World War II. With military and war-related industries offering jobs, men quickly left Camp Rand.

Closing and Dismantling of Camp Rand

The Army now faced the necessary task of disposing of Camp Rand buildings and equipment including the barracks and other structures, automobiles, trucks and construction equipment, furnishings, and office equipment. Official Army disposition plans called for a full inventory of all CCC camps and the orderly transfer of items to the military for the war effort or other federal, state, county or municipal entities. "Most often," the authors of a history of the Forest Service and the CCC stated,

... a camp's buildings were transferred to the USDA Forest Service custody if the Service had a use for them. Federal agencies were given top priority for obtaining the buildings. Occasionally a local group asked for a building to use as a community center or camp. In general only a few of the camp's buildings were desired, and the remaining buildings were either moved or salvaged" (Otis et al., 1986:80)

The CCC buildings at Camp Rand appear to have remained in use through June 1942. After the United States entered World War II, Ralph Reeves drove a truck to haul chrome mined in the Rogue Canyon as part of the war effort. Crews mining chrome, Mr. Reeves recalled, used the Rand barracks and mess hall. Stanley Bennett, who worked at the Rand Ranger Station in the summers between 1939 and 1941 and who entered military service in 1943, remembers that the Camp Rand buildings were in place in 1942 (Bennett 2003). The facility Bennett recalled, served briefly as a training camp for U.S. Forest Service fire crews (Bennett 2003).

According to a War Department Shipping Ticket inventorying Camp Rand buildings and equipment, the formal dissolution of CCC Camp Rand F-75 began June 22, 1942 when the District Quartermaster at Vancouver Barracks, Washington ordered that Camp Rand be dismantled and its improvements shipped to the U.S. Army Division Engineer at Salt Lake City, Utah. Laborers - possibly the last few remaining CCC enrollees in the area - took apart the barracks, Officers' quarters, mess hall, infirmary, education building, shops, garages and collected the camp's salvageable appliances - toilets, sinks, tanks, heaters and stoves. They loaded the materials onto trucks for transportation to Salt Lake City. The Shipping Ticket Inventory indicates that U.S. Army staff received the dismantled buildings and the appliances in Salt Lake City between August 17-19, 1942 (National Archives RG 35:127). Nine years after its initial construction, most traces of Camp Rand were gone and the large field along the Rogue River again lay empty.

62 The Legacy of Camp Rand

Personal

" ... the best year I spent in my entire life " recalled Martin Caretto, CCC enrollee at Camp Rand. Like Caretto, Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees throughout the country benefitted in both personal and professional development. For many, education and vocational training allowed them to gain good jobs after World War II. Their improved health and hygiene standards, along with the socialization and team-building gained at Camp Rand, added positively to their condition. For some, southwest Oregon became their permanent home, where they married, raised families and contributed to communities throughout their lives.

Community

The many economic gains realized during the construction and operation of the CCC camps throughout Southwest Oregon have been noted above. Businesses and individuals throughout the region realized financial benefits from the sale of lumber, tools, roofing material, and supplies, as well as from the sale of meat, dairy products, fruit and vegetables. Local residents got jobs working with and training CCC enrollees.

The bridges and roads constructed in the Rogue River country opened the area to tourism and recreation, affecting the economy of the region after World War II. Similarly, after the War, improved logging technology and the CCC-constructed road access opened the higher elevation forests to the extensive logging by large timber companies. These roads also enhanced the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management access for fire detection and prevention.

63 7. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

Information gained from the field work, in addition to the historical research undertaken during the course of this contract, has provided a better understanding of the built environment of Camp Rand, the economic impact of the Camp Rand on Josephine county and southern Oregon, the daily life of the enrollees and their officers, the extent of the conservation and construction projects undertaken by the men from Camp Rand, and the lasting effects of CCC projects in the Rogue River region. Specifically, in response to the research questions posed by the BLM (see Chapter 1 of this volume):

The locations of most of the original camp buildings, c. 1934, have been determined with a high degree of certainty. The discovery of the concrete foundation of the ice house and the septic system of the kitchen, along with the 1934 aerial photograph, facilitated relocation of the original building footprints, and correcting existing maps of the camp that were based on oral sources. A number of extant features were also located during the field work, including the enrollees' latrine, rock-lined foot paths, rock walls and steps, the concrete grease pit (a key to locating the fuel building), and the flag pole base. The location of several portable buildings, added to the camp in 1941, remains unclear. During the course of field work, however, a possible location for these later buildings was discerned on the upper western terrace. The Camp Rand building disposition report has clarified the closing and dismantling of the camp in 1942. On-site building dismantling was verified by the architectural nature of the artifacts recovered from the subsurface testing of the site.

The economic effects of the CCC in southern Oregon were substantial. From the original purchase of local construction materials to build the camps (the original buildings were built on-site), to the continuing expenditures for food and supplies from local vendors, the CCC was a major economic factor in the region during the years of the Great Depression. Employment of Local Experienced Men (LEMs) as supervisors for the CCC also contributed to the economic viability of the local community. The discovery of the concrete foundation of the ice house confirms the connection between the local purveyors of perishable foods and the camp.

Regarding questions of race, the historical record provides insights into the regional origins of the companies that used Camp Rand, and documents the presence of a group of African-American enrollees who were stationed at the camp. The treatment of the African-American enrollees at Rand reflects the social values of much of southern Oregon during that era. Field work conducted during the course of the current contract indicates that although African-American enrollees were segregated within one barracks, no separate structures (e.g., mess or recreation facilities, latrines) were constructed for their use.

64 Personal material remains from enrollees or officers are almost non-existent due in part to the military culture of CCC camps. Based on the military experience of one of the authors of this study, an inordinate amount of time is spent by the lower ranks in the military, and by extension the CCC, in cleaning and policing camp environments. The absence of can and refuse dumps at Camp Rand is likely due to the proximity of urban supply centers (e.g., Grants Pass) from which food was obtained, and trash was conveyed. Field work, however, did identify several features related to enrollee activity, including: a chin-up bar; the labor-intensive stone work on steps, wall, paths, and the drinking fountain; and the inscription on the flag pole base that was the obvious work of enrollees. One noteworthy difference in the life style between enrollees and officers, noted in the historical records and confirmed in the field, was the use of indoor flush toilets by the upper ranks, while the young enrollees made due with a communal latrine.

Many aspects of camp life have been preserved in the historical record and in the memories of former Forest Service employees and enrollees at Rand. The National Archives provided a wealth of information concerning the variety of educational opportunities afforded the enrollees and the importance of education within the culture of the CCC. Camp reports also document the array of recreational activities provided for the enrollees, from organized field trips to team sports and interaction with local communities. The existence of menus from the camp not only supplies a complete record of the diet of the average CCC enrollee, but also the cost per meal.

A number of historical sources, including photographs, provided information regarding the types of projects undertaken by the men from Camp Rand. Their work included road and bridge building, fire fighting, work on the Rogue River Trail, stringing telephone line, and even collecting ticks for part of a public health effort. Many of the efforts by the men from Camp Rand continue to contribute to the economic health of the region today.

65 8. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the results from this study of Camp Rand, several recommendations for the future of the site and its interpretation have been developed:

Protection of existingfeaturesat the site. Most of the existing features at the site are located along the eastern and western margins of the terrace, within the existing tree line. These areas likely will not be utilized by the BLM for storage or development, and thus, should be protected from future impacts to the terrace. Areas within the present-day open meadow, where the east and west barracks once stood, and further to the south within the footprint of the recreation hall no longer possess historic significance; future use of these areas by the BLM will not adversely affect the site.

No further subsurface excavation is warranted at this time. Additional excavation would no doubt recover additional CCC-related material. Based on the limited testing performed under the current contract, however, those materials would probably be redundant and unlikely to add additional significant information concerning either camp life or the built environment.

Creatingan historicalphotograph/text display at the expanded Rand Visitors Center. Current plans call for a modest expansion of the pre-CCC Rand Visitors Center Building. This would be an appropriate time to develop a pictorial history of Camp Rand in display panels accompanied with relevant historical background text and quotations from enrollees and former Forest Service Employees.

Media presentation (Powerpoint or 35 mm slide) of the story of Camp Rand. A media presentation could be developed incorporating the results of the current study using historic and present-day images, along with text. Several different approaches could be utilized depending upon the target audience, be they government employees/agencies, the general public, or school-age children.

Developing a pamphlet documenting the history of Camp Rand and the CCCfor distribution to the public. A modest pamphlet with photographs and somewhat detailed text could be written that would augment both the display at the Visitors Center and/or a media presentation.

An oral interview and historic document collection project to enhance the understanding of Camp Rand and to preserve Camp Rand related materialand memorabilia. The aging of the generation of CCC enrollees, LEMS, and U.S. Army personnel associated with the CCC leaves little time for the collection of remembrances from these individuals. An effort should be made to locate and interview as many of the men as possible who served at Camp Rand. In conjunction with such an effort, all of the historical documentation of the camp, including letters, photographs, interview 66 transcripts, archival material, etc. should be collected and organized into a single Camp Rand archival document. Such a document would afford historians facilitated access to the primary material regarding Camp Rand. The document should be designed in such a way that it would allow additional information gathered or discovered in the future to be easily added.

67 ------

References Cited

Anon. n.d "We're the Boys from Illinois: History of Sixteen Fifty" Manuscript on File, USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest, Waldport, Oregon.

Askew, Homer L. 1992 [?] Letter from Homer L. Askew to Richard Hansen. On file, USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest, Waldport, Oregon.

Atwood, Kay 1998 Rand Area Literature Review and Site Summary. Report prepared for Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Portland, Oregon.

Atwood, Kay and Dennis J. Gray 1996 People and the River: A History of the Human Occupation of the Middle Course of the Rogue River of Southwestern Oregon. Volume 1. Report prepared for the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management, Medford, Oregon, by Cascade Research, Ashland, Oregon.

Beckham, Steven Dow 1978 Cultural Resource Overview of the Siskiyou National Forest. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest, Grants Pass, Oregon.

1979 "An Inventory and Evaluation of the Historical Significance of the Civilian Conservation Corps Buildings on the Siskiyou National Forest", USDA Department of Agriculture, Siskiyou National Forest, Grants Pass, Oregon.

1993 Takelman and Athapascan Lifeways and History, Rogue River Corridor-- Applegate River to Grave Creek: Investigations for Interpretive Programs. Report to the U.S.D.I.-Bureau of Land Management, Medford District. Heritage Research Associates, Inc., Eugene, Oregon.

Bennett, Stanley 2003 Telephone Interview with former Rand Forest Service employee, October 20, 2003.

Bureau of Land Management 2002 Update of Cultural Resource Site Record, site 35HS11-352. On file, Medford District Office, Bureau of Land Management, Medford, Oregon.

2003 Schedule, General Provisions and Specifications, TESTING AND EVALUATION OF RAND CCC CAMP, Grants Pass Resource Area. Solicitation No. HMQ030276. On file, Medford District Office, Bureau of Land Management, Medford, Oregon.

68 1-11ftmmw

Caretto, Martin 1992 Letter from Martin Caretto to Richard Hansen, March 10, 1992. On file, USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest, Waldport, Oregon.

Civilian Conservation Corps 1938 Medford District. America's Most Beautiful CCC District Ninth Corps Area. Published by the Civilian Conservation Corps. On file, Medford District Bureau of Land Management, Medford, Oregon.

Cole, Olen Jr. 1999 The African-American Experience in the Civilian Conservation Corps, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

Cooper, Loran J. 1939 A History of the Siskiyou National Forest, U.S. Forest Service. Manuscript on file, Siskiyou National Forest, Grants Pass, Oregon.

Cox, Rena 2003 Telephone Interview with the widow of a former Forest Service employee at Rand, June 24, 2003. Cray, Ed 1990 General of the Army: George C. Marshal, Solider and Statesman. Norton. New York, New York.

DeWitt, Jesse 1913 Communication from J.P. DeWitt, Assistant Forest Ranger, September 4, 1913. On file, Siskiyou National Forest, Grants Pass, Oregon.

Fagan, John L. and Kelly N. Kritzer 1998 Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey of the Proposed BLM Rand Office Complex, Josephine County. Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. Letter Report No. 252., Portland, Oregon. On file, Medford District BLM.

Good, Albert (ed.) 1935 Park Structures and Facilities. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington D.C. Gray, Dennis J.

1987 The Takelma and Their Athapascan Neighbors. University of Oregon AnthropologicalPapers, No. 37. Eugene, Oregon.

1994 Rogue River Survey Literature Review. Report prepared for the Medford District, Bureau of Land Management, Medford, Oregon by Cascade Research, Ashland, Oregon.

69 I~*

Hill, Edna May. 1976 Josephine County Historical Highlights, Josephine County Library System, Grants Pass, Oregon.

Kovalik, Vladimir n.d. The Rogue River Guide. Printed by Grants Pass Bulletin, Grants Pass, Oregon. Published by the author, Merlin, Oregon.

McArthur, Lewis 1992 Oregon Geographic Names. Oregon Historical Society, Portland, Oregon.

McKinney, Guy D. 1934 "What the CCC Is and Does" in My CCC History, a scrapbook/souvenir for enlistees, Company 5463, Camp S-139, Greentown, Pennsylvania.

Mitchell, G.E. 1932 Report, February 3, 1932. On file, Siskiyou National Forest Archives, Grants Pass, Oregon.

Morey, George 1978 "George Morey Shares Recollections About CCC Camps During 1930s". Curry County Reporter, June 29, 1978. Gold Beach, Oregon.

National Archives 1934-42 Camp Rand Reports, Report Group (RG) 35, No. 115; and Camp Disposition Report, Report Group 35, No. 127. National Archives, Washington D.C.

1936-38 Camp Rand Inspection Reports, Report Group (RG) 95, Boxes 28 and 29. National Archives, Seattle, Washington.

Otis, Alison T. and William D. Honey, Thomas C. Hogg and Kimberly K. Lakin 1986 The Forest Service and The Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933-1942. Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, FS-395, by Pacific Crest Research and Services Corporation, Corvallis, Oregon.

Purdom, William 1977 Guide to the Geology and Lore of the Wild Reach of the Rogue River Oregon. Bulletin No 22.: University of Oregon Museum of Natural History. Eugene, Oregon.

Rakestraw, Lawrence and Mary 1991 History of the Willamette National Forest. Willamette National Forest, Eugene, Oregon.

70 U

Reed, David D. 2003 Personal communication, David Reed, District Forester with the Medford District of the Bureau of Land Management.

Reeves, Ralph 2003 Interview in Grants Pass, Oregon with former CCC enrollee and Forest Service employee at Rand.

Rudeen, Marlys 1991 The Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Newspapers: A Guide. The Center for Research Libraries, Chicago, Illinois.

Salmond, John 1967 The Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933-1942: A New Deal Case Study. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.

Throop, Elizabeth Gail 1979 Utterly Visionary and Chimerical: A Federal Response to the Depression: An Examination of Civilian Conservation Corps Construction on National Forest System Land in the Pacific Northwest. Master's thesis on file, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon.

USDA Forest Service 1933 Regional Office Review, December 1933. Report on file, USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest, Waldport, Oregon.

1936 Regional Office Review, January 1936. Report on file, USDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest, Waldport, Oregon.

Williams, Gerald W. 1986 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Camps and Companies in the Pacific Northwest, 1932-1942. USDA Forest Service, Willamette National Forest, Eugene, Oregon.

Winthrop Kathryn 1993 Personal communication with Kathryn Winthrop, former Medford District BLM Archaeologist.

Wirth, Conrad L. 1944 Final Report to the Secretary, Civilian Conservation Corps Program of the United States Department of the Interior, January 1944. CCC Papers, RG 75, National Archives, Washington D.C.

71 Periodicals

The Oldtimer, Volume 32, No. 5, Josephine County Historical Society, Grants Pass, Oregon, 1998.

Newspapers

Daily Courier (Grants Pass, Oregon): October 11, 1933; November 6, 1933; June 23, 1934; September 1, 1934; March 28, 1935; April 3, 1935; n.d. 1935.

Mail Tribune (Medford, Oregon): May 14, 1934; May 15, 1934.

Medford News (Medford, Oregon): July 28, 1933.

The Rand Ripples Vol. 2 No. ? August 23, 1935; December 1935; Vol. 3 No. 27, January 1936; n.d. [1936?].

72 APPENDIX A

Artifact Catalog, OR-JO-15

73 Artifact Catalog Camp Rand, OR-JO-15

No I Unit Level Quantity Description 1 1 1 8 2d common wire roofing nails 2 1 1 2 16d common wire nails 3 1 1 1 1Od common wire nail 4 1 1 3 8d common wire nails 5 1 1 1 6d box nail 6 1 1 1 colorless window glass fragment 2.2 mm thick 7 1 1 1 metal mess watch band fragment 8 1 1 3 rubber canning jar casket fragments 9 2 1 28 2d common wire roofing nails 10 2 1 1 16d common wire nail 11 2 1 1 12d common wire nail 12 2 1 16 1Od common wire nails 13 2 1 23 8d common wire nails 14 2 1 1 7d common wire nail 15 2 1 4 6d common wire nails 16 2 1 1 Sd common wire nail 17 2 1 2 8d galvanized common ring shank nails 18 2 1 9 7d galvanized common spiral nails 19 2 1 22 6d galvanized common spiral nails 20 2 1 1 4d wire finish nails 21 2 1 1 6d galvanized spiral nail in burned wood fragment 22 2 1 1 metal water pipe or conduit clamp 23 2 1 1 porcelain electrical insulator fragment "...DE N USA: 24 2 1 2 tar paper fragments 25 2 1 1 cardboard fragment 26 2 1 1 piece of tinfoil 27 3 1 40 2d common wire roofing nails 28 3 1 4 16d common wire nails 29 3 1 23 lOd common wire nails 30 3 1 22 8d common wire nails 31 3 1 9 6d common wire nails 32 3 1 1 7d galvanized common spiral nail 33 3 6d galvanized common spiral nail 34 3 1 5d box nail 35 3 1 1 4d box nail 36 3 1 2 4d wire finish nails

74 Artifact Catalog Camp Rand, OR-JO-15

No Unit | Level | Quantity Description 37 3 1 1 porcelain electrical insulator, burned. "..... P.P. Inc." 38 3 1 1 insulated copper electrical wire fragment 3.5 mm dia. 39 3 1 1 tar paper fragment with nail hole 40 3 1 1 center fire rifle shell casing "25-35 WCF WRA Co." 41 4 1 1 16d common wire nail 42 4 1 3 8d common wire nails 43 4 1 2 6d common wire nails 44 5 1 2 16d common wire nails 45 5 1 2 8d common wire nails 46 5 1 1 6d common wire nail 47 5 1 1 tar paper fragment 48 6 1 3 #2 or #3 sanitary can fragments, wheel open 49 6 1 6 2d common wire roofing nails 50 6 1 1 16d common wire nail 51 6 1 1 lOd common wire nail 52 6 1 1 8d common wire nail 53 6 1 1 6d common wire nail 54 6 1 1 5d galvanized common spiral nail 55 6 1 1 length of fine gauge insulated three strand wire 56 6 1 3 colorless window glass fragments 2.5 mm thick 57 7 1 3 2d common wire roofing nails 58 7 1 1 40d common wire nail 59 7 1 1 16d common wire nail 60 7 1 1 1Od common wire nail 61 7 1 2 8d common wire nails 62 7 1 1 6d common wire nail 63 7 1 1 colorless window glass fragments 1.6 mm thick 64 7 1 1 one-half of metal double-hung window latch

75 -

APPENDIX B

Interview Notes with Ralph A. Reeves

76 Notes from the Kay Atwood interview with Ralph Reeves (Reeves) 10/17/03, Grants Pass.

(All comments or information from Mr. Ralph A. ("Sparky") Reeves unless otherwise noted)

Personal Background:

Ralph Reeves joined the CCC's in 1934 and was stationed at first at South Umpqua Falls.

He came to Camp Rand/Rand Ranger Station in October of 1937 (after the summer at Devil's Lake). He and his wife lived in one of the older houses up "above the road" (meaning the Galice Road), along with the Keytes, Robinsons, and Rena and Noy Cox - five or six houses - cabins really - up there. When the Reeves were away from Rand on assignment, they just left the house empty and returned to it for the next stretch.

Reeves worked as a machine operator and foreman for the Siskiyou National Forest. He was an "LEM" [locally experienced men].

He was paid out of CCC funds, but employed by the Forest Service.

Trucks and other road equipment belonged to the Forest Service.

He worked on many roads including widening the Galice Road, the Mt. Reuben Road.

He also taught the CCC men how to build roads, he taught them blasting, drilling.

His CCC work terms and locations were as follows:

10/37-6/38 Galice (i.e., Rand) 1/38-10/38 Diamond Lake (lived at "Big Camas" - a spike camp near Diamond Lake) 10/38-4/39 Galice 4/39-11/39 Enterprise (Coverdale) (Cover as in Clover) 11/39-5/40 Galice 6/40-1/41 Powers (China Flat Camp) 1/41-5/41 Galice 5/41-7/42 Powers (China Flat Camp) 7/42-1/43 Galice

During much of WW II he drove a chrome truck (had a deferment).

77 Buildings:

Question. Was the machine shop built some time after the aerialphoto was taken in 9/'34? It doesn 't appear on the aerialphoto, but is in the largerphoto dated 5/'35.

(Reeves) Garage (Mechanic shop) was located behind the West Barracks; "there was another building set in there too, the Blacksmith Shop. There was a road for trucks and equipment between the two.

Doesn't remember any storage buildings attached to the CCC camp But the Forest service had a garage or something set in fairly close... (???)

"Where this machine shop was - the Forest Service had a kind of a garage in those days, for their pickups or what have you, but the CCC took that building over and put in a wood shop over there, so kids could work there." This was between the machine shop and the ranger station, it was a ways north of the barracks because there was the machine shop and garage in between."

(Reeves)"The garage (wood shop) was one of the original buildings of the ranger station." [Atwood Note. It was not a building built by the CCCs]

Question. Any knowledge of a cement slab in the vicinity of the Qfficers' Quarters?

(Reeves) Not sure about the cement slab. He does recall that officers had their own shower and wondered if it could be a remnant of that.

Re: Officers' quarters: they had their own showers and latrine and everything... They must have had that concrete slab for the shower.

Question. Who used the school house? Enrollees, or kids of enrollees, or kids of FS personnel?

(Reeves) The School was for kids - FS personnel etc. CCC did not use.

Mrs. Reeves "There was a school house down at Galice area too. And I think later on they just used that one down there and did away with the one at Rand." The Keytes family and Forest Service kids went there [earlier on]. "The CCC had their own education people and their own area for it."

(Reeves) Education Classes were held in the single building on the west side, south of the western barracks - in the building Morey calls "Rec Building/Storeroom".

Mrs. Reeves. " I don't think the schoolhouse was for the men. It was there before the C's ever came.". ...Mrs. Keytes... she was teaching, about the last year they had school there at little schoolhouse."

(Reeves) The 3 C's did not use the school. It was not part of the 3Cs. The recreation hall was used for the education [classes] The road went by right up here. Mr. Price was the education advisor. 78 Question: Were building(s) located on the upper western terracejust west of the western barracks? If so, when were they built and what were they? Nothing shows in the aerialphoto, and I would have thought that a partialroof line would be evident if something were there in 1934.

Reeves thinks that an infirmary and first aid station was situated on where the fountain, rock work is west of the west barracks. There was a doctor (military) or sometimes private but contracted for by the Army, at the camp.

"This was the first aid place, (infirmary) and where the doctor was... that's why they got the rock walls in there, too hold the dirt." (Re: the fountain area, west of the west barracks).

"When I got my fingers hurt out in this wood shop here, I went across there... I remember climbing up those stairs... they had a series of steps... that was the infirmary area...

Question. Was the latrinepumped out on a regular basis? Was there a second latrinefor officers or for others?

Mrs. Reeves thinks the latrine was between the barracks and the River.

(Reeves): Can't remember the latrine ever being pumped out. It flushed itself, and they put lime in it all the time. [also see below]

Re: Officers' quarters: they had their own showers and latrine and everything...

Question. Were there storage buildingsfor equipment/tools located near the machine shop?

(Reeves) Doesn't remember that, but says there was a blacksmith shop.

Question. The cement feature we found near the "fuel" building north of the eastern barracks-- was itfor changing oil?

(Reeves) can't remember for sure. Could have been for changing oil.

Question. What was the electric power source for the camp, on-site generation or tied into the grid? The small building apparently attached to the north end of the eastern barracks is still an unknown. Perhaps a generator/powerbuilding?

(Reeves) They had a generator... a light plant. thinks the cement slab might have been for the generator building. (There was a generator power plant) .. But he isn't sure. They had a kid whose job was to turn on the light plant at a certain time, and turn it off at a certain time at night. They usually run it until 10 o'clock.

79 M

Various (Building Related):

The supply room was army supplies... they'd go to town and bring truckloads out and unload it. There was a supply officer... it wasn't just food, it was blankets, and clothes, and other supplies... shoes.. .bedding, etc. army blankets, sheets, etc.

They showed films in the recreation building... Betty McCormick (daughter) What kind of films, Dad? Mr. Reeves "Westerns!"

Disposition of Buildings:

Question. What happened to buildings after 1941?

He is quite sure the buildings were still there in 1943... The chrome project truck drivers stayed there in the barracks. "They tore down the buildings (dismantled them) and sold them for the lumber. The salvage crew came in and salvaged the roofing and everything they could. "

The buildings were too big to get out of Rand. "I don't know exactly who, where or when they actually took them out of there. They took them down, I would say, after the war. They had so much going on... they had crews that would go in and stay there.

During the war here... there was a lot of work going on.

Mrs. Reeves. "Sparky, could I please say something? Sparky, when you came back [to Rand] to work on the chrome road, well, were the buildings still there then?...

(Reeves): Yes.

Mrs. Reeves, "Well then, that was after the war started. Because several men came here to get chrome out." I think it was a while after that before ... [they tore took them down]

We went back to Rand to have Sparky work on the chrome road. The buildings were down there... it was after the war began... The fellow that was head of the chrome road job... stayed down there ... [at the camp[.

From there we moved into Grants Pass. In 1943... during the War... (January of 43). [A twood Note: Both Mr. and Mrs. Reeves think the Rand buildings were still there in January of 1943.]

(Reeves) The cook [for the chrome crews] was here.... they used these buildings The crews slept in another building. I don't know how long they were there after that.

80 M

Camp and Work Life:

Question. How many Officers (Army and or FS) were stationed there?

There weren't a lot of military officers stationed there. The commander, a lieutenant who served as the mess officer, the doctor, a captain, maybe one or two others.

There were four to six F.S. employees.. (like himself) Not a lot of them, living at the camp down in the (Officers quarters area). These were LEMs, single men - who lived there.. Because R. Reeves was married and had a child, he lived in a house with his family.

The Forest Service had about five foreman to supervise different kinds of work. The Forest Service personnel at Camp Rand and the Army officers got along great and cooperated. No friction that he can recall.

Question: Any knowledge of Black enrollees?

He did not see any black enrollees ever, in his time in Oregon companies. [Atwood Note. They were there early on, but then... no more.]

Various (Camp Life):

In the morning about 7:45 the CCC men all gathered on the grounds for work assignments. Those working as loggers stood together, those as telephone men, those working on roads, etc.. They lined up in groups to hear announcements, and to get their day's assignments. Then they were trucked to the site.

They took the young men to town often. One man (a responsible CCC man), was assigned to be in charge of getting the men back to the trucks and to camp before lights out (10:00 p.m.). "The boy that was the truck driver (he drove a FS truck) he was trusted with that job... The camp sergeant... he would go to town with him and was boss of the whole works. When he said it was time to go it was time to go."

He thinks the CCC men and locals around Galice did fine. Most of the "recreating" was done in Grants Pass, although they did go to local dances, or have dances occasionally at the camp.

They didn't have a lot of trouble with alcohol, but there was a bootlegger in the canyon, and some of the "boys" would go up there and buy booze and spend all their pay. "I remember one weekend, not too far below camp, the boys would walk down there... there was a bootlegger set up a business down there and the kids would go down and spend their paycheck... on that darn liquor. The kids never got in any trouble."

They had periodic inspections for venereal diseases at the camp, usually timed a certain amount of days after a trip to town.

81 He doesn't remember anything about the company numbers - i.e. Co. 5484, 6640, 283 etc. in the time he was there. [Atwood Note: These were all the later companies .., the ones thatfollowed Co. 1650]

During the years he went back and forth, (1938 through 1941) some men stayed at Rand and kept working, and a number of the company went up to Diamond Lake (or Powers, or where ever,) and then came back to Rand. After Enterprise they came back to Rand....

There were CCC men at Rand right up until the time the War started...

82 APPENDIX C

Historical Photographs (Except where noted, photographs are from the archives of the Siuslaw National Forest)

83 MPMONNO ......

View of Enrollees' Barracks

-Wft j?- "777rr--

Closeup of Barracks' Entrance Mess Hall/Kitchen

84 Repair Shop and Truck Parking Area

Truck Transport

85 Officer' Quarters and Administrative Office, 1934 (National Archives RG 35:115)

A..., AM \ rFv .%., Am . 8 A 4. ws as t + swA Of "} 4 - r v i - :

E

Company 1650 Work Crew on Grave Creek Bridge, 1934 86 APPENDIX D

Selected Camp Rand Historical Documents

87 CAMP REPORT CO. 1650: APRIL 4,1935 rip-

EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WORK OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

WASHINGTON, D.C.

FILEREFERENCE: Camp Rand, F-75, Co.1650, Grants Pass, 19S5.

it OR 91935 d Mr.Robert Fechner, Director, i - Emergency Conservation Work, CrIVsD Washington, D.C. SFRVAT1O Dear Mr.Fechner:- Attached please find camp report, Army and Forestry personnel, Educational Adviser's letter, and menus for the above camp. All buildings were constructed in 1933, are in good condition, wired for lighting, adequately heated, and a 5 K.W. lighting system installed. Wood is used exclusively for fuel. Health:- None in hospital or quarters, health excellent. Have an exceedingly well kept infirmary - dispensary. During the past 11 months there has not been a case of venereal disease. Safety and first aid were conducted weekly and will be continued when replacements arrive. Relegion:- Services held at camp weekly, transportation Sunday's. Educational:- Full issue received for library, newspapers, magazines, and read by all. Attached please find letter from educational adviser. Athletics:- Full issue received and used to advantage. Principal outdoor games are, soft ball, baseball, horseshoes, tennis, boxing and fishing. For indoor entertainment have a very good reading room, also a recreation hall with fireplace, piano, radio, pool table, ping pong tables, reading and writing tables and benches. Co. also has a moving picture machine and movies are shown each week free. Have a very good playground. A reasonable transportation is furnished for recreation. Each Friday night is All Camp Night. Work Projects:- Following work has been completed since 10-1-34. $ 22 M. telephone line, 16 M. truck trails, 1 vehicle bridge and the following maintainance 48 M. telephone line, 55 M. truck trails, and 17 M. forest trails. In addition to above work 1558 man days were spent on fighting forest fires. Men are reported as very satisfactory. Meals and lunches very satisfactory. Chev. trucks prefered to other makes of trucks. Cooperation between forestry and officers good. Camp overhead 24, and includes asst. to adviser. Operating economi- caly and mess accounts in very satisfactory financial condition. Pasteurized milk is used exclusively and served daily. Other supplies adequate and of good quality. There are no communistic activities in camp. The camp is also free from bedbugs and all other vermin. Each enrollee launders his own clothes, or can have it done by commercial laundry at greatly reduced price. Each man has a locker, pillows, pillow cases, andsheets. Blankets are renovated through q.M. at least every quarter. Morale of enrollees of officers and enrollees good. Company has a bakery, good baker also a very good automatic flush latrine The general condition of the camp is very good, Trusting the above is satisfactory, I Very Sincerely yours, Form No. 2 EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WORK CAMPS

(NoTx.-This report to be filled on first visit to camp only, unless further request is made)

CAMP No.FS 75

STATE OF-Qx. -----

ARMY PERSONNEL

Commissioned officers: NAME RANK

------

sm rQr s : l ------t-----Re-..----. ------

-o I ----rI1 -oI----rI1 ------

Enlisted men: NAME RANK SALARY

------IOFFI

------S 05 11 &4 5 *RNTN oF s vce i - n ------7 i i i i Form No. 3 iI EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WORK CAMPS i (NOTE.-This report to be filled on irst visit to camp only, unless further. request is made) i CAmp No. F-75 ,Oregon

Fill in on this shee I men, and amount of salary they receive.

NAME SALARY

V.V.Church Proj' Sup't $200.00 MO.

Harley Eeyte Road Foreman $iso t 0 0------R.K,Erausse Bridge Foreman ------$140.00

l.R.Jones ------Road Foreman k135. 00

Homer Martin ------Machine Operator $135.00

Clay Ramsey ------Locator $130.Q00

H.T.Johnson ------Machine Operator $125.00 "

ErhielbrRiley ------Foreman-Const $140.00 J7.WSmith Machine Operator $130.00 ------I------A.W.Love Road Foreman $158.00 -

D.,Evenis Tel. Foreman $135,Q n- W.D.Bowser Elacksmith $125.00 n

US GOVERNMENTPRINTING OEFICKi 1334 16-2487 L ERGENCY CONSERVATION K DRK OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR WASHINGTON. 0. C. 9 C

CAMP REPORT X Apr'l49TM Date of Inspection April------

Co. No, i=.Camp No.175 --Camp Name Ra ------Date originally occupied /l-1/33 Proj ect Name of Company Commander A:s0L - Supervisor..'YSJm..chq)ah_ .

Camp Location - City or town- Ga ------CountyJosiphian.e State.Qragan

-State Company Personnel-FE White:] ColoredD Mixed: VeteranT,Junior Enro1led Illon1 i --.. Disriiore 'n.at. llec-Res Name of-Camp Doctor ....-.. -- RakCP------Contract Surgeon

No. of Regular Army men in camp. 2f.-Navy._ e...... Reserves-Ttx.e...... Navy g ...... one

/ No. of Camp Leaders e $36.00 per month T------How many at $45.00 -Five

' No. of Forest Leaders at $36.00 per monthEig-h-- v/How many at $45.00------

Under whose control is Work Project-XI Forest: Park Service: Soil ErosionD Drought

Area and brief description of Work Project 41Jv1 tel.- Line. 2351ATrnrktraA.J*... trailh A]Vehicl elorse Bridges!-Smany other- pro--ct-s

*-* *--* *--*I ...... I ...... ------...... ------......

Type of Camp: National Forests; National Parks and MQnuments; National Military (Underline Parks and Monuments; Public Land Office; State Parks; State Owned particular Lands; Migratory Bird Refuges; Private Land; Soil Erosion Service; one) Drought.-,

%/Present Strength of Co. ---men To. of men on Forest or Park work - 74- men

vNo. of local enrolled men------6No. detailed to Camp work

No. of men on Forest or Park Supervision (not enrollees) .. 12

Brief description of Camp Sanitation... a-Snking u-te-ns-i-l-ai- '.al.f~~.Ut.rrLQaae flzga;~n*.a^~lRlgqqtr wvash and shower house, latrines, camp Srounds,infirm4 ry spensary--- * --...... Excellent......

-,,,,,,,----,---.,------,,-----,,,,,---.--..--...---.....--.-.-..--..-...--.-.... ------.--- ,,,-,,---. -- -...... -.v..-.-... T - .....-.. '...- ...-.-.-...-.-..

Medical Servixce (a) Hoy -many camps under Co. Surgeon On ------, (b)> How--often does he visit them ----- StationedatCamp------(a-) How oTten are enrollees examined for venereal diseases qnhy (over) Signify condition of the following - E excellent; G good; F fair; P poor.

(a) Shoes G ------Clothes-G ...... Food supplies z.------Mess ------

(b) Barracks .3 Kitchen- .Mess Hall,...Z Officers Quarters- EOther Bldgs...Y.....

(c) Camp area (condition, not size) ------. . --..-...... ------.-

From what sources are food supplies procured... rt.r-a------

Wafety Program: V"Are safety posters displayedY`K~ Are all inflammable articles, properly protected~e.z. Is safety committee organizedc-esHow often are meetings held with enrollees.Aqkly- Are goggles required Yeg.What type is used.--- Shttr-rnc? ...... Are explosives properly-handled --XWhere stored....In ioT eaea ...... How are careless and speeding, truck drivers penalized.Gxzouned...---...... Are trucks provided with safety equipment -- eS ... . How often are fire drills held------W -e-e-k---- ..-...... -.....-.------What are the fire protection ------What auxiliary fire equipment is provided Sand_,_firspais.and ba-e------

Motor Equipment: No. of trucks for Army use ...------Condition GQ. od ------. ... ------

No. of trucks for use of technical service..2...Condition .. God. ..------.

Rented Equipment and trucks (state kind and amount of rental)..i1Ied.hw.l.&..Xci.

Discharges during present enrollment period:

"Honorable - Pressing needs elsewhere...... 35... End Term Service .. 8......

,/Administrative - AWOL e------Other causes------

/Dishonorable - Desertion ....---- -None-Othercauses .-.------..-.-----.-

...... -.-...... -.. .h .s .------Is the spirit and morale of enrollees Good F& Fair E] Poor E

...... ------I------. ------

...... ------Remarks...... -..-....-...... -...-...... -......

Report made by .. NOTE: File copy of week's menu with this report. Headquarters Camp Rand, F-75 165th Company Civilian Conservation Corps Grants Pass, Oregon /eho

Date Breakfast Dinner Supo- er Friday 3-29i5N Fresh canned prunes Macaroni and cheese Tomato soup Dry cereal Boiled potatoes Fried oysters Fresh milk S-inich French baked potatoes Country hash Pickled beets Green onions Fried potatoes Bread and butter Buttered peas Bread and butter. Hot tea Apricots Coffee and toast Butter, coffee

Saturday 3-30-35 Grape fruit Baked Frankfurters Hamburger Loaf Dry cereal Mashed potatoes Mashed potatoes Fre sh milk Lettuce salad Pan gravy Wheat cakes Creamed turnips Buttered carrots Hash brown potatoes Bread and butter Cold slaw Syrup and butter Hot tea fello with fruit Coffee Bread and butter Coffee, cream, sugar.

Sunday 3-31-35 Stewed Rainins Fresh port Hams Cold cut meat Rice Krispies Mashed potatoes Sour pickles French toast Buttered can corn pickled beets Layanaise potatoes cold slaw Bread and butter Fresh milk String beans Potatoe salad Coffee Peaches cake Hot cocoa Bread and butter Coffee,cream,sugar

Monday 4-1-35 Stewed Raisins Boiled lima beans Vegetable soup Catmeal with fresh ham Boiled beef, spanish Fresh milk Boiled potatoes Brench baked potatoes Corn cakes, syrup, Buttered turnips Stewed tomatoes and butter Cold slaw Mashed turnips Coffee and cream Bread and butter Fruit salad Hot tea Lemon cookies Coffee

Tuesday 4-2-35 Evaporated apricots Roa.st pork Meat loaf Dry cereal Mashed potatoes Boiled potatoes Scrambled eggsbaconBrown gravy Pan gravy Toast and butter Lettuce salad Carrot and pea salad pried potatoes Creamed peas Bread and butter Sfee Bread and butter Coconut-cream pie I Coffee. Coffeecream,sugar MTNEJ'S (Con1Th) P~ige io. Date Breadfast Dinner Sunoe r Wednesday 4-3-35 Oranges Beef' Stew Bean soup Cream of' Wheat French baked potatoes Beef' steaks Fresh milk Stewed tomatoes Cream gravy W~heat cakes Beet and onion salad Mashed potatoes Sausage Rolls and peaches Buttered turnips ~off'ee, cream, sugar Bread and butter Cold slaw Coffiee Fruit tarts Bread and butter Coffiee Thursday 4-4-355 Oranges Baked beans & bacon Spare ribs, Kraut Oa troeal Sliced raw onions French baked potatoes Fresh milk Boiled potatoes Creamed Caulif'lower French omelette Creamed turnips Lettuce salad Hash brown potatoes Biscuits anid butter Apple pie Toast and butter Hot tea Coffiee, cream, sugar. Coffiee CAMP REPORT CO. 5484: NOVEMBER 29, 1938 CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

WASHINGTON, D. C.

FILEREFERENCE: Camp Rand,Company 5484,F--75,Galice,Oregon,Nov.29th,19SS.

( L' 5. 1938 a llr.Robert Fechner,Director,- Civilian Conservation Corps, Washington,D.C., Va Nc Dear Mr.Fechner ; Enclosures;Camp report,Technical personnelMenus, List of equipment,Ed.Adviser's report,and Safety questionnaire. Buildings erected in 1933,wired for lighting,ade- quately heated,and a 5 K.W. lighting system ins-talled.Arrangements have been wade to install another lighting system.(5 K.W.) Company omen located at Diamond Lake during the past su=mer,and moved to this location,Oct.15th.A rehabilitation program is in full swing, and at this time,Snfrrmary,KitchenOfficers quarters,Army-Technical quarters,all getting needed improvements. The camp is however without an Educational Adviser,or educational buildingBoth are badl am.Ere from the 4th Corks Areaaa tfio lavelma yl2ow. , I ler. Brra:3a,,csFHg.t~e..4kh,, e7l~ place is available for educational work.; ittl roi work ax due to lack of facilities and no Educa Camsh1HmlnSstrtafton- -members of the Personnel, (Army-Slechuical) have been in CCC service some years,and capable. Financial condition very satisfactory.Net worth all fiinds,October 31st,

Work projects;Enrollees are reported by Camp Sup't., who has had over five years service in CCC,as very satisfactory. Plenty of work in this area,as camp is located on the Rogue River. Co-operationvery good.Mess,and morale,good.

Fresh pasteurized milk is served daily. All enrollees are wellisupplied with clothing, 'lrnter)water repzellents,and foot-wear.Each enrollee has a steel cot, cotton mrattresssheets,pillow,pillow-casechina dishes,and an issue of clean linen each week. There are no subversive activities in camp. Camp is also free from bed-bugs,and all vermin. Movies,(weekly)25/month.Haircutting 15/.Pool5/. All issue clothes laundered in camp 50/. monthif desired. One enrollee,Hinton C.Hardison,who enrolled in October,arrived here Ovt.19th-got in a bad rness~by writing a threat- oning letter toShirley Temple,drmanding $ 10.OOO.F.B.I. agents were in camnp,placed him tuder arrestand is now awaiting trial.Foremenand others I interviewedare of the opinion,that Hardison,is not very sound mentally/. Camp is as good as one co expect to find it, with the many improvements being madeX-- Sincerely yours, f-/ M.J.BowenSpecial Ifwv-tigator. Form No. 3 CIVILIAN CONSERVATION WORK CAMPS

DATE November 29,1938

CAMP NO. F- 75

STATE OF Oregon

TECHNICAL PERSONNEL Fill in on this sheet, name of technical supervisors, not enrolled men, and amount of salary they receive.

NAME 0CCUPAT1O+-- t< , SALARY

H-J. Derby Prino ipal F7oreman------t2_16A-66

B.F. mcRae Senior Foreman 155.00

Frank J. Hills Junior Foreman 140.OO

Perry L. Randies Blacksmith- -- b-QO Van C. Cleveland Powderman 120.Q0

Noy Cox Mechanic - l--Q0

Ralph A. PReeves Machine Operator -12000

Glenn A. Kirk Squad Foreman - -105QO

,, ------A-N---

------

I 1' -73''2

U S GOVERNlffNTPRINTING OFFICE 15-7352 VL I

Fo.,eiiserm1122 CIVILIAN) CONSERVATION CORPS r C 5938 OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR Vi l WASHINGTON, D.C.C, •C2IVY

CAMP INSPECTION REPORT > E O

By -- J- Bowen, Spec ial Invest i-a-tqlAte of inspection Novelmber 29- 1938 Date camp Company No5.4aBA4 -_-Jr camp No. -J 75 Camp name -Rand established -_;7t 9 3- i', Camp location -- GaliCe ------gs phin- QjigQn (City or town) I (CoUnty) (st~aie a~ Length of Nameofcompany commander Jha S. C augbman Ranklit If CC service Yer ; yrS. Nameof----- Noie~Length ubodinae oficr of Name of subordinate officer Nn ------Rank ------CCC service ------Length of Name of medical officer ------Rank ------CCC service Name of contract surgeon - fFull-time X Length of i--- H. P---orter P1art-time D CCC service --e--- Name of camp superintendent-- owardJ. Drby ------5ear- Number of Army leaders ------Number of assistant Army lead - 7 Number of project leaders ------Number of assistant project leaders ------9 Present company strength 1-91 Number of enrollees released to work project 1 41 Number of enrollees regular camp overhead ------Sick- - 4- AWOL-- 1------AWL- - Number of project assistants 4 Number of technical and facilitating personnel 8 Number of enrollees authorized detail ------24- Give reason and duration SpeciaD/8 ------Q n -- i ont------o -ehab Qdl7 .------i-t--t-i

Are any enrollees assigned to camp work without proper approval? No

WORK PROJECT Tel. line, and Road Const.,Road Maint.,Horse trail. Briefly specify your observations- Godt poagroeSs ------Is work performed according to approved plan and progressing in proper order? Ye s Number of man-days lost on work project during last 3 months 1750 Reason: aQmP -- j t 9---4QQI - -D/S 127: Wood 455: Sick1 A.W.O.L. 619ConditIoning 149: Aug-ept-Qct.

Have you checked CCC Form 7 with the work project? y-- S Have you made a field inspection of work project? YeS

For brief description of camp sanitation: -~Cpood Eater...... Good sewerage Cam- sanitation, good conside-ring nD-er -an-y-i----ents wavaat present time. Camn- reoc cup iedd, October 15, 1938

MEDICAL SERVICE How many camps under supervision of doctor? -- TQ- How often does he visit them? EVe-rYo ther--- day--nd- on call :-- How often are enrollees examined for venereal disease? Fo od- handlers weekl .1all o ther Mon thly

Is medical service up to standard? Ye - Are supplies adequate? YeS Food supplies-How procured? l .O.CaL DLher-_--_.fliYtt- thr 1iU StL Q ---.-- Is veterinary inspection made? Ye - Are food items weighed and checked for specification? Ye. Are perishable foods properly refrigerated and otherwise protectedYe - '--s-7023 CCC Form 10 CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (Director) 2-1&-38 4OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

WASHINGTON, D. C.

Date __November 29. 1938

For the week beginning Monday, l r 21193 ------

Camp No. F------Company No. 5484 Company strength at beginning of week _191 ------Ore-on State -ress ------P. 0. address Gaice

Ration allowance per enrollee per day ------$.4312

Ration fund value end of last month -- --- 7 --. Amount of fund impounded ------Amount d49 ration fund last month - i1ost4 - 39 - -2 (No deduction should be made for purchase of kitchen equipment). Value of subsistence stock end of last month 10/31 - -51 - -

Value of subsistence stock end of preceding month------92,/3 ------1021. 10

Are cooks experienced and properly trained? - --- (Yes) (No) Are meals properly prepared? yes (Yes) (No) Are substitute meals changed on menu? y -- (Yes) (No) Is menu posted, approved, and signed by C. 0.? Y -- (Yea) (No) How has mess rated during last 3 months ?- . ---- Good

Tableware used? Yes------Sterilized? No Sterilizer but Ample hot water (Yes) (No) (Yes) (No) Mess kits used in camp or in field7 - ila

Are mess kits sterilized? (Yes) (No) Are all articles of food properly inspected for quality, weight, and specification? Ye5- ' (Yes) (No) Is sanitary condition of kitchen and mess hall satisfactory? V- s (Yes) (No) Certified to be a true copy.

Approved b-

To be taken from Monthly Q. M. Mess Account:

Total number of rations allowed last month .A2 -5 Total Value 2

Actual Cost of Meals last month $ 2095. 63

Income from Boarders last month $iLJ, a ' -3 PMW___

Form 11-a i JIVILIAN CONSERV OFFICE OF T D Cdft f~~N

WASHIN O,~. -13

l~?~J/S~AFETY OU O0NNAR__

1. Is a safety committee Org d'ZTIOp - Yes. 2. Are weekly safety meetings held with a/1 enrollees, including Army and technical person.4el? Ye s. / _ _ 3. Has a safety assistant to the superintendent been appointed? YeS . Have you checked his periodical /eports? Yes.

4. Are any safety posters displa1ed?'Y so Charts?.es Signs? es

5. Are goggles required?Ye9I_ Do they meet CCC specif' ations? Yes.

6. Are explosives properly handled and stored?

7. Are trucks prvd~ with guard-rails? Yes. Iet?Yeovrnrs Yes,

8. How often are Fire drills held and do they include technical biuildings and equipment? Senmi-morithly. Yes. 9. Are flammable materials properly stored and properly protected with adequate fire fighting equipment? Yes.

10. How many accidents has the Camp had since last visit?SCeven-and in the last 60 days? One. Seven during -oast year,none serious.

For Remarks use other side of sheet. CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR

Date: Nov. 29,1938.

M E M 0 R A N D U M

Recommended for immediate action.

TO: The Director, Civilian Conservation Corps, Washington, D. C.

SUBJECT:Camfp Rand,Company 5484,F--75,Galice,Oregon,

(1) An Educational building is very-badly needed in this camp.. Located on the Rogue River,isolated,and according to the Forest Service,many years work in this vicinity. Fourth Corps Area enrollees,educational level low,and many interested t to learn._The camp is also without the services of an Educational Adviser.

(2) The sheet metal trays in the wash-room would be greatly improved , if porcelain trays were installedor new sheet metal trays..

(3) Kitchen ranges not very servicable,especially for baking.

M ......

ature) Carbon copies to: CCC District HeadquartersMedford, Oregon. 9th. Corps Area IieadcjuartersPresidio of Sani Francisco, Calif.

12027 21VILIAN CONSERVATION CORPc' 23565b OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR WASHINGTON, D. C. Date November 29, 1938 CCC CAMP EDUCATIONAL REPORT Camp No. Company No. 5~484 Post Office Galice, State Oregon

(Subjects of Instruction:)

Blac ksmithi ng -.-. Q.r. qo~nde iiQ.e..Q.o~urae..a ....-...... Mechanicsa

Truck Driving~......

Timber falling

RELATED EDUCATIONAL WORK Lectures, Visual Education, Job Training, First Aid, Safety Educ9at4~'. .J Leaderslaip C, LI v Safey~i vc~ 1938 Compar.V Administration Jjh Cooking & Baking i\Mc. x

OTHER FACILITIES Libraries, Size, Active, or Inactive, Newspapers, Etc.

835 bcooks, Z Home-town papers, 1 local paper. To be increased. 3 more.

SCOPE OF INSTRUCTION Grade of Work and How Conducted

No Ceducational Adviser at oresent. 6 Technical Service Foremen teaching clsses

Is Educational Adviser assigned to Camp? N'o Do Camp Officers conduct courses? Yes Do members of Technical Personnel conduct courses? Yes Specify number of nights each week devoted to education? 4 Present company strength (191 ) Average attendance daily ( -, (not general assembly) RESULTS OF EDUCATIONAL WORK

Nto specific results noted, due to the fact that camp has no Educational Adviser.

,.. ~~ '~ Ca Signed For Remarks use other side of sheet. .

Describe recreational and athletic activit Basket- ball Volley-ball, Touch Foot-ball- Horse shoes. RadiQs, P oolPin- nJ4 oYie s Wjeek1 25$ month------

Are trucks provided for recreation? ------How often? Week-ends -

RELIGIOUS SERVICES Do enrollees have opportunity to attend at least one service weekly? Y ----- ow often does chaplain visit camp?K(Z)) D Lonth Describe efforts and results Good attendance

Rate all items listed: S-SUPERIOR E-EXCELLENT G-GOOD F-FAIR P-POOR.

Company morale ------Barracks ------_ fimayl1tato F Latrine - Shoes ------G Kitchen ------G- Supply room ------Camp area condition - Clothes G Mess hall G Garages---l- - Shoe repair G Food supplies E Officers' quarters ------Oil house l Laundry service G Mess ------Technical service qtrs ------Educational building - one Records and accounts - Canteen ( Recreation hall ------Bath house ------

Are enrollees properly dressed on work projects? Ye- On other occasions? Ye a

SAFETY

Are CCC Safety Regulations enforced? ---- Submit form questionnaire. -el Is there an ambulance in camp? NO ----- Condition

/ Motor equipment: VNumnber Good Number Fair Number Poor Number Urserviceabe Army trucks ------1------Technical service trucks 9 - -7 ------Heavy, number of, type, condition Tractors 2- Compressrs 2- Scrapers 1: Ripp 1

DISCHARGES

YEAR Or 1S38 YEAR OF ,s3E

July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June

Honorable before end of term ------1 1 1 3 Administrative desertion ------2 ---- 1 ------4------Administrative, other causes ------1-l------1 Dishonorable desertion -.------Dishonorable, other causes ------2 - 1 ------16--- End of term of enrollment 2------2 Discharge record for entire year required. Place check mark (i) under current month. For general remarks: Dishonorable Discharges (16): Theft 10: Refusal to ---ork 6:

Signed... -...... -.-...

V. L IXM?804T-l owriot 160 2O BREAKFAST Qu..city Ienit Csed DINNER

TM MONDAY: 11/21/38 aariUeal: l .40 Liver,Beef s .14 Apple Butter 4 cans .34 On,-ons led Potatoes 100 lbs .01 Oatmeal I 0 bxs .06 String Beans :ad Squash 55 lbs .j01 Hiominy Grits 6 bxs .07 Lettuce & Pine- bage-Raisin Mlilk,Fresh 50 qts .11 apple salad ad. .62 ghoc late puddinl Eggs j34 doz . 39 5Q -p .39 Bread 0 lbs .05 ~uter 2 0 Num er served - 'Ie cobbler 1.76 Butter ,6 lbs .28 ad i 50 lbs .05 Lard, Sub. 6 lbs .10 Field Meal: Coffeee: O lbs .10 Same

Number served 6§Q--- -I 5 TOTAL COST- $34.92 I TOTAL TOTAL COST- . ___ , 21.95 TUESDAY: 11/22/38 Camp Meal: $ Beets .30 Pea soup-croutons .50 Peaches 6 cans .35 Gravy 1.69 Macaroni & Cheaes 2.50 Oatmeal 12 bxs .06 Lima beans,w/por 6.70 Spanish beans 3.00 Creamed beef 11..52 Mashed potatoes 150 lbs .01 Creamed carrots 1.20 Biscuit 6.76 Buttered peas 7 cans .43. Pears 7 cans .43 Butter 5 lbs .28 Cornbread 2.49 Bra ad-2=k1cux 100 lbs .05 Coffee 1. 50 Coffee 1.50 Butter 10 lbs .28 Fresh milk 55 qts .11 Number served 129 Tea .t 1.45 Sugar 100 lbs .05 Field Meal:

Same

Number served 60 TOTAL COST------$3505 TOTAL COST------l749|| TOTAL COST ------$21.46 WEDNESDAY: l1/23/33 $ Camp Meal: $ | I $ 57 Sw rliced onions 20 lbs .02o Potatoe soup 1.57 Dry cereal 4.92 rown beans,w/ham 3.50 Veal pot pie 17.92 omy grits I4.0yonnaised potato s 150 lbs .01 Baked corn 7 cans .35 Bioled eggs 6 dxs * 3 reamed hominy 1.68 Spinach & Zggs 1.80 Boiled eggs 36 dom . 39 'iOle slv| |1.57 |lettuce salad 18 Fried Bacon 48 lbs .24 ol slaw 1.7Ltuesld1.89 F.read udding | 95 Cookies 1.26 Bread 40 lbs .05 readlPuddin lread 40 lbs .05 Bread I 40 lbs .05 Butter 7 lbs .23 Number served IZ Butter 6 lbs .28 Coffee ||Field Meal: Fresh milk 52 qts | 11 utter 7 lbs .28 | IGelatin drink | 3.63

ield Meal: Same

I _____Number served 6---- _ _ TOTAL COST.------40.78 TOTAL COST ------$6.2 TOTAL COST ------$ 3057 THURSDAY L/i 4S/ 6o Camp Meal: 1$ I$ Fresh apples 2 crts . 75 pelery & Pickles 1.70 Bologna,Liverwur t, 1 1.35 Hominy Srits 4 bxs .07 reaam of tomatoe & Cold turkey 3.50 Ffench toast 5.14 soupq w/crackers 2.30 Canyon baked pot toes 3.12 Hash brown potatoEIes 1.2 Roast Tom Turkey 50 lbs 2.Z4 Sliced tommatoes 1. 1 0 Syrup S? cans . 40 Dressing 2.10 Cabbage salad 1.90 C offee 1 .37 Mashed potatoes 1.20 Pears 6 cans .43 Bread 30 lbs .05 Fresh milk 52 qts Gibblet gravy 2.9 ., Jam 7 can .63 %Ms' 75 lbs i .15 Peanut Butter 4 lbs .15 Cocoa, ilot 2.90 - _ _ _ .I lsGz~apua.; I .*70 'andied carrots .65 Lettuce & Tommato sal ad 21. 4 r Pumpkin pie-Ice C sam Hot rolls & Butte 3 *26 off ee 1.10 Lemon Ade 3.99 3ir EqgRt-St 5 187 -. R8l -l~ er served----- TOTAL COST- - $ i7.al TOTAL COST. | $86.18 TOTAL COST $ 22.85 FRIDAY :1j/Z5/36 S Camp Meal: Lemon slices S .70 Soup-Croutons $2.20 10 lbs .14 Stewed apricots White gravy 1.20 Boiled beef 158 it s .14 8 pkgs .06 Oatmeal Salmon loaf 6.72 Noodles 15 lbs .04 Grits 6 pkgs .07 String beans 7 cans .31 34 do z . 39 Ho mi ny 6 cans . 24 Scrambled egg a a. oo Lettuce salad 1.95 Bread (Toast) 40 lbs . 05 andied carrots Berry cobbler 3.75 .05 Jam 2 cans .63 3read 20 lbs lgX(XS Butter 6 lbs .28 2 cans .34 3utter 5 lbs .28 R*ifex Bread 50 lbs . 05 Applebut ter Cof fee 1.50 Coffee 1.40 Coffee 1.60 Fresh Milk 50 q ts .11 Number served 29 Field Meal: Same - 60 me n ISandwi c he s ,C he e se 'Peanut butter & J Sliced meat 4.60 Coffee, Hot .90 No.Served.30 men Total Number served 9-Q.-

TnOTA. COSD------TnTA. COST- I1 7.62 11 ---- T-T,_- --L ----CnsT ------Sz --36.40 - - - SATURDAY:11/26/38 Camp Meal: $s Pickled onions $ 50 Pears 6 cans .43 dacaroni & Cheese 4.85 Dry cereal 4. 80 Blackeye peas 1.64 Beef soup .95 Grits 8 bxs .07 Cabbage salad 1.70 Lima beans w/bac n 21255 Fried Eggs 33 doz .39 lice Pudding .65 Stewed tomatoes 1.56 Br ead 50 lbs .05 3read 50 lbs .05 1.47 Butter 5 lbs .28 Butter 5 1 bs .28 Lettuce salad poffee 1.10 Bread pudding 3.57 Coffee 1.10 1.35 Freasn Milk 50 qts I .11 Corn bread Tea.! .60 Number served 18- Field Meal:

None

Number served

TOTAL COST-. - - I-A 30. 21 TOTAL COST- - - - 1q- 13.84|1 TOTAL COST IS 12.55 ------I SUNDAY: 11/27/38 1$1 Camp Meal: 1$ 1$ Oranges a crt 1.70 Celery .40 Pickles 2.65 flot cakes 2.56 Pork chops 107 lbi .19 T ~matoe soup Butter 7 lbs .28 Apple sauce 2.84 W/crackers 2.14 Syrup 6 cans .40 Mashed potatoes 1.85 Bologna & Liverwm .rst 5660 Potatoe salad 2.95 Coffee 1.10 and Gravy Bread 50 lbs .05 Fresh Milk 49 qts .11 Dressing 2.15 Lettuce salad 1.67 Jam 2 canS .63 Peanut Butter 30 lbs~ .09 Cookies 2.43 Hot Cocoa 3.10 Bread 50 lbs .05

Oae dCWxxxxxxxxx Oragge Ada 2.70

Number served 18 |- TOTAL COST------$ 15.81 TOTAL COST-5jR ------$ 36.87 TOTAL COST_ $ 22.90 TOTAL WEEK COST $-200, 33 TOTAL WEEK COST_2= --- $211. 711 TOTAL WEEK COST - $168.68 GRAND TOTAL COST- &550._17-

7 _ ..- _ x. . . : X -IVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPc - OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR I Date Tnn. 1,9139. FOLLOW-UP REPORT TO THE DIRECTOR:

Re Camp NoF--7.h Company No. 94i4 P. O. GRlice State Oregon.

I have conferred with proper authority-at District Headquarters located at

Medford,Oregon. concerning deficiency which I reported after recent camp ins ection. The condition comprised the following (1) Have salvaged a building at Fanther Springs,and deficiency will be corrected. A?) Kram -n ,randh-nromi d itg whtve e

(3) Kitcehen rannes;Deficiencv due inuart to green wood.Stoves have been put in first class condition. D2 Has been corrected DHas not been corrected

Remarks: - A ' JAN 27 1939 ) 279 RECEIVED 0< 27955 S a Investigator. C,9 -

CAMP DISPOSITION REPORT-SHIPPING TICKET AUGUST 17, 1942 462 WAR DEPARTMENT CONSIGNOR'S Vou. No. fl*-W Q. M. C. Form No. 434 Revised Tan. 3,1935 SHIPPING TICKET CONSIGNEE'S Vou. No.------NUMBER OF SHEETS ------1------CON.SIGN'OR' -- CCG District Quartermaster, f~ 7'/ t

DATE SHDAT II PPED P S D----- ~Wyf Frra cks, --- Washington ------7t SHIP TO- AUTHORITY OR REQ. NO. Lt-r ENO'S -OO, I^ rf --- N n/-T 2 t -- I Division Engineer, Va"1t 2=VJ/tj. ttVBUftftt. WJI omrvlua vvtw Mountain Division, TA9NFS ----- CHARGEABLE TO lr i,-!*4 T.-6 P/A NO - QUANT? 4. I . Y_____- _ 11_ 1UjN1T I - QUAN ITY STOCK NO. ARTICLE UNIT UCOIT TOTAL COST ORDERED | SHIPPED | - | I' I Bldg,* No. rype of Bld. CAMP RAND 1 1 Forestry Quarters and \ F-75-Ore, Off±icers Quarters, 80x9 & 20' wide ea RJgid 1 2 Barracks, 75xl00& 20' w ea Rigid 1 Barracks, 20xL20s ea Port, 1 Kitchen and Mess Hall 20x14Q t ea Rigid 1 5 ;Oooler, l2x15t ea Rigid 1 6 aBlacksmith Shop, 15x34t ea Rigid i 1 0'il Storage, 15.x2O t ea Rigid t 1\. z WelIfare Bldg , & Barber Shop, 20x124I ea Rigid t Rigid I 9 Latrine, 9x25 ea 10 T.S.Garage, 26x100' ea Rigid w Cd 1. 11 TJ.S TQool House., 26x51t ea Rigid X a) 4 \ 1 12 T.-S. Shop, 28x26 ea H 1 Repatr Rigid I zC,1; 20x251 1 Army garage. ea Rigid I 13 Generator House, 11x17t aeI Rigid 6 1 Oil Storage, i6x1 l ea Rigidi ,4p 15 0 0 C 1 Educational Bldg, 20xlO ea Port. E ¢t 1 Wood Shop, 30x30T ea Port. 0 ,M <0 1. Offfice & Supply Roomy CH H Em 20x70t ea Port.

E 4 4 19 BakeShop., 12x20 ' ea, Rigid C/) ; 30-B Bowls, water closet ea * . 'TK: - ..-: 30-H Heads, shower ea M 4 DNA H 30-L Lavatorie.s ea PM 30-S Seats, water closet- ea 6 30-S Sinks, galV.L, 1-comnp ea 30-S Sinics, white enamel ea 31 30-T Tanksy, water closet ea ,&. 3 30-u Urinals ea 1 58-T Tanks, water storage 1000-0 ea 1 58-T Tank, watert. 30-gal ea 1 58-T Tank, -water, 52-gal ea 2 58-T Tank, water,, 66-gal ea 2 58-T Tank., water, 220-gal ea 1 60-H Heaters,.W.Bw, L~rge ea 2 6oRH Heaters, W.B. ,011 drum ea

ARTICLES LISTED IN COLUMN "ORDERED" HAVE BEEN RECEIVES eLFg E IEANORDIN COLUMN "SHIPPED." * r 3-9920

Z -C L , ,./ -IA, -C Corps of Engineers ------) ------r C------(NAME) IJIyTsfOn KFOPOrTy V"ICOr (ORGANIZATION) eC..o 463 WAR DEPARTMENT CONSIGNOR'S Vou. No. -- Q. M. C. Form No. 434 - .!Revised Jan. 3,1935 SHIPPING TICKET CONSIGNEE'S VOu. No. NUMBER OF SHEETS ------1------CONSIGNOR: DLstrict Quartermster, CCC

DATE SHIPPED NW391FWEIarrasks, Washirgbon ...... August 19,. 194.2...... SHIP TO- AUTHORITY OR REQ. NO. Ltr. HNCA, 6/22/42. ccc Divi si on Engineer, Mountai. ivision, (Gen) P:E,/18 w .rsn9sof 4;rpt- ,CCC mpsa Salt Lake, City, Utah. TRANSPORTATION COST OF st; iV.,flg22 CHARGEABLE TO P/A NO.----- QUANTITY STOCK No. ARTICLE UNIT UNIT TOTAL COST ORDERED SHIPPED COST I. -I

CaMP RANTD Cla.SS W3Bfj F*7 5-Ore . 2 Tanks, gas., v/gena,55- ea 2.01 4.00 105 33 Hose, water, A ft .0 55 3.73 1 Nozzles, hose, 3/41Y ea .1 5 1 5 33 F9 Barrels, fire ,- steel ea 95' 50 B uekerse Sfir4 Agav ea 2*4 17.-~50 1 58 Extinguishers, GTO, 1-Q ea a004 2.04 5 Ectiguishers, COT, 1-G ena 1aY75 2 Fctingui shersFoaiu k ea 25 Extinguishers, S., a- G ea 2.7447 65Xo2 2 65 6doves, W.B. 301t stick ea 5.95 2,90 18 Stoves, W43. oil drum ea 2.\88 2 Stoves,, I. B. 2O0r sticl ea 6;70 :.3 Rage8,Ahr #5 ea 103*-50 64 lBox, bread, metal 1.25 1'25

QUARTERMASTER, PROPERTY AT CAMP RAND F*75- Otte

tiCCoif LQUADATION

DO NOT ALTL!', uj. CHAMNCE THIS V OUCVHE

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ARTICLES LISTED IN COLUMN "ORDERED" HAVE BEEN RECEIVED UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED IN COLUMN "SHIPPED." *-0 3-5929

7 A. C. McNAMARA, Capt. ( COCrnS of EnGineers -=------= ---- :--: -- =------(NAME) - q Division Pro~twlofficw (ORGAN17ATION)