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Serologic Evidence of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection

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Serologic Evidence of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN WILD BIRDS AND MAMMALS FROM SOUTHEAST BRAZIL Author(s): Sérgio Netto Vitaliano , D.V.M., Ph.D., Herbert Sousa Soares , D.V.M., Hilda Fátima de Jesus Pena , D.V.M., Ph.D., Jitender Prakash Dubey , M.V.Sc., Ph.D. and Solange Maria Gennari , D.V.M., Ph.D. Source: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 45(1):197-199. 2014. Published By: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1638/2013-0179R.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1638/2013-0179R.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 45(1): 197–199, 2014 Copyright 2014 by American Association of Zoo Veterinarians SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN WILD BIRDS AND MAMMALS FROM SOUTHEAST BRAZIL Se´rgio Netto Vitaliano, D.V.M., Ph.D., Herbert Sousa Soares, D.V.M., Hilda Fa´tima de Jesus Pena, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jitender Prakash Dubey, M.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Solange Maria Gennari, D.V.M., Ph.D. Abstract: In this study, serum samples of 53 wild animals from two different states from the southeast region of Brazil were analyzed for the presence of anti–Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the modified agglutination test (MAT), with a cut-off of 1 : 5 for birds and of 1 : 25 for mammals. Out of the sampled animals, 27 were birds and 26 were mammals, and from this total, 83% (n ¼ 44) were free-living animals. Antibodies were found in 13 mammals, from which 11 were free-living animals, and in five birds, all of which were free-living. In this study, T. gondii antibodies were detected in four bird species (crested seriema, Cariama cristata; buff-necked ibis, Theristicus caudatus; picazuro pigeon, Patagioenas picazuro; and burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia) and in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) for the first time. Key words: Antibodies, Brazil, modified agglutination test, Toxoplasma gondii, wild birds, wild mammals. BRIEF COMMUNICATION some cases having no sign of clinical infection despite the seroconversion and the presence of Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan the parasite in those animal tissues.11 Although parasite capable of infecting several species of studies indicate that wild animals are frequently warm-blooded animals, including humans. Its positive for T. gondii antibodies,1,9,12 the role of infection is widely prevalent worldwide, particu- wildlife in the epidemiology of this parasite is not larly in Brazil, where up to 90% of humans have well understood, nor is the susceptibility of been exposed to this parasite, and it is transmitted different wild species.7 by the ingestion of oocysts present in the envi- In the present article, free-living and captive ronment, by the consumption of bradyzoites wild animals from Minas Gerais and S˜ao Paulo present in tissue of infected intermediate hosts, states in the southeast region of Brazil were and by the transplacental transmission of tachy- assayed for the presence of T. gondii antibodies. zoites.4 The animals originated from 10 different muni- In animals, the interest in the evaluation of cipalities, and partners in two different public toxoplasmosis occurrence is greater in species institutions gathered the samples. In Minas Ger- that cohabitate with humans or in species that can ais state, samples were obtained from the Facul- serve as a food source as a result of the possibility dade de Medicina Veterina´ria da Universidade 10 of human infection. The pathogenicity of T. Federal de Uberlandia,ˆ and all samples originated gondii can display great variation within various from the Uberlandiaˆ municipality (1885494199 S, 3 animal species. In the most susceptible species, 4881594499 W). In S˜ao Paulo state, samples were such as Australian marsupials, New World mon- obtained from the Faculdade de Cienciasˆ Agra´- keys, and penguins, the acute disease is normally rias e Veterina´rias, Unesp Jaboticabal, and the 8 fatal, while in the most resistant species the samples originated from nine different munici- infection is normally mild and unspecific, with palities: Araraquara (2184794199 S, 4881093699 W), Barretos (2083393399 S, 488349899 W), Jaborandi From Faculdade de Medicina Veterina´ria e Zootecnia (208549099 S, 478169099 W), Jaboticabal (2181591999 S, da Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor 4881992199 W), Mat˜ao (2183691299 S, 4882195999 W), Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, Cidade Monte Alto (2181594299 S, 4882994899 W), Ribeir˜ao Universita´ria, Sa˜o Paulo/SP, Brazil (Vitaliano, Soares, Preto (2181093699 S, 4784991599 W), S˜ao Simao ˜ Pena, Gennari); Curso de Medicina Veterina´ria das (2182894199 S, 478339399 W), and Taquaritinga Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (UniFMU), Rua Min- (2182492399 S, 4883092099 W). In both cases, animals istro Nelson Hungria, 541, 05690-050 Real Parque/ were kept as patients in the veterinary hospital of Morumbi, Sa˜o Paulo/SP, Brazil (Vitaliano); and the U.S. the respective institutions, and blood was collect- Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic ed. Serum samples from 53 wild animals were Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA assayed for the presence of antibodies to T. gondii (Dubey). Correspondence should be directed to Dr. by the modified agglutination test (MAT), as Gennari ([email protected]). described by Dubey and Desmonts,5 with a cutoff 197 198 JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE Table 1. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies (modified agglutination test [MAT] 5) in free-living wild birds from the southeast region of Brazil. Species No. tested/No. positive Location MAT titers Cariameformes Cariama cristata (crested seriema) 1/1 Jaboticabal 100 Ciiconiformes Theristicus caudatus (buff-necked ibis) 2/2 Jaboticabal, Uberlandiaˆ 20, 160 Columbiformes Patagioenas picazuro (picazuro pigeon) 3/1 Jaboticabal 20 Falconiformes Caracara plancus (crested caracara) 2/1 Monte Alto 10 Strigiformes Athene cunicularia (burrowing Owl) 5/1 Jaboticabal 40 of 1 : 5 for birds and of 1 : 25 for mammals.9 pigeons, in burrowing owls, and in giant anteaters Association between animal species (bird or for the first time. Crested seriemas, buff-necked mammal) and presence of antibodies against T. ibis, and burrowing owls, as well as crested gondii were analyzed using a chi-square test. P- caracaras, are predators and can be infected by values of ,0.05 were considered statistically consumption of parasite-harboring prey, such as significant. small birds and rodents. On the other hand, Out of the sampled animals, 27 were birds and picazuro pigeons, which are granivorous, can be 26 were mammals, and from this total, 83% (n ¼ infected as a result of their foraging habits. These 44) were free-living animals. Antibodies were species feed from the ground, behavior that is also found in 6 of 27 (22.2%) birds, including one shared by crested seriemas and buff-necked ibis crested seriema (Cariama cristata), two buff- when foraging for insects, and, in this case, necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus), one picazuro infection may indicate soil contamination with T. pigeon (Patagioenas picazuro), one crested caraca- gondii oocysts in the environment. ra (Caracara plancus), and one burrowing owl In the case of mammals, gray brocket deer and (Athene cunicularia), all of which are free-living marsh deer are strict herbivores, and their infec- animals (Table 1). In mammals, 13 of 26 (50%) tion is probably due to environmental contami- were seropositive, including two gray brockets nation with oocysts, whereas all the other studied (Mazama gouazoubira), one marsh deer (Blastoce- species of mammals are omnivorous and can be rus dichotomus), two maned wolves (Chrysocyon infected either by environmental contamination brachyurus), one hoary fox (Pseudalopex vetulus), or by consumption of parasite-harboring prey. In one white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris), captive animals, the risk of infection is higher as a one capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella), two col- result of factors such as stress associated with lared anteaters (Tamandua tetradactyla), two giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), one six-band- captivity, the presence of synanthropic animals, ed armadillo (Euphractus sexcinctus), and one nine- and possible errors in health management, such as banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), from feeding carnivores with meat that was not previ- 1 which all were free-living animals except the ously frozen. marsh deer and the capuchin monkey (Table 2). Bird titers ranged from 10 to 160, while in The results of the present study corroborate mammals variation ranged from 25 to 800.
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