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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Der irische Republikanismus: Problematik der Spaltungen der irisch republikanischen Bewegung“ Verfasserin Mag. Christina Griessler Angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A092 300 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Politikwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Doz. Dr. iur. Gernot Stimmer 0 Danksagung An erster Stelle möchte ich meinem Betreuer Univ. Doz. Dr. Gernot Stimmer danken. Seine wissenschaftlichen Hilfestellungen im theoretischen Bereich und seine weiteren Anmerkungen waren sehr hilfreich und haben stets zur Verbesserung dieser Arbeit beigetragen. Seine Betreuung zeichnete sich insbesondere darin aus, dass er neben all der wissenschaftlichen Unterstützung mich immer motivierte weiterzumachen. Da es sich bei der Entstehung meiner Dissertation um einen langwierigen Prozess handelte, möchte ich mich hiermit für seine Ausdauer und seine unermüdlichen Bemühungen bedanken, die es ermöglichte, diese Arbeit zu Ende zu bringen. Weiters bedanke ich mich bei Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Otmar Höll, der sich kurzfristig bereit erklärte meine Arbeit als Zweitbetreuer zu begutachten und wichtige Anmerkungen und Verbesserungsvorschläge machte. Ich möchte mich bei all jenen bedanken, die direkt oder indirekt zur Entstehung dieser Dissertation in fachlicher oder anderweitiger Unterstützung beigetragen haben. Dank gebührt dabei meinen Arbeitskollegen, Vorgesetzten und Freunden am University College Dublin, die mich nicht nur durch fachliches Wissen unterstützten, sondern auch bei praktischen Problemen sehr entgegenkommend waren. Besonderen Dank gebührt Dr. Anna Gwiazda, die mich überredete Aspekte dieser Arbeit bei der Postgraduate Conference der Political Studies Association Ireland (PSAI) zu präsentieren. Anna hat mir besonders in den letzten Monaten durch ihren unendlichen Optimismus, die so notwendige Motivation gegeben, um diese Arbeit zu beenden. Weiters möchte ich mich bei meinen StudienkollegInnen an der Universität Wien bedanken, die in den DissertantInnenseminaren meine Arbeit kritisch hinterfragten und nützliche Anmerkungen machten. Neben den wissenschaftlichen Diskussionen innerhalb dieser DissertantInnengruppe blieb auch die soziale Komponente nicht unberücksichtigt, was Mag. (FH) Ulrike Klinger sicherlich zu bestätigen weiß. Danke. Bedanken möchte ich mich auch bei Frau Cara McShane, die mir die Interviews mit MLA Mitchel McLaughlin und Stadtrat Tom Hartley ermöglichte. Weiters geht mein Dank an jene Persönlichkeiten der irischen republikanischen Bewegung, die sich Zeit für ein Interview nahmen. Diese waren Danny Morrison, Mitchel McLaughlin und Tom Hartley. Insbesondere möchte ich meiner Schwester Monika und meinem Schwager Stefan danken, die mich immer wieder bei meinen Wienbesuchen bei sich aufnahmen. Beide haben Verständnis für mein Doktoratstudium entgegengebracht und waren somit eine wichtige Stütze. Meinen Eltern danke ich, dass sie mir den Weg zur Universität ermöglichten und für Ihre Unterstützung im Allgemeinen. i Einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Arbeit hat Frau Selis Schmidt geleistet, welche die vorliegende Arbeit Korrektur gelesen hat. Vielen Dank für die Hilfe. Viele Freunde und KollegInnen haben auf ihre Weise zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen. Allen sei hiermit gedankt! ii Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ......................................................................................................................1 2 Forschungsziel und Forschungsfragen ........................................................................3 3 Hypothese.....................................................................................................................5 4 Methode ........................................................................................................................8 5 Begriffserklärung.........................................................................................................10 6 Theoretische Ansätze .................................................................................................11 6.1 Transformationsansatz und Resolutionsansatz..........................................................12 6.2 Überblick über Konflikttheorien...................................................................................34 6.3 Sozialpsychologischen Aspekte in Konflikten.............................................................42 6.4 Das theoretische Konzept von Elite............................................................................48 6.4.1 Eliten in revolutionären Bewegungen .........................................................................50 6.5 Zusammenfassung der theoretischen Ansätze ..........................................................59 7 Die Übertragung des Forschungsansatzes auf Nordirland ........................................63 7.1 Kontexttransformation.................................................................................................63 7.1.1 Interne Faktoren..........................................................................................................64 7.1.2 Externe Faktoren ........................................................................................................85 7.1.3 Spaltungen in der irischen republikanischen Bewegung............................................94 7.1.4 Pan-nationalistische Front ........................................................................................102 7.1.5 Militärische Strategien ..............................................................................................109 7.1.5.1 „Collusion“.................................................................................................................113 7.1.5.2 „Shoot to kill policy“...................................................................................................118 7.1.6 Zusammenfassung der Kontexttransformation.........................................................119 7.2 Strukturtransformation ..............................................................................................121 7.2.1 Anglo-Irischen Beziehungen bzw. Britisch-Irischen Beziehungen ...........................122 7.2.2 Beziehung der irischen Republikaner zu den Unionisten.........................................131 7.2.3 Beziehung der irischen Republikaner zu der britischen Regierung..........................134 7.3 Zusammenfassung: Strukturtransformation .............................................................138 7.4 Transformation der Themen .....................................................................................140 7.4.1 Nationale Selbstbestimmung ....................................................................................141 7.4.2 Konsens der Mehrheit...............................................................................................143 7.4.3 Ende der militärischen Kampagne............................................................................146 7.4.4 Zusammenfassung: Transformation der Themen ....................................................150 7.5 Kulturelle Transformation..........................................................................................150 7.5.1 Der irische Republikanismus ....................................................................................153 7.5.2 Grundsätze des irischen Republikanismus ..............................................................160 7.5.3 Der Osteraufstand und die Unabhängigkeitserklärung von 1916.............................165 7.5.4 Hungerstreiks und deren Auswirklung auf die politische Strategie ..........................168 7.5.5 Republikanische Märtyrer .........................................................................................172 7.5.6 Begräbnisse von IRA-Kämpfer .................................................................................174 iii 7.5.7 Wandgemälde / „Murals“...........................................................................................176 7.5.8 Zusammenfassung der kulturellen Transformation ..................................................177 7.6 Transformation der Akteure (Einstellungen).............................................................179 7.6.1 Gerry Adams.............................................................................................................185 7.6.2 Martin McGuinness...................................................................................................190 7.6.3 Mitchel McLaughlin ...................................................................................................196 7.6.4 Jim Gibney ................................................................................................................198 7.6.5 Tom Hartley ..............................................................................................................199 7.6.6 Alex Maskey..............................................................................................................201 7.6.7 Danny Morrison.........................................................................................................208 7.6.8 Gerry Kelly ................................................................................................................210 7.6.9 Weitere Sinn Féin Persönlichkeiten..........................................................................210 7.6.10 Frauen als Akteure im Konfliktsituationen ................................................................212 7.7 Zusammenfassung: Transformation der Akteure
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