Lisfranc Fracture Dislocation: a Review of a Commonly Missed Injury of the Midfoot Simon Lau,1 Michael Bozin,2 Tharsa Thillainadesan1
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Review Lisfranc fracture dislocation: a review of a commonly missed injury of the midfoot Simon Lau,1 Michael Bozin,2 Tharsa Thillainadesan1 1Department of Orthopaedic ABSTRACT the cuboid. Stability at the Lisfranc joint is provided Surgery, Royal Melbourne Musculoskeletal trauma to the foot is a common by its osseous configuration. The middle cuneiform Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia presentation to EDs. A Lisfranc fracture dislocation is recessed in comparison to the medial and lateral 2General Surgical and Trauma involves injury to the bony and soft tissue structures of cuneiforms, and this recess accommodates the base Registrar, Royal Melbourne the tarsometatarsal joint. While it is most commonly of the second metatarsal, creating a mortice of Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, seen post high velocity trauma, it can also present post sorts. Coronally, the cuneiforms are formed in a Australia minor trauma. It is also misdiagnosed in approximately trapezoidal shape and create a ‘Roman Arch’. The ‘ ’ Correspondence to 20% of cases. These Lisfranc injuries typically present to keystone to this is the recessed second metatarsal Dr Simon LauRoyal Melbourne EDs with pain particularly with weight bearing, swelling base. This keystone confers stability in the coronal Hospital, Orthopaedic Office, and post a characteristic mechanism of injury. Diagnosis plane to the midfoot and in cases of Lisfranc frac- Level 7 East, Grattan Street, is via clinical examination and radiological investigation tures dislocation, the loss of the stability and rigid- Parkville VIC 3050, Australia; — [email protected] typically plain radiographs and CTs. Once diagnosed, ity of arch at the midfoot can result in a pes planus Lisfranc injuries can be classified as stable or unstable. or flatfoot deformity. Received 7 September 2015 Stable injuries can be immobilised in EDs and discharged Further stability is provided by a number of liga- Revised 11 February 2016 home. Unstable injuries require an orthopaedic referral ments. The most significant of these is the Lisfranc Accepted 6 March 2016 for consideration of surgical fixation. ligament, which connects the base of the second Published Online First 24 March 2016 metatarsal to the lateral aspect of the medial cunei- form (figure 1). Dorsal and plantar tarsometatarsal ligaments and intermetatarsal ligaments further INTRODUCTION bind the TMTJ, with the plantar ligaments being Jacques Lisfranc was a Napoleonic surgeon who is the strongest of them. There is no ligamentous con- most famous for his development of a midfoot nection between the first and second metatarsal amputation at the tarsometatarsal level as a way of bases, placing these structures at risk of divergent treating gangrenous and frostbitten feet during the displacement during injury.8 This is the anatomical Napoleonic wars. His name has also since become basis upon which many existing classification synonymous with a variety of injury patterns systems have been developed. involving the tarsometatarsal joint (TMTJ) of the Biomechanically, the Lisfranc joint represents the foot.1 In modern day medicine, a Lisfranc injury transition from midfoot to forefoot, and is there- has come to represent fracture/dislocation of any of fore crucial for a normal gait pattern. Key to this the articular structures of the tarsometatarsal transition is the passage of force or weight from complex—the metatarsals, the TMTJ, cuneiforms, the midfoot such that there is an equal weight dis- cuboid and navicular.2 Overall, Lisfranc injuries are tribution across the six weight bearing structures of uncommon but can leave patients with significant the forefoot—namely the four metatarsal heads functional deficits. and the two sesamoids underlying the first metatar- sal head.9 Mobility within the joints of the TMTJ EPIDEMIOLOGY is therefore very important—particularly during The incidence of Lisfranc fracture dislocation has weight bearing over uneven ground. Motion been reported at 1 per 55 000/year.34Men are studies have found the lateral column to be signifi- between twofold and fourfold more likely to cantly more mobile than the medial two columns sustain these injuries than women; most commonly with 10°–20° of motion, compared with 5°–10° in their third decade.5 One of the largest reported medially and minimal movement at all in the inter- 10 studies of 76 Lisfranc injuries by Myerson et al mediate column (figure 2). The relative stiffness found that 58% were associated with polytrauma medially is possible because the centre of mobility and of these, motor vehicle accidents contributed on the medial side of the foot is at the talonavicular nearly two-thirds of all injuries.6 Concerningly, articulation. Biomechanically, the stiff intermediate Lisfranc fracture dislocations can be misdiagnosed column acts as a rigid lever arm during weight in up to 20% of cases67—with resultant long-term bearing, with the medial and lateral columns pro- malalignment and functional weight bearing viding appropriate adjustment as weight bearing difficulties. forces pass through the midfoot. ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS MECHANISMS OF INJURY Anatomically, the Lisfranc joint is composed of the The mechanisms of injury of the TMTJ can range tarsometatarsal, intermetatarsal and anterior inter- from low energy twisting injuries to high velocity To cite: Lau S, Bozin M, tarsal joints. Each of the medial three metatarsals trauma. The most common is direct injury—usually Thillainadesan T. Emerg Med articulates with a cuneiform bone, while the lateral to the dorsum of the foot—such as in high velocity – J 2017;34:52 56. two metatarsals articulate with separate facets on blunt trauma. Crush mechanisms are also common 52 Lau S, et al. Emerg Med J 2017;34:52–56. doi:10.1136/emermed-2015-205317 Review Figure 1 Anatomy of the midfoot and associated ligaments which confer stability across the Lisfranc joint. and can result in open injuries with significant soft tissue described based on divergence at the first and second metatarsal damage to the dorsum of the foot or even compartment syn- interval—either a medial or lateral direction. Type A fractures dromes. By contrast, indirect injuries can also occur in a hyper- demonstrate total incongruity at the TMTJ; type B fractures plantar flexed foot which is subjected to axial loading—often demonstrate partial incongruity of either the first ray in isolation sustained during sporting activities such as in football injuries (partial medial incongruity) or the remaining lateral four rays when another player falls onto a heel from above during mid- (partial lateral incongruity) and type C fractures develop diver- stride. First, the dorsal ligaments are disrupted, then the stron- gence at the first and second rays with either partial (C1) or ger plantar or Lisfranc ligaments and finally bony injury to total (C2) displacement6 (figure 3). varying degrees. There is no known correlation between mech- Despite the biomechanical and anatomical logic behind this anism and type of fracture pattern,10 but due to the high energy approach to classifying Lisfranc injuries, no proposed classifica- and potential soft tissue involvement, direct Lisfranc injuries are tion system has been able to associate fracture pattern with treat- shown to have worse clinical outcomes.611 ment method or prognosis,912a weakness in the utility of these systems. CLASSIFICATION DIAGNOSIS A number of classification systems have been proposed for Lower limb injuries are common presentations to EDs and 15% Lisfranc fracture dislocation based upon mechanism by which of these will involve foot pain and potentially suspicious the injury was sustained. The most recent and accepted is one mechanisms of injury.13 The goal of the emergency physician devised by Myerson et al, which helps to define Lisfranc injuries should be to distinguish between non-urgent or non-serious in a way to aid in clinical decision-making. Fractures are musculoskeletal foot pain and which of these might constitute a Lisfranc fracture that requires onward orthopaedic referral. History The diagnosis of a Lisfranc injury is not always straightforward and requires a detailed history, thorough examination and appropriate imaging. On history, one of the key distinguishing features of more serious injury is the inability to weight bear. If compelled, weight bearing is often painful, and there is an unwillingness or inability to stand on tiptoes. A patient without weight bearing pain is unlikely to have suffered a Lisfranc facture dislocation. Examination Examination findings in Lisfranc injury can be varied—posing a challenge to early assessment and diagnosis. Plantar arch ecchymosis is considered pathognomonic for Lisfranc injury but may be absent in instances of ligamentous strain or minor frac- turing14 (figure 214). However, there have been no studies asses- Figure 2 Right image: medial, intermediate and lateral columns sing the positive predictive value of this sign, and the evidence associated with midfoot biomechanics. Left image: plantar ecchymosis. for its significance appears anecdotal for now.14 If any suspicion Lau S, et al. Emerg Med J 2017;34:52–56. doi:10.1136/emermed-2015-205317 53 Review Figure 3 The 1986 Myerson classification for Lisfranc fracture dislocation.6 of foot injury is present, plain radiographs should be obtained. ▸ Drawing a line along the medial shaft and base of the second Following high velocity trauma, patients may present with metatarsal to the medial side of the middle cuneiform on AP severe swelling of the midfoot and associated widening or flat- film. tening of the foot. Soft tissue injury such as open fracture with ▸ Drawing a line between the medial side of the shaft and base skin deficits and injury to the dorsalis paedis may also be of the fourth metatarsal and the medial side of cuboid. present. In extreme cases, compartment syndrome can occur ▸ Assessing for widening of the interval between the first and and this is best assessed via the elicitation of pain out of propor- second ray of ≥2.7 mm. tion on passive stretch of the toes. Typically, patients are either ▸ Metatarsal base dorsal subluxation on the lateral view.15 too swollen or too tender to examine appropriately for midfoot range of motion.