The Branch of Science That Studies Earthquakes Is: ______

The branch of science that studies earthquakes is: ______

Question: What does the map of these earthquakes seem to resemble? ______

B. Earthquake by Definition: ______

- Caused by:

Earthquakes in PA

Date Local Time Magnitude April 22, 2009 9:21 1.1 April 23, 2009 6:26 2.4 April 24, 2009 1:36 2.9 April 30, 2009 18:36 2.0 May 11, 2009 01:18 1.3 May 11, 2009 01:34 1.2 October 25, 2009 07:16 2.6 October 25, 2009 07:18 1.8 October 25, 2009 07:21 2.8

Note: Largest Earthquake in PA was: ______

Recently close earthquake was: ______

Location: Time: Magnitude:

Question: Where do you notice these earthquakes occurring? ______

Boundaries and types of Earthquakes

•Build up of ______

Which boundary?______

Type of Earthquake: ______

Boundary: ______Plate Interaction: ______Type of Earthquakes: ______

Boundary: ______

Plate Interaction: ______Type of Earthquakes: ______

Boundary: ______Plate Interaction: ______Type of Earthquakes: ______

Types of Faults Fault: ______

Three Main Types: Normal, Reverse, Strike-Slip

"Hanging Wall"- The surface of block ______.

"Footwall"- The surface or block that ______.

Types of Faults

Earthquake Waves Origin and map location

SEISMIC WAVE BASICS

Characteristics of Seismic Waves •Body Waves •P and S seismic waves: ______

P-WAVE

•Primary: ______

•Travel fastest______, travel through ______

• A ______wave, like a ______

S-WAVE

•Secondary______

•Travel through ______

•Crest & trough ______

SURFACE WAVES • Seismic waves that only ______

• Rayleigh wave, and Love wave

• Do all the damage;______

Shadow Zones • Zone in which a wave is ______

• Monitoring centers ______

Learning the Travel Time Graph

How long does it take a P-wave to travel a. 1000 km: ______b. 2200 km: ______c. 3400 km: ______d. 4600 km: ______e. 5800 km: ______f. 6500 km: ______

How long does it take a S-wave to travel a. 1000 km: ______b. 2200 km: ______c. 3400 km: ______d. 4600 km: ______e. 5800 km: ______f. 6500 km: ______

How far does a P-wave travel in a. 1:00 min: ______b. 3:20 min: ______c. 5:40 min: ______d. 8:00 min: ______e. 9:20 min: ______f. 11:00 min: ______

How far does a S-wave travel in a. 1:00 min: ______b. 3:20 min: ______c. 5:40 min: ______d. 8:00 min: ______e. 9:20 min: ______f. 11:00 min: ______

Earthquakes Seismic Wave Basics

Finding an Epicenter

Use the data from the recording stations: Station A: San Francisco, California

P-Wave arrival S-Wave arrival

Calculate the time difference between P and S wave arrivals? (Subtract the S-wave from the P-wave)

Station B: Denver, Colorado

P-Wave arrival S-Wave arrival

Calculate the time difference between P and S wave arrivals? (Subtract the S-wave from the P-wave)

Station C: Missoula, Montana

P-Wave arrival S-Wave arrival

Calculate the time difference between P and S wave arrivals? (Subtract the S-wave from the P-wave)

Difference in arrival times:

Station A: San Francisco, California ______

Station B: Denver, Colorado ______

Station C: Missoula, Montana ______

EPICENTER DISTANCES Station A: San Francisco, California ______

Station B: Denver, Colorado ______

Station C: Missoula, Montana ______

Calculating Distances to the to the Epicenter of an Earthquake

1. How far from a seismograph is the epicenter of a quake if the difference in arrival times between the P and S waves are:

a. 5:00 min: ______

b. 8:30 min: ______

c. 3:40 min: ______

d. 6:20 min: ______

2. How far (not time) is a seismograph from the epicenter of a quake if:

a. P wave arrives at 8:00:00 S wave arrives at 8:04:30 ______

b. P wave arrives at 12:30:00 S wave arrives at 12:37:40 ______

3. If a seismograph is 7000 km from the epicenter how long will it take before a S-wave would appear? ______

4. If a seismograph is 2500 km from the epicenter how long will it take before a S-wave would appear? ______

5. What is the difference in arrival time between P and 3 Waves if the quake occurs:

a. 4500 km from the seismograph? ______

b. 4500 km from the seismograph? ______

c. 2800 km from the seismograph? ______

6. if a quake is recorded at a seismograph station at 11:00:00. This earthquake was 3600 km from the epicenter, at what time did the quake actually occur? Origin time:

Locating an Epicenter on a Map through Triangulation Use the three seismograms to determine the location of an earthquake

Location 1: Houston, Texas

Location 2: Chicago, Illinois

Location 3: Seattle, Washington

Seismograph Arrival Time Difference in Distance to Station Arrival Time Epicenter P-wave S-wave

Earthquake Measurement Scales Richter Scale • Measures the ______to gauge an ______

• Measures the energy ______

• Uses a ______to measure an earthquakes’ strength.

Mercalli Scale • Measures the amount of______.

• Rating depends on amount______.

• No ______measurements taken.