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Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung und Lemziele.................................................................................... 1 Literatur................................................................................................................. 3 Teil I Grundlagen 2 Ein spezieller Blick auf Ursprung und Denkweise der Kybernetik................ 7 2.1 Was Kybernetik ist und was Kybernetik nicht ist......................................... 8 2.1.1 Zwei Beispiele kybernetischer Sichtweisen..................................... 10 2.1.2 Kybernetik im Wörterbuch der Kybernetik....................................... 15 2.1.3 Kybernetik und Cybernetics............................................................. 21 2.2 Systemisches und kybernetisches Denken................................................... 26 2.2.1 Zirkulärer Ablauf in sechs Schritten................................................ 26 2.2.2 Systemabgrenzung............................................................................ 27 2.2.3 Teil und Ganzheit.............................................................................. 27 2.2.4 Wirkungsgefüge.................................................................................. 28 2.2.5 Struktur und Verhalten........................................................................ 30 2.2.6 Lenkung und Entwicklung............................................................... 31 2.2.7 Wahrnehmung oder die Kybernetik der Kybernetik......................... 32 2.3 Kontrollfragen................................................................................................ 34 Literatur................................................................................................................. 35 3 Grundbegriffe und Sprache der Kybernetik..................................................... 37 3.1 System - System............................................................................................ 39 3.2 Regelkreis und Elemente - Control Circuit and Elements........................... 41 3.3 Negative Rückkopplung - Balanced Feedback............................................. 48 3.4 Positive Rückkopplung - Reenforced Feedback........................................... 50 3.5 Ziel bzw. Zweck - Aim resp. Purpose........................................................... 51 3.6 Selbstregulation - Self-Regulation............................................................... 51 IX X Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.7 Fließgleichgewicht - Steady-State und andere Gleichgewichte................... 52 3.8 Homöostase - Homeostasis.......................................................................... 53 3.9 Varietät - Variety........................................................................................... 54 3.10 Ashbysches Gesetz von der erforderlichen Varietät - Ashbys Law of requisite Variety............................................................................................. 55 3.11 Autopoiesis - Autopoesis.............................................................................. 56 3.12 Systemmodellierung - System Modelling..................................................... 57 3.13 Kontrollfragen................................................................................................. 63 Literatur................................................................................................................. 64 Teil II Kybernetiker und kybernetische Modelle 4 Kybernetik und ihre Repräsentanten.................................................................. 67 4.1 Norbert Wiener und Julian Bigelow.............................................................. 68 4.2 Arturo Rosenblueth...................................................................................... 70 4.3 John von Neumann........................................................................................ 71 4.4 Warren Sturgis McCulloch............................................................................ 73 4.5 Walter Pitts..................................................................................................... 74 4.6 William Ross Ashby...................................................................................... 75 4.7 Gregory Bateson............................................................................................. 78 4.8 Humberto Maturana und Francisco Varela................................................... 80 4.9 Stafford Beer................................................................................................... 82 4.10 Karl Wolfgang Deutsch................................................................................ 83 4.11 Ludwig von Bertalanffy................................................................................ 84 4.12 Heinz von Foerster........................................................................................ 85 4.13 Jay Wright Forrester...................................................................................... 86 4.14 Frederic Vester.............................................................................................. 90 4.15 Schlussbemerkung.......................................................................................... 99 4.16 Kontrollfragen............................................................................................... 99 Literatur...................................................................................................................100 5 Kybernetische Modelle und Ordnungen.............................................................103 5.1 Kybernetik mechanischer Systeme..................................................................104 5.2 Kybernetik natürlicher Systeme......................................................................108 5.3 Kybernetik humaner sozialer Systeme........................................................... 113 5.4 Kybernetik 1. Ordnung.................................................................................... 114 5.5 Kybernetik 2. Ordnung.................................................................................... 117 5.6 Kontrollfragen.................................................................................................. 119 Literatur...................................................................................................................120 Inhaltsverzeichnis XI Teil III Kybernetische Theorien und Praxisbeispiele 6 Kybernetik und Theorien......................................................................................123 6.1 Systemtheorie.................................................................................................. 123 6.1.1 Günther Ropohl und seine Systemtheorie der Technik...................... 124 6.1.2 Niklas Luhmann und seine Theorie sozialer Systeme........................ 128 6.2 Informationstheorie........................................................................................131 6.3 Algorithmentheorie........................................................................................133 6.4 Automatentheorie............................................................................................134 6.5 Entscheidungstheorie......................................................................................136 6.6 Spieltheorie...................................................................................................... 139 6.7 Lerntheorie...................................................................................................... 142 6.8 Kontrollfragen................................................................................................149 Literatur.................................................................................................................. 150 7 Kybernetische Systeme in der Praxis................................................................. 153 7.1 Kybernetische Systeme in der Natur............................................................. 156 7.1.1 Blutzucker-Regelkreis....................................................................... 157 7.1.2 Pupillen-Regelkreis..............................................................................158 7.1.3 Regelkreismodell im Ökosystem Wald...............................................160 7.2 Kybernetische Systeme in der Technik......................................................... 162 7.2.1 Regelung der Bildschärfe einer Kamera.............................................162 7.2.2 Positionsregelung des Schreib-/Lese-Kopfes in einem Computer-Festplattenlaufwerk........................................................... 163 7.2.3 Regelung der Servolenkung bei einem Kraftfahrzeug........................ 164 7.2.4 Regelung der Raum-und Heizwassertemperatur...............................165 7.3 Kybernetische Systeme in der Wirtschaft.......................................................166 7.3.1 Ein kybernetisches Wirtschaftsmodell beschaffungsinduzierter Störgrößen..........................................................................................169 7.3.2 Der kybernetische Regelkreis als Managementinstrument im Anlagenlebenszyklus......................................................................... 174 7.3.3 Die CyberPractice-Methode nachDr. Boysen....................................177 7.4 Kybernetische Systeme in der Gesellschaft...................................................180 7.4.1 Soziokybernetik................................................................................. 181 7.4.2 Psychologische
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