US Forest Service Technical Assistance Trip to the Federal Democratic Republic of

In Support to USAID-Ethiopia for Assistance in Rangeland Management Support to the Pastoralist Livelihoods Initiative for USAID-Ethiopia Office of Business Environment Agriculture & Trade

Training in Rangeland Ecology and Management for Improved Rangeland Health and Forage Productivity Final Report – December 1, 2006 Mission Dates: October 20-November 5, 2006

Cattle and pastoralist near Negele, Region 10/29/06

Report Submitted by:

Nancy Prall David Bradford Range Management Specialist Range Management Specialist USDA Forest Service USDA Forest Service Humboldt-Toiyabe N.F. Grand Mesa, Uncompaghre, Gunnison N.F. Elko, Nevada 89801 Paonia, CO 81428 (775) 778-6113 (970)-527-4131 [email protected] [email protected]

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4

SCOPE OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 4

BACKGROUND 5

USAID Request and Objectives of the Technical Assistance 5

Mission Activities 6

ISSUES, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7

Underlying Issues 7

Issue 1

Rangeland training curriculum development 8

FINDING

Students need to develop more specialized skills in Rangeland Ecology and Management 8

Recommendations 9

Issue 2

Integration of pastoralist knowledge and collaboration between entities 11

FINDINGS

People are trained in technical skills, but not in pastoralist knowledge and tradition 11

Lack of collaboration, cooperation, and integration between organizations to develop consistent training programs 12

Need to integrate training development with other research and development actions in Ethiopia 13

RECOMMENDATIONS 15

2 CONCLUSIONS 16

The need for future training missions 16

Appendix 1. References 18

Appendix 2. Actual Mission Itinerary for USFS Team Oct. 20 –Nov. 5, 2006 19

Appendix 3. Scope of Work 22

Appendix 4. Draft Trip Schedule as of October 20, 2006 26

Appendix 5. List of organizations and individuals involved in the mission 28

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This mission was conducted by two USFS range management specialists, Dave Bradford & Nancy Prall, from October 20 to November 5, 2006 to determine what is needed to develop rangeland ecology and management education in Ethiopia. After a series of discussions with NGO personnel, federal and regional government officials, observations of lowland pastoralist areas in Ethiopia, and a presentation of current range principles and teaching methods used in the western US, the USFS team concluded that Ethiopian students need to develop more specialized skills in Rangeland Ecology and Management. While Ethiopians have access to education in animal health and general natural resource disciplines, most instruction focuses only on highland forest ecosystems and agricultural development. In addition, there should be better integration of pastoralist knowledge into new range training programs, and improved collaboration between entities. Students are trained in technical skills related to animal health and natural resources, but not in pastoralist knowledge and tradition specific to lowland ecosystems. There is also a lack of collaboration and cooperation between organizations such as NGOs and federal and regional levels of government in the planning and development of training programs. To help accomplish this, Ethiopians need to integrate new training with other research and development actions in Ethiopia to make new education curricula relevant to current science and policy actions. Training programs should be developed to teach university, technical college, and pastoralist students the concepts and techniques specific to each pastoralist area while integrating information about local ecosystems, management challenges, pastoralist knowledge and tradition. Finally, there is a need for future missions during which USFS personnel can conduct a series of interactive workshops involving Ethiopians in the development of rangeland ecology and management training programs that are relevant to pastoralist traditions, knowledge and culture.

SCOPE OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

The specific objective for the Training in Rangeland Ecology and Management for Improved Rangeland Health and Forage Productivity mission was to “initiate a series of training activities on this subject and to gain the understanding and support of high level officials in the Ethiopian national and regional governments for rangeland management principles.” USAID requested specifically that the USFS team provide technical assistance and expertise in the areas of rangeland and livestock management with the goal of providing a training program and curriculum to improve rangeland management capacity among practitioners, educators, and decision-makers.

“Pastoralism can be defined as a land use system, an economic mode of production and way of life for many people who derive most of their income or sustenance from keeping domestic livestock reared in conditions where most of the feed is natural rather than cultivated.” Gebru, G, Desta, S., and D.L. Coppock (eds) 2004. Many people have recognized that there are problems in the pastoral lands of Ethiopia, as well as in much of East Africa. These problems are complex. They include “ (1) Improvement of infrastructure (such as the Moyale to Isiolo Road in Kenya); (2) reduction of trade barriers between Kenya and Ethiopia; (3) improved livestock marketing; (4) eliminate further losses of pastoral lands

4 to outside interests; (5) enhance empowerment of local people; (6) improve security; and (7) enhance the local networking among Ethiopian researchers and policy makers.” Gebru, G, Desta, S., and D.L. Coppock (eds) 2004. In addition, there is a need to promote a better understanding of rangeland ecology by assisting in the development of a rangeland management training curriculum that is tailored to the local customs and issues facing lowland pastoralists in Ethiopia. These curricula should be developed in a clear, collaborative process by Ethiopian federal and regional government personnel, universities that have or can develop range management training, NGO’s, and pastoralist leaders who all understand the complexities of Ethiopian lowland range ecosystems as well as the traditions and culture of pastoralists. First steps in the development of curricula for university students, technical college trainees, and pastoralists are presented in this report as recommendations provided by USFS specialists with experience in range management and ecology. These recommendations are the result of discussions with Ethiopian NGO, federal and regional government staff, comments from individuals throughout lowland pastoralist areas, and observations by the USFS team, and are intended to support continued development of rangeland ecology and management training in the country of Ethiopia. USAID requested that this mission provide technical assistance and expertise in the areas of rangeland and livestock management with the goal of providing a training program and curriculum to improve rangeland management capacity among practitioners, educators, and decision- makers. This was accomplished by the team presenting current rangeland management training techniques and information.

BACKGROUND

USAID request and objectives of the technical assistance

This technical assistance mission was developed in response to discussions between the US Forest Service International Programs Office, and the Office of Business Environment Agriculture and Trade (BEAT) of the U.S. Agency for International Development Ethiopia Mission. The request for technical assistance came about as USAID-Ethiopia began implementing the Pastoralist Livelihood Initiative (PLI) project, which has a significant rangeland resource and grazing management component associated with its successful implementation.

The goal of the PLI is to reduce poverty, hunger and vulnerability to droughts and other shocks in selected pastoralist communities in Ethiopia. The objective of the PLI is to mitigate the impact of drought and other shocks by sustainably improving preparedness, livelihoods and incomes of pastoralists. The PLI program has four major intermediate results as follows:

IR1: Stocking rates and production of livestock optimized in the extensive grazing areas of Somali, Afar, and the pastoral lowlands of Oromia Regional States. IR2: Pastoralists prepared for droughts and other shocks through the establishment of livestock specific early warning and response mechanisms in Somali and Afar regions and select lowland Woredas of southern Oromia region. IR3: Pastoralists income increased through efficient off-take of livestock and animal

5 products from pastoralist areas of Somali region, Afar region, and the lowlands of Orimia region as a result of improved access to well organized livestock markets. IR4: Harmonization of technical and policy processes to support the preparedness, livelihoods and incomes of the pastoralists strengthened.

The PLI is being implemented by a consortium of non-governmental agencies (NGO’s) in collaboration with the Government of Ethiopia at all levels of government. Assistance awards were made in late September, 2005 with implementation activities beginning in October, 2005. This mission was conducted from October 20 through November 5, 2006.

Before this technical assistance mission, USAID BEAT personnel emphasized their need for expert, outside opinion on matters related to rangeland and other resource management in pastoralist areas of Ethiopia. The USFS International Programs has a history of technical assistance missions in Africa and access, through its association with the National Forest System (NFS) portion of the agency, to many rangeland professionals with experience in arid ecosystems. Additional needs identified by USAID for the mission were experience in invasive species management, extensive grazing management, drought management, and conflict resolution. USFS International Programs had this expertise available through a subsequent request to NFS and agreed to the mission.

A complete scope of work is available in Appendix 2 of this document, but the primary objectives of this technical assistance mission were as follows:

1. Assessment: Through a five day field visit and discussions with NGO personnel, USAID Ethiopia, and Government of Ethiopia officials, this team gained a better understanding of current rangeland and livestock management challenges and opportunities in Ethiopia. With this improved understanding, the USFS, in cooperation with Ethiopian natural resource and livestock management personnel may then develop more effective training strategies that integrate lowland pastoralist knowledge and tradition with current range management techniques. 2. Recommendations: Based on this assessment, the USFS will provide recommendations to USAID Ethiopia, NGO partners, and the Government of Ethiopia, on how rangeland ecology training and ecosystem management can be developed and improved in Ethiopia. The USFS will also present current rangeland management training that is available in the United States and discuss training methods that may be appropriate for use in Ethiopia.

Mission Activities

Given the stated objectives, the itinerary for this mission was planned to provide a mix of pertinent discussions, field visits, and meetings with appropriate Ethiopian government officials, USAID PLI staff, and NGO personnel from CARE and Save the Children. Perhaps most important, field visits were conducted to the Afar and Oromia regions in lowland Ethiopia to view existing rangeland management activities in pastoralist areas, discuss current issues, traditional practices, and culture. A brief listing of some of the highlights of the assessment team’s activities includes the following:

6

1. Meetings and discussions with NGO implementing partners for the PLI, especially those involved in activities associated with rangeland management and resource conditions on the rangelands in the target pastoralist areas. There was extensive discussion with Save the Children and CARE personnel. 2. Meetings and discussions with NGOs and others with a long history of resource related work in the pastoralist areas of Ethiopia. 3. Meetings and discussions with Ministry of Agriculture officials within the Ethiopian federal government. 4. Meetings and discussions with Regional agricultural and resource management authorities in lowland pastoralist areas (Liben district), local, woreda-level administrators and personnel (Yabello research center staff). 5. Guided field visits to the Afar, Oromia, and Borana Regions to view current rangeland management methods, and discuss historical pastoralist patterns and practices in these areas. 6. Meetings and discussions with USAID personnel responsible for implementation of the PLI program.

ISSUES, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

UNDERLYING ISSUES:

During our mission to Ethiopia, it was made clear to us that there are a number of underlying issues in this country that are negatively affecting rangeland conditions. These include rapid population growth, and expanding agriculture due to both increased population and government promotion of agricultural projects in semi-arid pastoral areas. The expansion of agriculture results in pastoralists having smaller areas to graze and reduced mobility. Fire is no longer part of the ecosystem, which, when combined with increased livestock pressure on lowland vegetation, is leading to brush encroachment on traditional pastoralist grazing lands. With reduced pastoralist mobility, the consequences of drought are more severe because there is less flexibility in grazing patterns to allow vegetation to successfully recover from drought events. Drought effects, therefore, become more severe, because before pastoralists, livestock, and vegetation can recover from one drought, there is another event which perpetuates degraded range conditions and food insecurity.

There are two major issues that need to be addressed regarding rangeland management in lowland pastoralist areas: practitioners and policy. Practitioners: if a course curriculum is developed that sets the bar for a certain level of essential competence in rangeland management, then all courses can be developed with these basic requirements satisfied. Without this fundamental level of understanding about necessary rangeland training requirements, Ethiopia will have a lack of relevant knowledge and skills among professionals working in lowland pastoralist areas. Policy: there is a lack of understanding and harmonization between different groups as to what is needed in rangeland training. To help engage the Ethiopian federal government in future changes in range management training on a national level, an economically important link should be made between pastoralists, livestock, and the export of hides and skins by the country of Ethiopia. If the economic

7 importance of the livestock, pastoralists and the health of their traditional grazing lands are strongly linked together, there is a much greater chance of success through cooperation and awareness from the federal level of Ethiopian government. Other levels of the Ethiopian government and NGOs are well aware of what is lacking in rangeland ecology and management training, but there must be some common understanding and agreement between all entities involved in developing the training to have a successful result.

Finally, there is a critical need for integration of the four PLI/USFS missions over the long term (longer than 2 years) to accomplish the goals of this PLI project. It will be vital to continue missions in land use planning, rangeland ecology and management training, prescribed fire, and invasive vegetation management by USFS staff that have become familiar with the complex issues facing Ethiopian government and NGO personnel. It is apparent that each of the four Forest Service missions is critical in the success of the goals for the PLI partners. To be successful in controlling invasive plants and implementing prescribed burns, it is necessary to develop rangeland ecology and management training plans for Ethiopian professionals. Without technical training in rangeland ecology and management, it will be difficult for the Ethiopians to successfully implement prescribed burns or invasive brush treatments once PLI personnel are no longer present in-country. Without land use planning to address increasing agricultural expansion, pastoralists will continue to lose mobility and Ethiopian rangelands will continue to deteriorate. Ethiopian government and NGO workers, as well as Forest Service staff, have stated a critical need to approach the rangeland issues in this country with an integrated, cooperative approach that incorporates all four of the original Forest Service missions, including land use planning, rangeland training, invasive species control, and prescribed burning as priorities in improving rangeland management in Ethiopia. It is important that the training and planning missions are accomplished and implementation related to these two missions has begun so that Ethiopian personnel have the tools to start developing a rangeland management program tailored to the needs of each specific woreda and pastoralist group.

ISSUE #1: Rangeland training curriculum development.

Finding 1. Students need to develop more specialized skills in Rangeland Ecology and Management.

University students, extension agents, and others such as NGO personnel need more training in the specific concepts of Rangeland Ecology and Management. These concepts include but are not limited to:

List of rangeland ecology and management skills needed for professional range managers:

The following subjects highlight the fundamental knowledge that will be necessary in any Ethiopian rangeland management training program, from university to field level courses. With these basic skills and some field experience, rangeland managers will have the tools to plan and implement projects such as control of invasive species and prescribed burns. New range education programs should be developed with methods and information specific to

8 Ethiopia, so it is likely that there will be additions to this list. 1. Plant physiology – how grasses, forbs and shrubs grow. 2. Plant response to herbivory – how plants respond to time, duration and intensity of grazing. 3. Livestock Behavior – the effects of livestock behavior on how they graze, what they graze and how they learn to make nutritional choices. 4. Livestock Nutrition – basic livestock nutrition requirements and how grazing management affects rangeland forage quality and quantity. 5. Grazing management techniques – grazing systems, salting, supplements, herding, fencing, etc. 6. Water Developments – how water affects livestock performance and how water developments affect livestock management and use of rangeland forage. 7. Grazing strategies – how to develop grazing management strategies to meet livestock requirements, improve or maintain rangeland conditions and maintain production efficiencies. 8. Identification of important plant species. 9. Soil Science – how soil types affect rangeland potential.

In addition to developing a specific degree with these topics (as a minimum) in Rangeland Management, other students that will be working in lowland pastoralist areas should have some training in rangeland management so they understand lowland ecosystems, even if they are Animal Health or Natural Resource specialists. Most university and technical training is targeted towards sedentary highland agriculturalists and forest ecosystems with high rainfall, not tailored to the needs and issues of the drier environments and different culture and lifestyle of nomadic pastoralists in the lowlands. Therefore, more classroom and hands on field training are needed in the management and ecology of rangelands in arid and semiarid precipitation zones. Research centers, NGO’s, and extension efforts lack skilled manpower with training in rangeland ecology and management as there is little or no established curriculum of study in lowland ecosystems.

ISSUE #1 RECOMMENDATIONS:

1. Develop a university level program for rangeland ecology and management. Based upon our observations, word of mouth in-country, and an online search of existing university programs in Ethiopia, there are no rangeland ecology and management programs at any university in Ethiopia. Rangeland training plans are being developed at University and Haromaya (previously known as Allemaya) University. These universities should be assisted and supported in their efforts, as this will provide Ethiopia with college graduates who have training in rangeland ecology and management. Ethiopian officials should also consider developing more undergraduate and graduate range programs at other colleges and universities. Future Forest Service missions could provide assistance in developing new programs that are relevant to Ethiopian rangelands by presenting college curricula found at US universities and sharing personal experiences from both student and instructor perspectives of what works when teaching range management principles. If employees are well trained, NGOs and other pastoralist support organizations are

9 better equipped to assist pastoralists. 2. Develop a degree program at the technical college level specific to rangeland management. The government of Ethiopia (GoE) through the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MOARD) initiated a technical training program of technology transfer for agriculture in 2000. Graduates of this program are assigned to Farmer’s Training Centers throughout the country. This program, called the Agricultural Technical Vocational Education & Training Program (ATVET), has 25 colleges located throughout Ethiopia, but only 4 are located in pastoralist areas: Assosa College in the Benishangul Region, Gambella College in the Gambella Region, Gewane College in the Afar Region and College in the Somali Region. None are located in the Oromia region, an area with a very strong pastoralist tradition. The current ATVET program consists of a three-year diploma program in five disciplines. They are:

List of current ATVET academic programs (MOARD – ATVET Course Catalogue): 1. Animal Health. 2. Animal Science. 3. Agricultural Co-operatives Development. 4. Natural Resources Development. 5. Plant Science.

3. There should be some basic range management training for students in the technical college degrees listed above. This training is critical because many of these students obtain jobs in lowland pastoralist areas and have little or no training in this type of ecosystem. The ATVET course catalogue lists a range management course in the Animal Sciences program but does not include a course description. Ato Geshaw Geda, head of curriculum development for the ATVET program, informed us that the range management curriculum is scheduled for revision. This revision period is an excellent opportunity to update and revise the curriculum so that rangeland management becomes a focus for students who will be working with pastoralists. In summary, we recommend that more range management/lowland pastoralism courses be added to the curricula for Animal Husbandry, Animal Health, Crop Production, Natural Resource Development and Conservation, and Cooperative Development degrees to help adequately prepare students who will be working in the lowland pastoralist systems.

4. Consider developing a Rangeland Ecology and Management degree for the ATVET program. This curriculum would include more specific training in lowland pastoralist/rangeland management and ecology. If extension agents obtain a degree in Range Management, then they have known skills and a specific title so that they can be sent into an appropriate career in a lowland pastoralist area.

5. Training in Rangeland Ecology and Management should, as a minimum, include the fundamental subjects in the list of rangeland ecology and management skills needed on pages 8 and 9. These technical skills are critical when considering long term

10 rangeland management in Ethiopia. For example, we were told that there is a perception by some natural resource professionals in Ethiopia that brush invasion is a natural process and humans should not intervene. As a first step, an educational effort should be made by the invasive species mission using historic photographs from the United States to illustrate brush encroachment in order to develop support for invasive brush treatments in Ethiopia. This educational effort will raise awareness of the issue, which will in turn highlight the need for specific technical training, since brush encroachment varies from region to region, and treatment efforts must be approached differently in various areas. Range managers must have some basic skills in lowland systems so that they can determine the best course of action in each location.

6. Establish a more collaborative process to implement rangeland curricula at different educational institutions, and then make sure that process is dynamic as new research occurs. A Natural Resource Working Group supported by the federal government exists now, but we have been told that it is not functioning adequately and would benefit from inviting more participation from interested parties.

7. The IIED course should be included in training at university, technical college, and field levels. Natural resource and rangeland management issues go beyond national borders into Kenya and Tanzania. Therefore, the incorporation of training, such as the IIED, course that considers pastoralist systems and culture will be important in training university and technical college students.

ISSUE #2: Integration of pastoralist knowledge and collaboration between entities.

Finding 1. People are trained in technical skills, but not in pastoralist knowledge and tradition.

There is a need for integration of lowland pastoralist knowledge and tradition when developing rangeland training programs. We heard from regional government staff and NGO personnel that local knowledge and traditions of lowland pastoralists are not considered when training plans are developed. Rangeland management is a combination of technical skills and traditional knowledge, therefore Ethiopian rangeland managers and general animal health/husbandry and natural resource staff need both technical training at from colleges as well as traditional knowledge gained from lowland pastoralists.

There are 3 major components to each pastoralist system, including water, pasture, and the traditional management system. In addition to these components, specific areas in lowland Ethiopia have different issues. For example, the Afar region near Awash has certain grazing and weather patterns, is more degraded (severe brush encroachment and extensive forage loss), and traditional systems have been weakened by pressures such as increased population and loss of grazing land due to agricultural expansion. On the other hand, in the Borana zone in the Oromia region, there are different grazing patterns as a result of the timing of wet and dry seasons, the land is in better condition, and the traditional lowland pastoralist systems are stronger. In many areas, pastoralists are pushed into areas of conflict due to increasing

11 demand for grazing land, which reduces their mobility, and as a result, they do not have enough grazing land to support their herds of camels, horses, cattle, sheep and goats. The reduction in available grazing land is due to urban area growth from industrial development, agricultural (cropland) expansion, brush encroachment from invasive plant species (both native and exotic), and rapidly increasing human populations. When there is less available pasture, pastoralists are forced into rangelands which are used continuously throughout the year and rapidly degrade. At times this degradation process is accelerated when water developments are constructed in dry season grazing areas in conjunction with the fact that there are too many animals forced to graze outside of traditional rotations. The pastoralists are acutely aware of these issues and have ideas on how to solve them, therefore it will be critical to empower pastoralists by making them part of rangeland training development and problem solving processes.

Finding 2. Lack of collaboration, cooperation, and integration between organizations to develop consistent training programs.

During our conversations with government and NGO officials, we found that there is often a lack of collaboration when rangeland ecosystem and management training is developed. Ethiopian NGOs must be involved in both the development of curricula and training processes; they are a key element in rangeland ecosystem management and play a key role in presenting information to local people in the field. We found during our discussion with federal officials in that they feel training curricula are appropriate for the lowland areas, but when talking to district level officials, the pastoralist traditions, culture, and knowledge are not incorporated into training for personnel such as extension agents. There is also an understanding at the district level that pastoralists must be involved and need to participate in creating solutions instead of being told what to do, because empowering these people with tools to implement change will be key to problem solving.

There are numerous entities involved in livestock and grazing management in Ethiopia. These entities include:

1. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MOARD), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ethiopian Parliament, Pastoralist Affairs Standing Committee, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 3. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 4. Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Adam Tulu Research Center, Zewai, Ethiopia and Yabello Pastoral and Dry Land Agriculture Research Center, Yabello, Ethiopia (Regional government). 5. Afar Pastoral and Agro-pastoral Research Institute, Semerra, Ethiopia (Regional government). 6. Somali Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Research Institute, , Ethiopia (Regional government). 7. Oromia Area Development Commission, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Regional government). 8. SNNP Pastoral Development Commission, Awassa, Ethiopia (Regional

12 government). 9. International Livestock Research Institute – ILRI. Located in Nairobi, Kenya, with a second campus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (NGO). 10. Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program – Global Livestock CRSP. University of California, Davis (NGO). 11. Pastoral Risk Management (PARIMA) Project. Utah State University, Logan, Utah (NGO). 12. Save the Children, USA (NGO). 13. CARE (NGO). 14. FARM AFRICA (NGO). 15. SOS Sahel (NGO). 16. Action for Development (NGO). 17. Lay Volunteers International Association LVIA (NGO). 18. Afar Pastoralist Development Association APDA (NGO). 19. Hope for the Horn (NGO).

There are many organizations involved in the pastoralist and rangeland issues of Ethiopia. There should be a way to coordinate between all of these organizations to avoid duplication and conflicting efforts. Coordination between the four Forest Service areas of concentration in short term technical assistance to PLI is also very important for the success of land-use planning, implementation of range training programs, invasive species management, and prescribed burns.

Finding 3. Need to integrate training development with other research and development actions in Ethiopia.

There is an effort in Ethiopia being pursued by USAID, the Ethiopian government, and NGOs to implement new policies that would take effect when an emergency situation occurs, especially drought. These policy actions include: emergency de-stocking, protecting breeding herds, emergency animal health, restocking, and natural resource management. These policies would become law and will take effect if a severe drought occurs. Any training that is developed should take these policies into account, and integrate the principles into overall development.

The GoE has had an agricultural research arm since 1966. In October of 2005 this program was renamed the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). Its purpose is to coordinate all research activities (plants, animals and natural resources including forestry) undertaken by different institutions (federal research centers, regional research centers, universities, colleges, the Ministry of Agriculture, and others) in different parts of the country. The Institute of Agricultural Research is part of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Current EIAR research strategies involve the following sectors: Crops, Animal Science, Forestry, Soil and Water, Dryland Agriculture, Socio-economics and Biotechnology (http://www.eiar.gov.et). Below is a list of 19 EIAR research centers found on the EIAR website:

1. Adami Tulu – Oromia Region, research commodities – beef (nationally coordinated).

13 2. Ambo - Oromia Region, research commodities – national crop protection research on major crops. 3. Assosa - Benshagul Region, established in 2005. 4. Areka - SSNP Region, crops, natural resources, socio economics, enset (nationally coordinated). 5. Awassa - SSNP Region, maize. 6. Bako - - Oromia Region, maize (nationally coordinated). 7. Debra Berhan – Amhara region, small ruminants (nationally coordinated). 8. Debre Zeit - Oromia Region, maize (nationally coordinated). 9. Forestry – Addis Ababa – forestry, agro-forestry and forest products. 10. Holetta – Oromia Region, crops, livestock and natural resources. 11. – Oromia Region, coffee (nationally coordinated), spices (nationally coordinated), maize sorghum, teff, lowland pulses, fruit, potatoes roots, tubers. 12. Kulumsa - Oromia Region,wheat, highland pulse, highland oilcrops and potatoes. 13. Melkassa – Oromia Region, vegetables (nationally coordinated), fruit (nationally coordinated), sorghum (nationally coordinated), beans (nationally coordinated) maize, teff and farm implements (nationally coordinated). 14. National Soil Laboratory – Addis Ababa, soil research. 15. Pawe – Benishangul Region, rice, maize, finger millet, sorghum, lowland pulses. 16. Animal Health – Adis Ababa, pastures, forages and animal health. 17. Sebeta Fish and other aquatic lives – near Addis Ababa, fish (nationally coordinated). 18. Werer- Afar Region, cotton (nationally coordinated), lowland crops (nationally coordinated), irrigation and soil management, small ruminants and horticulture. 19. Essential Oils – Addis Ababa, essential oils.

As this information shows, and as we heard numerous times from regional government and NGO personnel, the GoE does not place sufficient emphasis on pastoralism or rangeland production of livestock. While some of the centers may conduct related research on general livestock production, there is no indication that the EIAR is doing any work on livestock production or rangeland management in the arid and semi-arid environments of Afar, Oromia and Somali Regions. When training new range management specialists, it is important to incorporate current research into their education, therefore if local research centers are not emphasizing lowland ecosystems in their studies, this critical part of training will not be passed on to students. . There are currently three regional research institutes, including:

1. APARI – Afar Pastoral & Agropastoral Research Institute. 2. SORPARI – Somali Region Pastoral & Agropastoral Research. 3. OPARI – Oromayi Regional Agricultural Research institute.

In addition a new research center has been established in Yabello, Oromia – the Yabello Pastoral and Agricultural Center. The Yabello center was established in 2004 and work is still underway to get the facility open and functioning. This center received funding from the federal government but is expected to rely on regional funding for operations. A review of the work being done in the established regional research centers indicates that most work is

14 focusing on dryland crops and cropping systems. Increased funding from the GoE and Oromia regional government should increase this center’s ability to become a leader in pastoralist/arid and semi-arid rangeland and livestock management research. If the center focuses on lowland ecosystems in its research projects, it will play a vital role in the education of Ethiopian rangeland management specialists.

ISSUE #2 RECOMMENDATIONS

Finding 1: People are trained in technical skills, but not in pastoralist knowledge and tradition.

When individuals are trained in the ATVET program, their training appears to be based only on technical concepts taught in the classroom. While these technical skills are very important, as mentioned previously in Issue 1, additional emphasis should be placed on giving these students more hands-on experience. Hands-on field training in pastoralist knowledge, traditions, and social/gender issues will be necessary in both university and technical training programs, which could be accomplished with more “practical attachments” (internships) before a student begins his or her career. In addition, when a new employee begins work in Ethiopian extension or for an NGO, there should be more on-the-job training that includes specific education in each region about local pastoralist groups and their traditions, knowledge, and culture. Students should also learn to conduct training programs for pastoralists in local languages.

Pastoralist children should be encouraged to pursue formal technical education and enter universities or technical schools. Illiteracy is common among the pastoralists, but there are some changes occurring and there may be possibilities for pastoralists to become formally educated so they can develop technical skills to compliment their traditional rangeland ecology and management knowledge. Pastoralists that are educated in rangeland management will also have a connection to the local land and people that would help immensely in problem solving processes.

Finding 2. Lack of collaboration, cooperation, and integration between organizations to develop consistent training programs.

Research centers and their relationship with NGO’s, the community, and extension agents are very important in assisting the collaboration and integration of educational processes, therefore the development of research centers that specialize in lowland pastoralist grazing systems should be supported. If new research facilities that specialize in lowland ecosystems are constructed and staffed, it will increase the scientific knowledge available in Ethiopia. If there is a more focused coordination process between research, universities, colleges, extension organizations, and others who will benefit from the outcome of project activities, then stronger training programs can be developed with current knowledge and ongoing studies. In addition, students can be involved in research projects, which are excellent educational tools. The results of research in lowland ecosystems will be very important, because there is an urgent need to educate all levels of government, NGO personnel and pastoralists about rangeland ecology, herbivory, disturbance regimes and the role of fire,

15 drought management, water handling technology, and invasive species specific to Ethiopian lands. However, at this time, the few individuals trained in lowland pastoralist systems also have a limited technology transfer infrastructure to work with. This technology transfer could be improved through supporting and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of existing college, universities and extension specialists working with communities, pastoralist associations, and individual pastoralists. Once there is a group of Ethiopians with university and technical training in rangeland ecology and management, programs can be developed to effectively communicate the basics to people using local languages, pictures and diagrams along with discussion and in-the-field observations.

Finding 3. Need to integrate training development with other research and development actions in Ethiopia.

Collaboration with the Ethiopian federal government, government agencies, NGOs, and other foreign aid groups will be very important so that policy changes are implemented in lowland pastoralist system training and management. All training that is developed should take federal policies into account, and integrate the principles into overall development of any training curriculum. This will require rangeland professionals to communicate with government personnel, NGO staff, and other policy makers to be up to date on law and current policy actions in Ethiopia.

CONCLUSIONS

During this mission, it became very clear that individuals involved in Ethiopian rangelands need to develop more specialized skills in Rangeland Ecology and Management; there should be better integration of pastoralist tradition, culture, and knowledge into rangeland management training; and a more functional collaboration between entities should be developed. These goals can be accomplished by implementing better training strategies at university, technical college, and field levels, incorporating specific training in each pastoralist area, involving pastoralists themselves in the training programs, and by improving research centers, technology transfer infrastructure, and communication between new generations of Ethiopian rangeland professionals. These goals will not be easy to reach, but they are attainable if the Ethiopian government, aid agencies, NGOs and pastoralists cooperate to develop and implement rangeland ecology and management education programs relevant to lowland Ethiopia.

The need for future training missions

Based on discussions with individuals in Ethiopia and comments they have provided, there is a definite need for another Rangeland Training mission to work with federal and regional government officials, universities, technical training centers, and NGO staff to continue developing curricula for different levels of training. It has become very clear that Ethiopian culture and planning systems are complex, and there is a need to develop several different levels of Rangeland Ecology and Management training (from university level diplomas, to technical training for extension agents, to pastoralist education in the field) in order to meet the challenges and requirements of rangeland management in Ethiopia. Implementation of

16 future training development activities would depend upon work plans developed with the USAID PLI, implementing partners, and the Ethiopian Government, as well as the availability of funds.

The next two 14-day missions could proceed as follows:

Mission 1: Organize a 2-day Range School and allow time for feedback at the end, or a series of 2 to 3 adaptation workshops to present the Range School taught in the United States. These adaptation workshops could have feedback sessions between every 2 modules to assist Ethiopian government and NGO personnel as they begin developing curricula for Ethiopian needs.

Mission 2: “Train the Trainer” sessions for government officials, academics, and NGOs after the school is adapted to Ethiopian principles discussed in the feedback sessions. If funding becomes available, extension of the USFS missions beyond the current 2-year period would be extremely valuable to continue these projects in planning, training, invasive species control, and prescribed fire. A logical next step (perhaps a third 14-day mission) would be to send another rangeland ecology and management training team (with at least one of the original members who have already been to Ethiopia) to begin assisting Ethiopians with the development of different levels of rangeland ecosystem and management curricula for universities, technical colleges, NGO personnel, pastoralists, and other interested individuals.

17 Appendix 1.

References

Gebru, G, Desta, S., and D.L. Coppock (eds) 2004. Pastoralism in Ethiopia and the Policy Environment: Linking Research, Development Actors, and Decision-Makers. Summary of Proceedings for a Meeting held 15 August, 2003 at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Report produced by the Pastoral Risk Management (PARIMA) Project of the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program (GL- CRSP). Utah State University, Logan Utah, USA. 30pp. Keynote Address by H.E. Ato Beley Ejigu, Acting Minister Ethiopian Federal Minister of Agriculture, p. 3.

Gebru, G, Desta, S., and D.L. Coppock (eds) 2004. Pastoralism in Ethiopia and the Policy Environment: Linking Research, Development Actors, and Decision-Makers. Summary of Proceedings for a Meeting held 15 August, 2003 at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Report produced by the Pastoral Risk Management (PARIMA) Project of the Global Livestock Collaborative Research Support Program (GL- CRSP). Utah State University, Logan Utah, USA. 30pp. Overview of The PARIMA Project and Relevant Issues by Dr. Lane Coppock Lead Principal Investigator PARIMA Project, p. 9.

MOARD – ATVET Course Catalogue. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Agricultural Technical Vocational Education & Training Program Course Catalogue. July 2005. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia www.eiar.gov.et/strategy Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Research and Set-up web page. April 11, 2006. www.eiar.gov/et/centers.htm Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research. Research Centers web page. October 5, 2006.

18 Appendix 2.

Actual Mission Itinerary for USFS Team October 20-November 5, 2006

October 20, 2006 Depart United States.

October 21, 2006 Arrive in Addis Ababa.

October 22, 2006 Spent the day in Addis Ababa to prepare for mission. Called Yacob Wondimkun to set up meeting time for tomorrow. Yacob informed us that tomorrow is the final day of Ramadan, therefore it is an Ethiopian holiday and most offices will be closed.

October 23, 2006 Began work on organizing and editing the Final Report for this mission while waiting for a call from Yacob Wondimkun to begin meetings. Met with Solomon from Save the Children and began to obtain background on lowland pastoralist issues that must be addressed in our rangeland training presentation.

October 24, 2006 Spent the day in meetings with officials from the US and Ethiopian government. We met with John Stamm (Private Enterprise Officer), John McMahon, Yacob Wonkindum, and John Graham (Senior Policy Advisor) from USAID. We discussed travel plans and logistics for our trip to the field which will begin tomorrow, and our presentation to be held at a hotel in Addis next Wednesday and Thursday. We also discussed the issues and terrain that we will encounter on our trip. We met with Zena Estifanos (Secretary of the Natural Resources Working Group in the Ministry of Agriculture). His boss was at a meeting with the World Bank so he was the representative. We went to the Livestock and Fishery division of the Ministry of Agriculture and met with Tamrat Difabachew (head of the ATVET Project Office). ATVET = Agricultural Technology and Vocational Education and Training. He introduced us to Gashaw Geda, the head of Curriculum Development and Program Supervision Team in ATVET, with whom we discussed the current rangeland management curriculum in Ethiopia. We could not meet with Carey Farley (CARE) nor any of the Tufts University (IIED course) folks as they were unavailable.

October 25, 2006 Started field trip by driving 120 km to Awash. Met briefly with Alemayehu Kuma (PLI/ENABLE Project Manager), who gave us a short history of Awash National Park. Traveled into the park to Awash Falls with CARE employee Mekuanint Dagnew (Livelihood Officer) and observed livestock and vegetation inside the park. Discussed local issues related to livestock grazing, human-wildlife interactions, invasive species, and fire. Livestock are having a significant impact on the vegetation; there is extensive trailing in park, observed several herds of cattle and one herd of goats/sheep.

19 October 26, 2006 Field trip to Heladagai Plain where pastoralists graze cattle, goats, and sheep. Saw a water source with many trails to and from the well. Saw several traditional houses and went inside one. Traveled with Alemayehu and his employee Mekuanint Dagnew and discussed the issue of Prosopis, the area has very little grass and has been taken over by this invasive plant. Traveled to the Fentele exclosures, where pastoralists have enclosed areas of several hectares to regrow forage. One year’s growth is substantial and provides a good forage bank. Met the project manager for CARE: Abdisa Seboka. Night in Awash at South Spring Hotel.

October 27, 2006 Field trip to the south from Awash. Traveled through tropical forest in the highlands going south for approximately 325 km on dirt road to Negele in the Borana region. Passed through the towns of Hulla, (gold mining area), Godina, and others. Very wet during this short rainy season. Stopped at Wato, a 260-300 ha enclosure made by pastoralists for grazing during severe drought periods (Save the Children involved too). Excellent conditions of biodiversity, forage regrowth, and community involvement. Observed Terebi (pastoralist name) for invasive forb with purple flower being controlled within enclosures by uprooting. Saw a similar 400 ha enclosure closer to Negele. Met with Andale Worku, Natural Resource Manager for Save the Children in this area. Discussed his role with pastoralists, natural resource management, and his vision for training in range management (need for integration of local knowledge and practices). Overnight in Negele at Hoteeli Adaaa.

October 28, 2006 Day in Negele, went to the Save the Children compound and got Solomon’s power point presentations with information about his training program and pastoralist customs and traditions. Met with Liben district level Ethiopian government officials: Yadessa Yacob (head Liben District Pastoral Development Office), and Mulugeta Belaele (Livestock Development and Veterinary Team Leader). Joining us later in the discussion was Did Boru (Save the Children US Food Security Coordinator), and Endale Worku. Our discussions centered around their function as government officials here in Negele (Borana Region), training needs for extension agents, and the need for pastoralists to be involved with training development. In the afternoon, Nancy and Dave had discussions planning for Wednesday’s training session and walked about town. Night in Negele.

October 29, 2006 Traveled from Negele to Yabello. Stopped in Wachele and Salthouse (crater with mineral lick). Stopped to look at invasive acacia varieties and to talk with pastoralists in Oromia region. Night in Yabello.

October 30, 2006 Travel to Addis Ababa from Yabello. In the morning, met with Samuel Tuffa Kawo, Head of Yabello Pastoral and Drylad Agriculture Research Center. Toured the center and discussed training/curriculum needs for staff and outreach related to the center.

October 31, 2006 Spent the day in Addis Ababa, met with Solomon, checked in with USAID personnel (John

20 Stamm), worked on presentation scheduled for tomorrow, updated trip report and downloaded photos from Yabello to Addis trip.

November 1, 2006 Hotel (Addis Ababa): presentation of (somewhat abbreviated due to time limitations) Range Management School from 0845-1230, review and discussion of training needs in Ethiopia and preliminary trip report from1400-1700. Individuals attending: David Bradford – USFS Solomon Wakgari – Save the Children Nancy Prall – USFS Lemlem Anegu John Stamm – USAID Samuel Tefera Alemayehu Kuma – CARE Melaleu Celmichael (sp?) Mekuanent Dagnew – CARE Adamu Begene Getachew Demesa –Save the Children Cary Farley – CARE Binek Asfaw Yasin Harun – Oromia Pastoralist Eshetu Ketema – Oromia Pastoralist Commission Commission Jama Sugule – IRC Dr. Belay Wagari – Oromia Pastoralists Sora Adi – GPDI Commission Abay Bekele – CARE Gebre Bonger - Ministry of Agriculture & Zena Estifanos – Ministry of Agriculture RD

November 2, 2006 Addis Ababa: worked on final report. Contacted John Stamm (USAID) and Cary Farley (CARE) to set up meetings to be held on 11/3. Spoke with Abebe Wolde (Deputy Commissioner of Oromia Pastoralist Area Development Commission), Adrian Cullis (Team Leader – Food Security Unit, Save the Children), and Talew Deressa (Pastoral Development Advisor, SOS Sahel). Solomon tried to call Tufts University staff to set up meetings, but was unable to contact anyone at their office.

November 3, 2006 Day in Addis Ababa, met USAID station director (Glenn Anders) and debriefed with other USAID personnel (John Stamm, John Graham, John McMahon) 0900. Met with Andy Catley of Tufts University over lunch. Meeting with Cary Farley (CARE) 1400, meeting with Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development at the Ministry of Agriculture headquarters) at 1515 (with John Stamm, John McMahon, and John Graham from USAID).

November 4, 2006 Spent the day in Addis Ababa, worked on final report, departed for the United States late evening (10:45 pm).

November 5, 2006 Continued return travel to United States arrived Elko, NV and Grand Junction, CO late afternoon.

21 Appendix 3.

SCOPE OF WORK

US Forest Service Office of International Programs Scope of Work

Training in Rangeland Ecology and Management for Improved Rangeland Health and Forage Productivity

Background: Effective and responsible rangeland management is essential to the health of Ethiopia’s livestock and human population. Currently in the country, however, there is a dis- connect between adequate formal ecological training among academics, government officials and policy makers, and customary indigenous natural resource management techniques. While it should be noted that pastoralists in Ethiopia come from a rich tradition of natural resources management institutions, and possess a profound traditional knowledge of ecology and rangeland management, there are still too few opportunities for formal study and analysis of traditional ecological and rangeland management practices. Agricultural training schools are found wanting in the area of rangeland management training, and previous USFS missions to Ethiopia in collaboration with PLI partners revealed a need to improve the understanding of basic rangeland management and ecology among decision-makers in a number of government agencies. Through close collaboration with pastoralists at the field level, PLI partners have observed a need for rangeland users to incorporate traditional methods with new, innovative rangeland management techniques in maintaining their herds. PLI partners have also identified a profound need to harmonize policy issues between traditional pastoralists’ way of life and government edicts. This USFS technical assistance mission will address the first issue of marrying traditional and modern rangeland management techniques, where appropriate, and promoting a better understanding of the ecology of rangeland management. The second topic of policy harmonization will be the focus of a separate series of USFS short term details.

Broad Objective of USFS Support to PLI, GOE on Rangeland Management and Ecology Training: In collaboration with GoE and PLI actors, employ USFS technical expertise and experience through a series of short term technical assistance missions by way of training programs and curriculum to improve rangeland management capacity among practitioners, educators, and decision-makers.

Specific Objective : The objective of this first USFS Rangeland Ecology and Management training mission is to initiate a series of training activities on this subject and to gain the

22 understanding and support of high level officials in the Ethiopian national and regional governments for rangeland management principles. This understanding will aid in developing support for policy that is harmonious with the practices pastoralists employ to maintain their way of life. It will also give these officials an understanding of what training will be done at a lower level of government and at the vocational colleges.

The USFS will work through PLI partners with the pastoralists and policy-makers to establish a common understanding of how rangelands function ecologically, how they can be best managed for optimum forage, and how to most effectively reconcile this knowledge with the reality of expanding populations, loss of land to non-pastoralists, and lack of understanding by former regimes and certain development actors of the role played by customary NRM institutions. Subject to review and approval by PLI partners, the USFS "Range School" curriculum will be used as a basis for developing this seminar and future rangeland management curriculum in Ethiopia. Effort will be made to encourage the attendance of administrators of the three vocational colleges.

While this mission should allow for one or two field visits to engage in informal interaction with pastoralists, emphasis will be placed on conducting interactive training at 2 – 3 locations which will be identified by PLI partners (CARE, SC / US, PARIMA). Less structured visits to the field will be valuable in allowing for informal exchanges with local pastoralists in order to better understand the needs at hand, however the bulk of the USFS team’s time will be dedicated to interacting with pastoralists and government officials through a more formal framework of instruction. This instruction is envisioned to take place via a series of short (1 – 2 day) seminars.

Additionally, the USFS team will also provide a 1 – 2 day general / overview training on rangeland ecology and management in Addis Ababa specifically for USAID staff, PLI partners and GoE at the end of this first mission. This will serve to inform partners of the work accomplished while in country, as well as provide in-country actors with the opportunity to reflect and comment on the efficacy of methods employed and information imparted during the improved rangeland management and ecology trainings. This feedback will prove valuable in identifying the topics that should be taught in subsequent, increasingly intensive training courses during future USFS missions.

Activities: These objectives will be realized by way of the following:

Pre-Arrival in Ethiopia: • The USFS team will look into the principles conveyed by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) course which examines the strengths of mobile pastoralism, in order to ensure that the USFS initiative is compatible with that of the IIED. The IIED course is currently offered in Tanzania and West Africa, with the possibility of launching the same course in Ethiopia; PLI and Tufts are currently collaborating on the ‘pastoralist systems’ course with PLI and Tufts. • The USFS team will work with PLI partners overseas (via email communications) to learn as much as possible about the current ecological state of rangelands in Ethiopia,

23 and to gather baseline data for environmental management, including knowledge of traditional methods of rangeland management. • The USFS team will provide PLI partners with “Range School” curriculum, and provide PLI partners the opportunity to both offer comments and make changes as necessary according to the present needs in Ethiopia.

In-Country: • Conduct 1 – 2 day seminars with pastoralists and government actors at 2 – 3 field locations to be identified by PLI partners (CARE, SC / US, PARIMA). • Limited informal interaction with pastoralists in the field. • Present a training course on rangeland ecology and management to in-country PLI partners and GoE representatives in Addis Ababa.

Team: Nancy T. Prall, Range Management Specialist, [email protected] Dave Bradford, Range Conditions Specialist, [email protected]

Timing: October 22 – November 4, 2006

Deliverables: 1) Conduct 1 - 2 day seminars on range management fundamentals with pastoralists and regional and national government actors at 2 – 3 locations to be identified by PLI partners. This is to be based around maintaining, and in some cases, returning to more mobile pastoral production systems, as is promoted by the holistic approach to rangeland management (informed by Holistic Management International) which USFS has begun incorporating into range management. 2) Conduct a 1 – 2 day training course on rangeland ecology and management in Addis Ababa for USAID staff, PLI partners and GoE at the end of the mission. This will provide partners an opportunity to work closely with the USFS team to review and modify any planned curriculum, training modules or program to ensure that it reflects local conditions and meets the needs of PLI partners. Additionally, it will provide opportunity to see how it might best dovetail with the more comprehensive course on ‘pastoralist systems’ that PLI and tufts in collaborating on with IIED. 3) Produce a report detailing the workshops and feedback from participants and PLI partners with ideas for key curriculum elements to be included in subsequent USFS- supported rangeland management training activities.

Location: Addis Ababa and regional capitals, as identified by PLI partners. Field locations will potentially include Awash, or Jijiga, Awassa or Yabello.

Partners: PLI: CARE, SC-US, PARIMA GoE: MoARD, interested regional governments

24 Logistical Support to USFS: CARE (PARIMA) and / or SC-US and / or IRC will be responsible for developing a mission itinerary, providing transportation to the team, arranging and facilitating meetings and workshops / trainings as well as inviting relevant actors to participate, making hotel reservations, providing any necessary translation, and arranging for a “home base” work station for the team in Addis Ababa. Additionally, CARE (PARIMA) and / or SC-US should work with the USFS team before arrival via email communications on issues pertaining to training supplies / materials so that the FS team is well-prepared in terms of the training materials they should bring with them from the states. CARE (PARIMA) and / or SC-US should work with USAID to ensure that the locations identified for field work have no travel restrictions placed upon them by the USG for USG employees. Before arrival, PLI partners should work with the USFS team via email communications to help secure the IIED course curriculum which examines the strengths of mobile pastoralism, so that the USFS team can adequately review it and ensure that the USFS initiative is compatible with that of the IIED course.

25 Appendix 4.

Draft Trip Schedule as of October 20, 2006. Much of this schedule was modified during the trip.

USFS ECOLOGY AND RANGE MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAM Suggested Activities Responsible Contact institutions

October 21, Saturday - USFS team arrives in Pick up , the Hilton Hotel Addis

October 22, Sunday - Open for the USFS USFS team USFS team people October 23, Monday - 9:00 AM meeting at the USAID + SAVE-US USAID USAID Tufts, - 11:00 AM meeting with Gov. Staffs. Tufts( Dr. Berehanu) - 02:00 PM meeting with MoARD (Mrs. Mebrat Alem and other MoARD sections)

October 24, Tuesday - 9:00 AM PARIMA (Dr. USAID + SAVE- US Getachew Gebru) - 11:00 AM CARE (Mr. Cary Farley) - 02:00 PM OPADC (Ato Habtamu or Ato Abebe) - 04:00 PM MoARD (Extension Department) - October 25, Wednesday - Travel to Debre Zeit CARE- Awash Observe PLI and IIED’s - Travel to Awash Pastoralism Course. - Field visit to Awash CARE-Awash and National Park & IRM government local offices activities in Fentale woreda Night in Awash October 26, Thursday - Field visit to CARE- Awash PLI partners and Halayedege Plain government offices - Field visit to IRM activities - Meeting with local officials Night in Awassa October 27, Friday - Travel to Negelle CARE-Awash and SAVE- PLI Field projects - Field visit US Night In Negelle October 28, Saturday - Field visit SAVE-US PLI Field projects and Night in Negelle communities October 30, Monday - Travel to Addis Ababa SAVE -US Night in Addis Ababa October 31, Tuesday - Meeting USAID and USFS & SAVE-US other partners as

26 necessary. - Prepare for the training workshop delivery Night in Addis November 1, Wednesday - Training Workshop for USFS team + SC-US USFS Team / PLI partners PLI partners and GoE stakeholders November 2, Thursday - Training Workshop for USFS team + SC-US USFS Team / PLI partners PLI partners and GoE stakeholders - Compile results and recommendation of the training. Night in Addis November 3, Friday - 09:00 AM , debriefing USAID US FS Team / PLI partners at USAID ( Mr. Glenn Anders + Mr. John McMahon and Mr. Pedro Carrillo) - Afternoon, review of recommendations Night in Addis November 4, Saturday - Morning Open USFS team - Depart for US

27 Appendix 5. List of organizations and individuals involved in the “Training in Rangeland Ecology and Management for Improved Rangeland Health and Forage Productivity” mission: PLI (Pastoralist Livelihood Initiative) partners: USAID – United States Agency for International Development BEAT – Office of Business, Environment, Agriculture, and Trade Glenn Anders – Station Director John McMahon - head of BEAT. John Stamm – Private Enterprise Officer (BEAT) Yacob Wondimkun John Graham – Senior Policy Advisor CARE- Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere CARE-PARIMA – Pastoral Risk Management (sponsored by USAID and Cornell University) Cary Farley – Program Manager, PLI/ ENABLE Alemayehu Kuma - PLI/ENABLE Project Manager, Awash Abdisa Seboka– Project Manager, Fentele exclosures, Community Facilitator Mekuanint Dagnew – Livelihood Officer USFS – United States Forest Service Dave Bradford – Range Management Specialist – Grand Mesa, Uncompaghre, Gunnison National Forests Nancy Prall – Range Management Specialist – Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest SC-US – Save the Children - US Adrian Culiss – Team Leader Food Security Unit, Ethiopia Country Office Solomon Wakgari – Natural Resources Management Technical Advisor (and excellent translator and guide) Did Boru - Save the Children US Food Security Coordinator (Negele) Endale Worku – Natural Resources Manager (Negele) Tufts University Andy Catley – IIED course, other projects GoE (Government of Ethiopia): MoARD – Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development Ato Abera – State Minister of Agriculture Zena Estifanos (Secretary of Natural Resources Working Group) Tamrat Difabachew (head, ATVET Project Office) Gashaw Geda (head, curriculum development, ATVET) Oromia Pastoralist Area Development Commission Abebe Wolde –Deputy Commissioner Liben District Officials Yadessa Yacob – Head, Liben District Pastoral Development Office Mulugeta Belaele - Livestock Development and Veterinary Team Leader Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agriculture Research Center Samuel Tuffa Kawo – Head of Research Center Drivers Fisseha – field trip Abiyot – Addis Ababa

28