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A Geophysical Investigation of the Derwent Estuary

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A Geophysical Investigation of the Derwent Estuary A Geophysical Investigation of the Derwent Estuary David J Gibbons B. Sc. UNIVERSITY OF TASMANIA A research thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours School of Earth Sciences, University of Tasmania November, 2001 \. Acknowledgements (, Michael Roach, my supervisor and chief guru for your assistance, expertise and support (even if you did reckon the funny bits in the seismic were basalt!). Thanks especially for scraping together the funds for the project after the grant application got rejected. I hope you enjoyed your holiday, you certainly deserved it. (, James Reid - stand-in guru and all-around good guy - for your help and good humour, particularly in Michael's absence. Thanks also for your lessons in the dark art ­ fortran 77. Alan Jordan and Miles Lawler from the Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries " Institute, without whom this project could not have proceeded. Alan for providing' 'mates rates' for the vessels and Miles for piloting them back and forth, back and forth, back and forth....thank you both. David Mitchell from the University of Sydney, for his willingness to come to Hobart /, in the colder months (straight from the North West SheW) to conduct our seismic survey. His good humour and patience with my clumsiness ("Please don't stand on the eel, Dave!") certainly made the seismic survey a more pleasant experience than it might otherwise have been. .. Pat Quilty for his willingness to help whenever required (particularly in terms of my' literature review). Thanks also to Peter Harris, for looking at my seismic data early in the year and allowing me to use his carbonate distribution map in my thesis. Mineral Resouces Tasmania for their support both personally (through a State Government Mining Scholarship) and for their support of the project. Thanks " particularly to the staff who attended and gave input at the mid-year thinktank, aka 'Roachy's presentation' ("Hi Roachy, we've come for your presentation"). Thanks also to Dr. David Leaman for his attendance and input at 'Roachy's presentation', and for other valuable discussions throughout the year. .. ,.~ The library staff at the SciTech and Morris Miller libraries here at Uni, the Mineral Resources Tasmania library at Rosny, and the CSIRO Marine library at Salamanca. Cheers to my fellow honours students and any staff member or undergrad that said anything nice about me or helped me during the year. Special thanks to those who C' offered to review my chapters in the absence of Michael and James during the latter part of the year - Ben Jones, Luisa D'Andrea, Nolene Dorn, Geoff Peters and my brother Geoff Gibbons. Perhaps I should have taken up the offers! Special thanks also to Jodie Cutler and her friend George for their help with my fieldwork. (', Thanks, Dave. " II " Table of Contents ABSTRACT I (\ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS II LIST OF FIGURES V LIST OF TABLES VIII (' CHAPTERl INTRODUCTION 1 THE DERWENT RIVER 1 AIMS 4 TECHNIQUES (FOR MARINE SURVEYS) 5 POTENTIAL FIELD METHODS 5 ELECTRICAL AND ElM 5 C SEISMIC 6 SONAR 6 CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGY 8 INTRODUCTION 8 PREVIOUS WORK 8 PREVIOUS GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS 9 ( GEOLOGY OF lliE HOBART AREA 12 STRATIGRAPHY LOWER PARMEENER SUPER-GROUP 14 UPPER PARMEENER SUPER-GROUP 14 TERTIARY 18 QUATERNARY 20 ( '., IGNEOUS ROCKS JURASSIC DOLERITE 22 TERTIARY BASALT 24 STRUCTURE AND STRUCTURAL mSTORY 26 PErROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES 26 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 27 ( , ACOUSTIC PROPERITES 28 CHAPTER 3 MAGNETIC SURVEY 30 FIELDWORK 30 SPACE WEATHER 33 DATA PROCESSING 35 HEADING TEST 43 (' CHAPTER 4 MAGNETIC MODELING 50 INTRODUCTION 50 SENSITIVITY TESTING 51 MODELING 57 CHAPTER 5 SEISMIC SURVEY 71 SEISMIC TERMS 72 ( , ACOUSTIC TURBIDITY 77 THE BASALT THEORY 77 DISPROVING THE BASALT lliEORY 79 lliE EVIDENCE FOR SHALLOW GAS 79 ACOUSTIC TURBIDITY 82 ENHANCED REFLECTIONS 82 (\ ACOUSTIC BLANKING 83 PHASE REVERSALS 83 GAS SEEPS 85 VELOCITY PULLDOWN 85 INDIRECTEVIDENCE 85 (\ III (' BIOGENIC METHANE PRODUCTION 92 SEDIMENT SAMPLING 96 OTHER SEISMIC FEATURES 100 CHAPTER 6 ACOUSTIC FINITE DIFFERENCING 106 CONCLUSIONS 113 (\ CHAPTER 7 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION 114 CHAPTER 8 BAT~ETRICSURVEY 157 CHAPTER 9 COMBINED GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION 162 CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK 168 (, CONCLUSIONS 168 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 168 REFERENCES APPENDIX 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 'GLOBAL SEA LEVEL CHANGE OVER THE LAST I' 250,000 YEARS' APPENDIX 2 SOURCE CODE FOR FORTRAN 77 PROGRAM 'HEADING' (WRITTEN BY D. GffiBONS) APPENDIX 3 SOURCE CODE FOR FORTRAN 77 PROGRAM 'GE02UTM' (WRITTEN BY D. GffiBONS) APPENDIX 4 SOURCE CODE FOR QUICKBASIC PROGRAM 'LOCATE.BAS' (, (WRITTEN BY M. ROACH) APPENDIX 5 SEISMIC UNIX SHELL SCRIPT FOR ACOUSTIC FINITE DIFFERENCING (, , ~, (' (" IV r ' List of Figures Figure Number TitlelDescriptiou Page r' 1.1 Overview map ofstudy area (in the context ofTasmania) 2 1.2 Detailed map ofstudy area 3 2.1 Traverse map and contours ofthe vertical component ofmagnetic intensity 10 for the southern portion ofa magnetic survey conducted in the Derwent Estuary in 1974/1975. ReproducedfromLeaman (1975b). 2.2 Geological cross section from the Bowen Bridge alignment. Modifiedfrom 12 ( , Colhoun and Moon (1984) 2.3 Simplified geological map ofthe Hobart area 13 2.4 A photo ofan exposure ofLower Parmeener Super-Group rocks at Opossum 14 Bay (sparsely fossiliferous marine siltstone) 2.5 A map ofthe distribution ofLower Parmeener Super-Group rocks in the 15 Hobart area , 2.6 A photo ofan exposure ofUpper Parmeener Super-Group rocks at Second 16 Bluff, Bellerive (current bedded sandstone) 2.7 A map ofthe distribution ofUpper Parmeener Super-Group rocks in the 17 Hobart area 2.8 A photo ofTertiary boulder beds exposed on the foreshore at Taroona 18 2.9 A map ofthe distibution ofTertiary sediments and sedimentary rocks in the 19 r-', Hobart area 2.10 A photo ofPleistocene marine sediments exposed at Arm End, South Arm 20 2.11 A map ofthe distribution ofQuaternary sediments in the Hobart area 21 2.12 A photo ofa thermal contact between a dolerite sill and Lower Parmeener 22 Super-Group rocks near Blackmans Bay 2.13 A map ofthe distribution ofJurassic Dolerite in the Hobart area 23 2.14 A photo ofa Tertiary basalt lava flow overlying a tuffaceous deposit exposed 24 at Sandy Bay 2.15 A map ofthe distibution ofCenozoic volcanic rocks (i.e. Tertiary basalts) in 25 the Hobart area 3.J.1 Photo ofthe FMVNubeena, a TAFl research vessel. Taken near Electrona in 30 North West Bay 3.1.2 Photo ofthe FMVPoolta, a TAFl research vessel. Taken near Electrona in 31 ('. North West Bay 3.2 A map ofmagnetic survey lines for 2000 and 2001 used for gridding (i.e. not 32 all ofthe survey lines - some were removed prior to gridding. See also figure 3.9) 3.3 Chart ofvariation in horizontal magnetic intensity measured by the Hobart 34 IPS gradiometerfor 4 days in March 2001, demonstrating the magnetic effects ofa magnetic storm ,'-" 3.5 Chart ofthe G856 base station record for day 2 ofthe magnetic survey, 2001 35 (i.e. 21" ofMarch 2001) 3.6 Profile ofmagnetic intensity on line 5400from the 2001 magnetic survey, 36 showing drop outs 3.7 Profile ofmagnetic intensity on line 5400 after drop out editing 37 3.8 Profiles ofmagnetic intensity (after drop out editing) for allprofiles used for 38 (, gridding 3.9 All survey lines for the 2001 and 2000 magnetic surveys 39 3.10 False colour image oftotal magnetic intensity (TMl) grid 40 3.11 False colour image oftotal magnetic intensity gridfrom regional datasetfor 41 comparison to new data 3.12 Contour map ofTM!, generatedfrom gridded survey data 42 (, 3.13 Schematic image ofthe magnetic response ofa sphere ofsusceptible 43 material, used to illustrate the effect ofboat heading on magnetic measurements 3.14 Heading test data (raw) plotted as afunction oftime. Field and base station 45 records shown r, V " 3.15 Diurnally corrected heading test data and northings from GPS log as a 46 fUnction oftime, illustrating low resolution ofnon-differentially corrected GPSposition data 3.16 Observed and calculated heading test data. Calculated data used to apply 47 corrections r 3.17 Comparison ofmagnetic data from 2000 and 2001 surveys - selectedpoints 49 from line intersections 4.1.1 Sensitivity testing example chart 1 51 4.1.2 Sensitivity testing example chart 2 52 4.1.3 Sensitivity testing results chart 1 53 4.1.4 Sensitivity testing results chart 2 53 r 4.1.5 Potent modelfor sensitivity testing number 1 54 4.1.6 Potent modelfor sensitivity testing number 2 55 4.1.7 Potent modelfor sensitivity testing number 3 55 4.1.8 Potent modelfor sensitivity testing number 4 56 4.2 Traverse 1 model results 58 4.3 Traverse 2 model results 59 r 4.4 Traverse 3 model results 60 4.5 Traverse 4 model results 61 4.6 Traverse 5 model results 62 4.7 Traverse 6 model results 63 4.8 Traverse 8 model results 64 4.9 Traverse 9 model results 65 (--- 4.10 Traverse 10 model results 66 4.11 Traverse 11 model results 67 4.12 Traverse 12 model results 68 4.13 Traverse 14 model results 69 4.14 Traverse location map (for Potent models) 70 5.1 Photo ofthe boomer seismic source catamaran (on land) 72 5.2 Photo ofthe seismic receiver array (eel) in the water 73 (-, 5.3 Photo ofthe electrostaticprinter used to output the seismicprofiles 74 5.4 Photo ofthe FMVMallanna (the vessel usedfor the seismic survey) 75 5.5 The two boats usedfor the seismic survey at Bridgewater. Two boats were 75 used because ofthe shallow water depths. 5.6 Map ofthe seismic trackpaths, for 2000 and 2001 76 5.7 Calculated magnetic response ofa thin sheet ofbasalt 78 (-"
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