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CORRUPTION AND ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL AS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE POLICIES IN NAIROBI COUNTY BY PAUL LUTTA A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, KENYA NOVEMBER, 2016 Declaration I declare that this research project is my own original work and has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any academic degree. Signed: _______________________ Date: ________________________ Paul Lutta C50/69438/2013 This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University Supervisor: Signed: __________________________ Date: ___________________________ Dr. Solomon Owuoche Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor ii TABLE OF CONTENT Declaration ………………………………………………………………………………………...i Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………ii List of Figures and Tables ……………………………………………………………….............iii Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………………….iv Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………………..v Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………..vi CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.1 Background of the study ……………………………………………………………………...1 1.2 Problem Statement ……………………………………………………………………………3 1.3 Research Questions ……………………………………………………………………...........4 1.4 Study Objectives ………………………………………………………………………...........4 1.5 Justification …………………………………………………………………………………...5 1.6 Scope and Limitations ………………………………………………………………………...5 1.7 Definition of Concepts ……………………………………………………………………......6 1.7.1 Corruption ………………………………………………………………………………7 1.7.2 Enforcement personnel………………………………………………………………….7 1.7.3 Implementation of ADA policies …………………………………………………….....7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature Review ……………………………………………………………..........................8 2.2 Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………………………...25 2.3 Hypothesis …………………………………………………………………..……………….28 iii CHAPTER THREE: HISTORICAL AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE IN KENYA 3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….29 3.2 Magnitude and patterns of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Kenya ……………………………..29 3.3. Structures and systems for implementation of Alcohol and drug Abuse by the Nairobi County and National government ……………………………………………………….34 3.2 Establishment of NACADA ………………………………………………………………...36 3.3 Police officers ……………………………………………………………………………….42 3.4 Chiefs and Assistant chiefs ………………………………………………………………….43 3.5 Bar owners …………………………………………………………………………………..46 3.6 Alcoholic and Drinks Control Act 2010 ……………………………………………..……...47 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLODY 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………….………………49 4.2 Research Design …………………………………………………………….……………….50 4.3 Study Population …………………………………………………………….………………51 4.4 Sampling …………………………………………………………………………………….51 4.5 Measurement of variables …………………………………………………………………...54 3.6 Data Collection Tools ……………………………………………………………................ 61 3.7 Questionnaires ……………………………………………………………………………….61 3.8 In-depth Interviews ………………………………………………………………………...62 CHAPTER FIVE: RESEARCH FINDINGS 5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….63 5.2 Corruption and ADA policies………………………………………………………………..63 iv 5.3 Enforcement personnel and ADA policies ………………………………………………….70 CHAPTER SIX: STUDY RECOMMENTATIONS 6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………….79 6.2 Summary of the study findings ……………………………………………………………...79 6.3 Recommendation from the study findings …………………………………………………..80 References ……...…………………………………………………………………………85 Annexes APPENDIX I Introduction Letter APPENDIX I Interview Guide v Figures and tables Table 1 Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………………………27 Table 2 Demographic Information ………………………………………………………………56 Table 3 Respondents Age ……………………………………………………………………….57 Table 4 Respondents marital status……………………………………………………………....58 Table 5 Respondents religious affiliations……………………………………………………….59 Table 6 Respondents levels of education………………………………………………………...60 Figure 1 Factors affecting the implementation of ADA policies………………………………...62 Figure 2 Different age groups and their views on corruption as the main factors affecting the implementation of ADA policies…………………………………………………67 Figure 3 Comparison of male and female on corruption ………………………………………..68 Figure 4 Forms of corruption ……………………………………………………………………69 Figure 5 Factors affecting the implementation of ADA policies ………………………………..70 Figure 6a Performance levels by enforcement personnel………………………………………..72 Figure 6b Major causes of poor performance levels by enforcement personnel………………...73 Figure 7 Cited solutions on the implementation of ADA policies ………………………………75 vi Abbreviations ADA Alcohol and Drug Abuse CEO Chief Executive Officer HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome NACADA National Authority for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse WHO World Health Organizations USA United States of America vii Acknowledgement I would want to sincerely thank my supervisor Dr Solomon Owuoche for his dedicated effort and input into this research project. I would also want to thank my research assistant and the people of Kawangware for their invaluable support. viii Abstract Alcohol and drug abuse remains one of the problems affecting the Kenyan state today to the extent that it has been declared a national disaster. The situation is worse in the low income area of Kawangware, Mukuru Kwa Njenga and Mathare among others. The National Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse (NACADA) was set up to provide policy direction on alcohol and drug abuse control. Using Kawangware as a case study, this study sought to establish the extent to which corruption affects the implementation of Alcohol and Drug Policies in Kenya. The study also looked at enforcement personnel as a factor that affects the implementation of ADA policies. This study’s objectives sought to investigate corruption and enforcement personnel as factors that affect the implementation of Alcohol and Drug Abuse policies in Kenya. The study’s conceptual framework looked at corruption in form of bribery, extortion and effectiveness of enforcement personnel, the police officers, chiefs and assistant chiefs in terms of their preparedness in form of training and resource allocation as the main concepts that affect implementation of ADA policies. When high levels o corruption is witnessed among the enforcement personnel this effects implementation. Enforcement may also be affected by lack of proper training on ADA policies and facilitations on the part of the enforcement agencies. The study’s hypothesis looked into corruption and enforcement personnel as the two factors that affect implementation of Alcohol and Drug Abuse policies. The study findings confirmed both the hypotheses, that indeed corruption and enforcement personnel have negatively affected the implementation of ADA policies. The study concluded that for effective implementation of ADA policies, all acts of corruption should be eliminated, the enforcement personnel should be well facilitated and well trained on ADA policies. ix CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Alcohol and drugs is one of the single most serious problems many countries in the world are facing. Alcohol and drug abuse negatively impacts on the health care system burdening the economy and contributing to the death of millions of people every year. Africa has not been left out from the vices that are emanating from alcohol and drug abuse despite countries creating laws that controls and prohibits alcohol consumption. Alcohol and drug abuse remains one of the most critical challenges facing the Kenyan state today. It is considered to be the second largest problem after insecurity faced by the government to the extent that the government has declared alcohol and drug abuse a national disaster. Policies for controlling alcohol use and reducing alcohol social harm are about as old as alcohol use itself. Since the history of mankind, regulation of alcohol around the world has been inexistence and as of today a number of policies are still being formulated or employed by governments all over the world to reduce the consumption of alcohol. During the colonial rule in Kenya, there were stringent measures put in place to control alcoholism. Initially Africans were not allowed to take alcohol or to posses any alcoholic drink. The Village Headmen Regulation Act No 22 of 1902 was passed under which village heads were arbitrarily appointed as tools in the service of the colonial government, the act gave headmen and chief’s power to make orders, restricting the manufacture or distilling of native intoxicating liquors and the supply of such liquors to young persons. 1 Over the years the Kenyan government has shown commitment towards the fight against Alcohol and Drug Abuse by establishing policies and institutions aimed at eradicating the vice. A number of laws have been in place for example the Chiefs Act of 1998 and Chang’aa Prohibition Act which gave powers to the chiefs to arrest those involved in the production, distribution and sale of illicit brews. In 2008 World Health Organization assembly passed resolutions among member states to develop policies that will lead to eradication of harmful use of alcohol and come up with best practices in the implementation of the said policies. A number of policies were suggested that targeted to suppress the supply and demand of alcohol, more emphasis was on policies

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