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THOMSON REUTERS THOMSON REUTERS International Society and Sustainable Development Goals THOMSON REUTERS THOMSON REUTERS INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS THOMSON REUTERS THOMSON REUTERS International Society and Sustainable Development Goals (Eds.) PALOMA DURÁN Y LALAGUNA CÁSTOR MIGUEL DÍAZ BARRADO CARLOS R. FERNÁNDEZ LIESA (Coords.) SAGRARIO MORÁN BLANCO Universidad Rey Juan Carlos ELENA C. DÍAZ GALÁN Universidad Rey Juan Carlos SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FUND THOMSON REUTERS First edition, december 2016 A digital version is included This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publi- cation and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under Spanish Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reprodu- ced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please contact CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos; www.conlicencia.com; 91 702 19 70 / 93 272 04 45). Thomson Reuters and the logo of Thomson Reuters are Thomson Reuters’ brands. «The analysis and recommendations contained in this report do not necessarily reflect the official views of the SDG Fund, the United Nations or its Member States» Aranzadi is a Thomson Reuters’ brand (Legal) Limited ©Sustainable Development Goals Fund © 2016 [Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited / Paloma Durán y Lalaguna y otros] © Portada: Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited Editorial Aranzadi, S.A.U. Camino de Galar, 15 31190 Cizur Menor (Navarra) ISBN: 978-84-9135-464-2 DL NA 2173-2016 Printed in Spain. Typesetting: Editorial Aranzadi, S.A.U. Printing: Rodona Industria Gráfica, SL Polígono Agustinos, Calle A, Nave D-11 31013 – Pamplona THOMSON REUTERS Index Page AUTHOR LIST ........................................................................................ 21 ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... 27 PREVIOUS NOTE ................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 1 THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: AN INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 35 P ALOMA DURÁN Y LALAGUNA 1. What’s new in the new development agenda? ........................ 36 2. Universality: What does it mean? ................................................ 40 3. Private sector as an engine of sustainable development ........ 42 4. Universities: Getting ready for SDGs ......................................... 44 5. Conclusions: the road ahead ......................................................... 46 References ................................................................................................ 46 CHAPTER 2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A PRINCIPLE AND SEVERAL DIMENSIONS .................................................................... 49 CÁSTOR MIGUEL DÍAZ BARRADO 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 50 2. Features of the evolution of sustainable development ........... 52 3. Structure of the principle of sustainable development ........... 55 4. Principal dimensions of sustainable development .................. 61 5. Conclusions ...................................................................................... 69 7 THOMSON REUTERS INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Page CHAPTER 3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNATIONAL LAW: GENERAL ISSUES ................................................................................ 73 CARLOS R. FERNÁNDEZ LIESA 1. Approach to the notion of sustainable development .............. 74 2. An integrated challenge for the international community ..... 76 3. The nature of sustainable development ..................................... 78 4. The governance of sustainable development in globalization .................................................................................... 82 5. Privatization and sustainable development .............................. 86 6. Transnational corporations, human rights and development 87 7. International law by objectives .................................................... 89 8. Sustainable development as a myth and utopia ....................... 91 9. Sustainable development: between soft law and hard law .... 94 CHAPTER 4: GOAL 1 GOAL I OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDG1) ...................................................................................................... 99 AUGUSTIN KWASI FOSU 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 100 2. The concept, measurements and trends in poverty .................. 101 3. A Focus on the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) ................. 106 4. The Determinants of Poverty ....................................................... 108 4.1. Gender inequality ....................................................................... 119 4.2. Political Economy ....................................................................... 121 4.3. Market imperfections and service delivery ................................. 129 5. Assessment of progress towards structural transformation: the case of LDCs .............................................................................. 137 6. Conclusion: Eradicating poverty – Implications for policy .... 141 References ................................................................................................ 145 8 THOMSON REUTERS INDEX Page CHAPTER 5: GOAL 2 GETTING TO ZERO HUNGER: LEARNING FORM THE MDGS FOR THE SDGS ..................................................................................... 173 PRABHU PINGALI MEGAN WITWER MATHEW ABRAHAM 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 174 2. Global trends in progress toward reducing hunger and malnutrition 1990-2015 ................................................................... 175 3. Sustainable Development goals– new targets and challenges . 180 4. A food systems approach towards achieving the SDGs ......... 186 5. Small producer productivity in food systems ........................... 187 6. Policy options by stage of structural transformation ............... 189 7. Low productive agricultural systems .......................................... 190 8. Modernizing agricultural systems ............................................... 193 9. Complementary policies to promote sustainable food systems .............................................................................................. 195 10. Conclusion ....................................................................................... 196 References ................................................................................................ 197 CHAPTER 6: GOAL 3 GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING. ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES ............ 201 CHRISTINA BINDER JANE ALICE HOFBAUER 1. Good Health: From MDGs to SDGs ........................................... 202 2. Targets and Indicators of SDG 3 – Overview and Challenges . 207 a. Targets for Goal 3 ....................................................................... 207 i. Overarching Objective ..................................................... 208 ii. Specific Targets ................................................................. 209 b. Indicators for Goal 3 ................................................................... 211 9 THOMSON REUTERS INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS Page 3. The Role of the World Health Organization as the Lead Agency in SDG 3 ............................................................................. 213 4. SDGs and Human Rights – A Right to Good Health and Well- Being? ................................................................................................ 215 a. Human Rights and SDG 3 ......................................................... 216 b. Good Health and Well-Being for All Through a Human Rights Lens – Overview of Normative Content and Examples of Implementation ........................................................................... 218 c. Measuring the Right to Health in the SDGs ............................. 223 5. Conclusions ...................................................................................... 228 CHAPTER 7: GOAL 4 SDG 4: LIFELONG, INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE EDUCATION .......................................................................................... 231 J. PAUL MARTIN 1. Introduction ..................................................................................... 232 2. Education as a Basic Social Institution ....................................... 234 3. The Formal Education Tradition .................................................. 236 4. Emerging New Perspectives ........................................................
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