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Hec Montréal HEC MONTRÉAL Les fans de télévision et la co-création : - l’exemple de Supernatural - par Sonia A. Klousseh Sciences de la gestion (Affaires Internationales) Mémoire rédigé en vue de l’obtention du grade de maîtrise ès sciences (M. Sc.) Mai 2016 © Sonia A. Klousseh, 2016 AVIS DE CONFORMITE DU CER i ii SOMMAIRE MOTS CLÉS Co-création • Fans • Télévision • Engagement • Tensions • Médias sociaux • Chaos dirigé • Supernatural • Netnographie Les nouvelles technologies ont donné au consommateur, un accès sans précédent à l’information, et la possibilité de se connecter à l’entreprise et à ses parties prenantes à l’échelle globale. En fournissant au consommateur les moyens de faire valoir ses intérêts auprès de la firme, ces technologies de communication à canaux multiples ont augmenté le pouvoir du consommateur et nourri son désir de prendre une part plus active au processus de création de valeur de l’entreprise, et ce dans un nombre croissant d’industries. Cette implication accrue du consommateur génère des tensions que j’ai choisies d’observer au sein d’une industrie dont les produits ont été particulièrement affectés par les nouvelles technologies, l’industrie de la télévision, qui a vu ses pratiques traditionnelles remises en question par la révolution numérique. Pour illustrer ces bouleversements, je prendrai l’exemple de la série américaine Supernatural, que j’utiliserai pour explorer les pratiques de co-création des fans engagés, examiner les tensions qui découlent de leur implication dans le processus de production, et observer la créativité et les innovations qui naissent du dialogue entre fan et créateur. Mon modèle de référence sera celui de la gestion de la créativité et de la collaboration dans l’élaboration des produits culturels de Brunet (2003) et j’étendrai sa portée en amenant la contribution que représente l’élément complémentaire de la gestion des tensions de co-création dans l’élaboration du produit télévisé. iii TABLE DES MATIE RES AVIS DE CONFORMITÉ DU CER I SOMMAIRE III TABLE DES MATIÈRES IV LISTE DES FIGURES ET TABLEAUX VI REMERCIEMENTS VII 1. INTRODUCTION: LE CONSOMMATEUR CONNECTÉ 1 1.1 Le nouveau consommateur 1 1.2 Nouveau média et pouvoir du consommateur 2 1.3 Le consommateur actif: engagement et co-création 3 1.4 Co-création et tension 4 1.5 Contribution 5 1.6 Plan de l’étude 5 2. CADRE CONCEPTUEL ET PROBLÉMATIQUE 6 2.1 La co-création 6 2.2 Gestion de la créativité dans les organisations culturelles 8 2.3 Les tensions 9 2.3.1 Co-création et tension 9 2.3.2 « Désharmonie » dans la communauté de fans 11 2.3.3 Tensions entre fans et producteurs 12 2.4 Problématique et question de recherche 15 3. CONTEXTE : L’INDUSTRIE DE LA TÉLÉVISION 17 3.1 Nature de l’industrie de la télévision 17 3.1.1 La fragmentation de l’audience 17 3.1.2 L’autonomie de l’audience 18 3.2 Télévision et co-création : l’audience participative 19 3.2.1 Fans et communautés virtuelles 19 3.2.2 Télévision participative et téléréalité 20 3.2.3 Collaboration créative : série TV 20 3.3 Influence de l’audience sur le programme télévisé 21 iv 4. MÉTHODOLOGIE : PRÉSENTATION DE LA SÉRIE ET 23 MÉTHODE 4.1 Supernatural : la série 23 4.1.1 Synopsis de la série 23 4.1.2 Diffusion et performance 23 4.2 Supernatural : les consommateurs engagés 26 4.2.1 Une communauté représentative 26 4.2.2 Pouvoir du fandom de Supernatural 26 4.2.3 Un engagement reconnu par l’équipe créative 29 4.3 Méthode de recherche : ethnographie en Ligne 31 4.4 Typologie des fans engagés de Supernatural 34 4.4.1 Les points d’engagement 34 4.4.2 Les affiliations et factions 41 4.5 Les Producteurs 44 4.6 Le Dialogue fans-créateurs 46 4.6.1 Les Conventions 46 4.6.2 Le dialogue Twitter 46 4.6.3 Le « meta » 47 5. ANALYSE 48 5.1 Thème : Castiel et Destiel 48 5.1.1 Castiel 48 5.1.2 Destiel et le slash 50 5.2 La Co-création au niveau des fans 54 5.2.1 Le dialogue intéressé 54 5.2.2 La campagne 56 5.2.3 Les motivations des fans 58 5.3 La co-création au niveau des producteurs 61 5.3.1 La co-écriture du narratif 61 5.3.2 La création inspirée des fans : le meta dans la série 63 5.3.3 La motivation des producteurs 64 5.3.4 Les limites de la co-création 66 5.4 Les Tensions 68 5.4.1 Fantagonisme : la désharmonie dans le fandom 68 5.4.2 Tensions fans-créateurs 73 6. DISCUSSION ET CONCLUSION 100 ANNEXES 105 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 116 v LISTE DES FIGURES ET TABLEAUX Figure 1: Schéma synthèse du cadre Conceptuel 14 Tableau 1: « L’act-agonisme »? J2 et Misha : un parallèle de 93 la désarmonie Pro-Winchester vs Pro-DeanCas et Destiel vi REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à remercier les personnes qui m’ont permis d’aller jusqu’au bout de ce projet. Merci à Jean-Sébastien Marcoux, mon directeur de mémoire pour ses conseils avisés, ses commentaires inspirants, son soutien constant et pour tous ses encouragements. Merci à mes parents, Michel Klousseh et Catherine Klousseh, pour leur amour inconditionnel, leur présence, pour la foi qu’ils ont en moi, et pour leur soutien sur tous les fronts. Merci à mes frères, Koffi Klousseh et Yao Klousseh, pour leur force, l’inspiration qu’ils constituent et pour leur soutien de tous les instants. Merci à mon amie Myriam Brouard, pour avoir été un pilier durant les hauts et les bas et tout au long de ce cheminement. Merci à Louise Painchaud, Agente-conseil aux études pour son accueil, son écoute, sa générosité et pour son aide précieuse. Merci à Anne Bourhis, Directrice du programme de la M.Sc., pour l’opportunité de mener ce projet à bien. Merci à Eric Kripke, pour avoir lancé le mouvement qui est devenu l’inspiration de ce projet, à mes amis de la communauté Supernatural pour leur enthousiasme et leur soutien, et à la communauté entière pour l’inspiration qu’elle constitue. Pour tous ceux qui ont contribué à ce projet de près ou de loin, je vous dis merci. vii 1. INTRODUCTION: LE CONSOMMATEUR CONNECTE Les nouvelles technologies ont donné au consommateur d’aujourd’hui un accès sans précédent à l’information et la possibilité de se connecter à l’entreprise et ses parties prenantes à l’échelle globale (Cova 2009 et Hennig-Thurau, Malthouse, Friege, Gensler, Lobschat, Rangaswamy et Skiera 2010). En fournissant au consommateur les moyens de faire valoir ses intérêts auprès de la firme, ce type de communication à canaux multiples, a augmenté le pouvoir du consommateur et nourri son désir de prendre une part plus active au processus de création de valeur (Cova 2009, Hoyer, Rajesh, Dorotic, Krafft et Singh 2010 et Lusch et Webster 2011), et ce, dans un nombre croissant d’industries (Prahalad et Ramaswamy 2004). Cette implication accrue du consommateur génère un certain nombre de tensions (Hodgson 2002, Wathieu, Brenner, Carmon, Chattopadhyay, Drolet, Gourville, Novemsky, Ratner, Wertenbroch et Wu 2002, Cova 2009, Hoyer et al. 2010) que j’ai choisies d’observer au sein d’une industrie dont les produits ont été particulièrement affectés par les nouvelles technologies, l’industrie de la télévision, qui a vu ses pratiques traditionnelles remises en question par la révolution numérique (Jenkins 2008a, Hennig-Thurau et al. 2010, Napoli 2010 et Preston et Rogers 2011). Pour illustrer ces bouleversements, je prendrai l’exemple d’une série télévisée, Supernatural, à travers laquelle j’explorerai les pratiques de co-création des fans engagés et les tensions qui découlent de leur désir de s’impliquer dans le processus de production. Mon modèle de référence sera celui de la gestion de la créativité et de la collaboration dans l’élaboration des produits culturels de Brunet (2003). 1.1 Le nouveau consommateur Selon la conception traditionnelle de la chaîne de valeur, le consommateur était exogène à l’entreprise et n’avait aucun rôle dans le processus de production (Prahalad et Ramaswamy 2004). La création de valeur se faisait à l’intérieur de « la fabrique » (Bijmolt, Leeflang, Block, Eisenbeiss, Hardie, Lemmens et Saffert 2010), la communication circulait de la compagnie au consommateur, et les deux acteurs de la 1 transaction avaient des fonctions distinctes de production et de consommation, respectivement (Prahalad et Ramaswamy 2004). Le marché a subi de profonds changements qui ont transformés l’interaction entre le consommateur et l’entreprise. Ils ont conduit à un shift de la perspective classique centrée sur la firme, vers un focus de plus en plus important sur des expériences « personnalisées » avec l’émergence de consommateurs qui sont décrits comme « informés, connectés, dotés de pouvoir, et actifs » (Prahalad et Ramaswamy 2004) : les « post-consommateurs » ou « consomm’acteurs » (Cova 2009). 1.2 Nouveau média et pouvoir du consommateur L’émancipation de ces consomm’acteurs a été favorisée par l’Internet et accrue par l’introduction subséquente des technologies de média interactif qu’il a rendu possibles (Prahalad et Ramaswamy 2004, Cova 2009, Hennig-Thurau et al. 2010). Hennig- Thurau et co-auteurs (2010) définissent le nouveau media comme les sites web, autres communications digitales et canaux d’informations, à travers lesquels les consommateurs actifs peuvent produire une interaction qui peut être consommée en direct, et après diffusion, de n’importe que endroit. Les consommateurs utilisent les nouveaux médias pour participer à des réseaux de média sociaux où ils peuvent partager des informations et bâtir des rapports avec d’autres usagers (Hennig-Thurau et al.
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