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Women Artists and Female Imagery in EARLY MODERN EUROPE

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Women Artists and Female Imagery in EARLY MODERN EUROPE SECOND EDITION POLITICALLY INCORRECT Women Artists and Female Imagery IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE GINA STRUMWASSER California State University, Fresno Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Michael Simpson, Vice President of Acquisitions and Sales Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor Miguel Macias, Graphic Designer Kristina Stolte, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor Natalie Lakosil, Licensing Manager Claire Yee, Interior Designer Copyright © 2016 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfi lming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. First published in the United States of America in 2016 by Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright in the Public Domain. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-63189-023-9 (pbk) / 978-1-63189-024-6 (br) CONTENTS Dedication ............................................................................... ix List of Illustrations ...................................................................xi PART 1: CREATIVITY xviii Production of Art .....................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................. 1 What Role Does Familiarity Play in Comprehension? .................1 How Does a Museum Experience Inform the Viewer? .................2 What Is the Value of Looking at Art? ......................................... 3 What Role Do the Five Senses Play in Perception and Reception? ...........................................................................3 Is It Necessary to Distinguish between Art and Image? ..............6 Why Was Art Produced in Early Modern Europe? ......................7 What Was the Purpose of Religious Art in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance? .....................................................8 Why Did Artists Produce Religious Themes? ................................8 Creativity ..................................................................................9 Introduction ................................................................................. 9 Is There a Simple Defi nition of Creativity? .................................10 What Is Art? .............................................................................11 Why Do Artists Craft Diverse Pictorial Translations of the Same Theme? ...................................................................11 Description (Defi nition) ................................................................ 11 Analysis (Examination)................................................................. 12 Interpretation (Comprehension) .....................................................12 Art as Re-presentation ...............................................................18 Artist Creator: The Renaissance ................................................19 The Renaissance “Man”: Vasari and Gender .............................20 Artist Creator: Early Modern Europe to the 21st Century .......... 21 Art and Ritual ...........................................................................22 Viewing and Reception of Art May be Considered a Seductive Power .........................................................................23 Is It Possible to Comprehend and Articulate the Process of Creativity? How Does the Stimulus Emerge for the Creative Spirit? ..........................................................................24 What Role Does the Artist Play in the Creative Act? .................24 What Does the Creative Experience Feel Like? ......................... 27 Alternative Technology and Art (Art Shaped by New Technology) ........................................................................ 31 Printmaking: 1450–1500 ............................................................. 31 Printmaking: 1600s ......................................................................32 Camera Obscura: 1500s and 1600s ..............................................35 Camera: 1800s ............................................................................. 36 Camera: 1900–21st Century .........................................................42 Conclusion ..............................................................................42 PART 2: WOMEN ARTISTS OF EARLY MODERN EUROPE 44 Introduction ............................................................................45 Women’s Role in Alberti’s The Family in Renaissance Florence and in Castiglione’s The Courtier ............................................................................46 “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” ...............48 Ancient and Medieval: Boccaccio’s Account of the Early Women Artists Thamyris, Marcia and Irene, and the First Woman Eve, in Concerning Famous Women (De Mulieribus Claris) ..................................57 Thamyris ................................................................................... 58 Marcia ....................................................................................... 59 Irene .......................................................................................... 61 The First Woman: Eve ............................................................... 61 Christine de Pizan (also Pisan, 1365–ca. 1430) ......................62 Women Artists in Sacred Spaces: The Convent .......................64 Early Modern Europe: The Renaissance .................................66 Did Women Have a Renaissance? .............................................66 What Stimulated and Promoted Women to Produce Art Professionally? ..................................................................67 In What Manner Were They Able to Excel in the Male-Dominated Cultures of Early Modern Europe? .................67 The Northern Renaissance ......................................................67 Caterina van Hemessen (1528–1587) .........................................67 The Italian Renaissance .........................................................73 Properzia de’ Rossi (ca. 1490–1530) ...........................................73 Lavinia Fontana (1552–1614) .................................................... 80 Sofonisba Anguissola (1532/1535–1625) ....................................91 The Baroque .......................................................................... 95 Judith Leyster (1609–1660) .......................................................95 Maria de Grebber (Dutch, 1602–1680) ......................................99 Artemisia Gentileschi (Italian, 1593–1652/1653) ....................101 18th- and early-19th-Century France: Rococo and Neoclassicism ............................................................... 106 Marguerite Gérard (French, 1761–1837) ..................................106 Elisabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun (1755–1842) ...........................109 Conclusion ............................................................................ 114 Can We Politically Correct History? ..........................................114 PART 3: FEMALE IMAGERY WOMEN FROM SACRED AND CLASSICAL TEXTS 118 Introduction .......................................................................... 119 Categories ............................................................................. 122 Gender Defi ned .....................................................................123 The Heroine ..........................................................................124 The Virgin Mary .....................................................................125 St. Mary Magdalen .................................................................. 139 Religious Women and Female Saints ...................................154 St. Teresa of Avila (1515–1582) ...............................................155 Images of Faith: Women from the Old Testament ................. 159 Rebecca ................................................................................... 160 The Female Hero Metamorphosed and the Woman Betrayed ....161 Queen of Sheba ........................................................................162 Judith .......................................................................................174 Esther ...................................................................................... 184 Goddesses and Mortal Women from Ancient Literature and History: The Virtuous Victims ....................................... 194 Danae ...................................................................................... 194 Europa ..................................................................................... 197 Io .............................................................................................200 Daphne ...................................................................................201 Andromeda .............................................................................. 204 Eos/Aurora .............................................................................. 207 Women from Ancient History: The Sabine Women ...............214 Lucretia ....................................................................................216 The Femme Fatale (Female Aggressors and Predators)
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