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September 2005 September 2005 National Nuclear Security Administration’s Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Also in this issue: • The World’s Most Famous Equation • Analytic Solutions Help Verify Codes • Explaining a Mysterious Astronomical Feature About the Cover For several decades, Laboratory researchers have been examining both magnetic and inertial confi nement methods for generating fusion energy. As the article beginning on p. 4 describes, the magnetized plasmas of Livermoreʼs Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) represent one possible route to a source of abundant, inexpensive, and environmentally benign energy. Shown on the cover is a high-speed photograph of a spheromak plasma forming inside SSPX. Cover design: Amy Henke Amy design: Cover About the Review Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by the University of California for the Department of Energyʼs National Nuclear Security Administration. At Livermore, we focus science and technology on ensuring our nationʼs security. We also apply that expertise to solve other important national problems in energy, bioscience, and the environment. Science & Technology Review is published 10 times a year to communicate, to a broad audience, the Laboratoryʼs scientifi c and technological accomplishments in fulfi lling its primary missions. The publicationʼs goal is to help readers understand these accomplishments and appreciate their value to the individual citizen, the nation, and the world. Please address any correspondence (including name and address changes) to S&TR, Mail Stop L-664, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, or telephone (925) 423-3432. Our e-mail address is str-mail@llnl.gov. S&TR is available on the World Wide Web at www.llnl.gov/str. © 2005. The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. This document has been authored by the Regents of the University of California under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 with the U.S. Government. To request permission to use any material contained in this document, please submit your request in writing to the Business Services Department, Information Management Group, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail Stop L-664, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, S or to our e-mail address report-orders@llnl.gov. National Nuclear Security Administration This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specifi c • • commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The Prepared by LLNL under Contract views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or refl ect those of the United States Government or the No. W-7405-Eng-48 University of California and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. September 2005 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Contents S&TR Staff Features SCIENTIFIC EDITOR 3 The Pursuit of Fusion Energy Maurice B. Aufderheide III Commentary by William H. Goldstein MANAGING EDITOR Ray Marazzi 4 A Dynamo of a Plasma The self-organizing magnetized plasmas PUBLICATION EDITOR in a Livermore fusion energy experiment Pamela MacGregor are akin to solar flares and galactic jets. WRITERS Arnie Heller, Ann Parker, 12 How One Equation Changed Gabriele Rennie, and Katie Walter the World ART DIRECTOR AND DESIGNER A three-page paper by Albert Einstein Amy Henke revolutionized physics by linking mass and energy. COMPOSITOR Louisa Cardoza PROOFREADER Carolin Middleton Research Highlights S&TR, a Directorʼs Office publication, is 21 Recycled Equations Help Verify produced by the Technical Information Livermore Codes Department under the direction of the New analytic solutions for imploding Office of Policy, Planning, and Special spherical shells give scientists additional Studies. tools for verifying codes. S&TR is available on the Web at www.llnl.gov/str. 24 Dust Thatʼs Worth Keeping Scientists have solved the mystery of an astronomical spectral feature in Printed in the United States of America interplanetary dust particles. Available from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Departments Springfield, Virginia 22161 UCRL-TR-52000-05-9 2 The Laboratory in the News Distribution Category UC-99 September 2005 28 Patents and Awards 29 Abstracts 2 The Laboratory in the News S&TR September 2005 Lab garners four R&D 100 Awards gene expression can be controlled by several regulatory proteins Livermore researchers turned in a strong showing in working together at a combination of different binding sites. These the annual R&D 100 awards competition for top industrial regulatory proteins are known as transcription factors. Transcription inventions, winning four awards. Each year, R&D Magazine is the first step in the process by which the genetic information in presents these awards to the top 100 industrial, high-technology DNA is decoded by the cell to manufacture proteins, the building inventions submitted to its competition for outstanding blocks of life. achievements in research and development. The projectʼs goal was to deduce how many transcription factors The four Livermore inventions honored are as follows: at a time, or combinations of factors, are coming together physically • Biological Aerosol Mass Spectrometry system, which and how these combinations regulate genes. The researchers is an instrument that can analyze individual aerosol particles mathematically modeled general rules that could associate known in real time and at high rates to almost instantly identify the binding sites and gene expression in yeast, which is one of the most presence and concentration of harmful biological particles in widely studied organisms. “The next step,” says Krzysztof Fidelis, a air samples. computational biologist in Livermoreʼs Biosciences Directorate, “is • Adaptable Radiation Area Monitor, which could play an to test this approach on different organisms, including microbes and important role in protecting the nation from radiological or vertebrates.” nuclear attack. The highly sensitive system uses a thalium- Other institutions collaborating on the project were Warsaw doped sodium iodide crystal to detect small amounts of nuclear University in Poland and the Polish Academy of Sciences. A material in a number of different applications. Livermore report on the joint work appears in the June 2005 issue of Genome researchers and Innovative Survivability Technologies of Research. Primary funding for the research was provided by Goleta, California, share this R&D 100 Award. Livermoreʼs Laboratory Directed Research and Development • NanoFoil®, which is a nanoengineered heat source that Program, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, and the heats only the interface being joined and permits large and Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research. small components to be metallically bonded with no thermal Contact: Krzysztof Fidelis (925) 423-4752 (fidelis1@llnl.gov). damage. NanoFoil is sold by Reactive NanoTechnologies of Hunt Valley, Maryland, for a variety of commercial Trigger for rare bone disease found applications. Reactive NanoTechnologies shares this award A research team from Lawrence Livermore and Lawrence with Livermore researchers and Johns Hopkins University. Berkeley national laboratories, the Novartis Institutes for • VisIt, which is a visualization tool for the parallel BioMedical Research in Switzerland, and the Department of processing of large amounts of data, including simulations Energyʼs (DOEʼs) Joint Genome Institute in Walnut Creek have comprising trillions of bytes of data. To date, 4,000 users from tracked down the biological trigger that gives rise to Van Buchem throughout the world have downloaded this free, interactive tool. disease. This hereditary, disfiguring bone disorder can cause S&TRʼs October issue will feature detailed reports on these blindness and deafness. In June 2005, the research team, led by award-wining inventions and the teams that created them. Gabriela Loots of Livermoreʼs Genome Biology Division, reported Contact: Ron Franck (925) 422-9977 (franck1@llnl.gov). its findings in the online version of Genome Research. The team found the culprit is a regulatory element in a missing New bioinformatics method for analyzing DNA 52,000-base-pair stretch of DNA. This segment of DNA normally Scientists at Lawrence Livermore and the Linnaeus Centre directs the sclerostin, or SOST, gene to produce a protein that for Bioinformatics at Uppsala University in Sweden have maintains control of bone formation rates. Without this regulator, developed a new bioinformatics technique for systematically bone production goes up, progressively increasing bone density, analyzing key regions in DNA that help control gene activity. or osteosclerosis. Understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms that Noncoding DNA segments—long stretches of DNA that do tell genes when to switch on and off is one of the toughest not code
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