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Water Quality Summary for the Lamar River, Yellowstone River, and Madison River in Yellowstone National Park Preliminary Analysis of 2016 Data

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Water Quality Summary for the Lamar River, Yellowstone River, and Madison River in Yellowstone National Park Preliminary Analysis of 2016 Data National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Water Quality Summary for the Lamar River, Yellowstone River, and Madison River in Yellowstone National Park Preliminary Analysis of 2016 Data Natural Resource Report NPS/GRYN/NRR—2019/1873 ON THE COVER Sampling location on the Madison River near West Yellowstone, MT, April 2016 Photography by NPS Water Quality Summary for the Lamar River, Yellowstone River, and Madison River in Yellowstone National Park Preliminary Analysis of 2016 Data Natural Resource Report NPS/GRYN/NRR—2019/1873 Mary Levandowski Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network National Park Service 2327 University Way, Suite 2 Bozeman, MT 59715 Editing and Design by Tani Hubbard National Park Service & Northern Rockies Conservation Cooperative 12661 E. Broadway Blvd. Tucson, AZ 85748 February 2019 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conserva- tion and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate comprehensive information and analysis about natu- ral resources and related topics concerning lands managed by the National Park Service. The series supports the advancement of science, informed decision-making, and the achievement of the National Park Service mission. The series also provides a forum for presenting more lengthy results that may not be accepted by publications with page limitations. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientif- ically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. Data in this report were collected and analyzed using methods based on established, peer-reviewed protocols and were analyzed and interpreted within the guidelines of the protocols. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. This report is available from the Greater Yellowstone Network website, and the Natural Resource Publications Management website. If you have difficulty accessing information in this publication, particularly if using assistive technology, please email [email protected]. Please cite this publication as: Levandowski, M. 2019. Water quality summary for the Lamar River, Yellowstone River, and Madison River in Yellowstone National Park: Preliminary analysis of 2016 data. Natural Resource Report NPS/GRYN/ NRR—2019/1873. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 101/150612, February 2019 ii Water Quality Summary for the Lamar, Yellowstone, and Madison Rivers in Yellowstone National Park: 2016 Contents Page Figures . v Tables . vi Appendices . �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Executive Summary . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� viii River Discharge . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� viii Water Quality Monitoring . viii Acknowledgments . ix Introduction . .. 1 Overview of Yellowstone National Park Water Resources . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Potential Threats to Water Resources . 3 Focal Waters . ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 Lamar River near Tower Ranger Station, WY . 5 Yellowstone River at Corwin Springs, MT . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 5 Madison River near West Yellowstone, MT . 5 Water Quality Standards That Apply to Yellowstone National Park . ������������������������������������������������������������ 5 Federal Water Quality Criteria . 5 Montana Water Quality Standards and Water Classification System . 6 Wyoming Water Quality Standards and Water Classification System . 7 Monitoring Objectives . 7 Methods . 8 River Sampling . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8 Results . 10 Climate . ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10 Climate Station Summaries . 10 2016 Temperature and Precipitation . 10 Discharge . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 2016 Discharge . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Long-term trends in Discharge . .. 16 Discharge from Regional Rivers . 17 Water Chemistry . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Nutrients and Suspended Solids . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Trace Metals . 18 National Park Service iii Contents (continued) Page Discussion . .. 21 Literature Cited . ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 23 iv Water Quality Summary for the Lamar, Yellowstone, and Madison Rivers in Yellowstone National Park: 2016 Figures Page Figure 1. U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations associated with Greater Yellowstone Network’s Yellow- stone National Park water quality sampling. 2 Figure 2. Calendar year 2016 monthly and year-end temperature (maximum and minimum) and precipi- tation departures from the 30-year average for the Tower Falls COOP station 489025 (elevation 1910 m), 4 km from Lamar River monitoring site. ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 Figure 3. Calendar year 2016 monthly and year-end temperature (maximum and minimum) and precipi- tation departures from the 30-year average for the Yellowstone Park Mammoth COOP station 489905 (elevation 1899 m), 17 km from the Yellowstone River monitoring site. 11 Figure 4. Calendar year 2016 monthly and year-end temperature (maximum and minimum) and precipi- tation departures from the 30-year average for the Old Faithful COOP station 486845 (elevation 2243 m), 35 km from Madison River monitoring site. 12 Figure 5. Cumulative precipitation data (5A) and daily precipitation data (5B) from the West Yellow- stone, MT, SNOTEL station near the Madison River sampling location. 13 Figure 6. Summary of average daily discharge (in cfs) in the Lamar River near Tower Ranger Station, WY (6A; USGS 06188000), Yellowstone River at Corwin Springs, MT (6B; USGS 06191500), and Madison River near West Yellowstone, MT (6C; USGS 06037500). ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14 Figure 7. Summary of annual peak discharge (7A) and date of peak discharge (7B; day of year) at the Lamar River monitoring site near Tower Ranger Station, WY (USGS 06188000). 16 Figure 8. Proportion of monthly nutrient samples collected in 2016 from Lamar River (LMR), Yellowstone River at Corwin Springs (YRCS), and Madison River (MDR) monitoring stations that produced non-detect- able levels for ammonia as N (NH3 as N), nitrate + nitrite as N (NO3+NO2 as N), and ortho-phosphorus (ortho-P). ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Figure 9. Rating curves show the relationship between log-transformed discharge and total phosphorus (9A), sulfate (9B), total suspended solids (9C), total sodium (9D), and total calcium (9E) at the Lamar River (USGS 06188000) sampling location. 19 Figure 10. Daily discharge (in cfs; solid red line) and concentrations of total arsenic in the Lamar (10A; USGS 06188000), Yellowstone (10B; USGS 06191500) and Madison (10C; USGS 06037500) rivers. 20 Figure C-1. 2016 Reese Creek stream flow measurements. Upper Flume cfs (cubic feet per second) rep- resents the stream flow of Reese Creek above all diversions. 40 National Park Service v Tables Page Table 1. Summary of discharge metrics for the Lamar River near Tower Ranger Station, WY (USGS 06188000). 15 Table 2. Summary of discharge metrics for the Yellowstone River at Corwin Springs, MT (USGS 06191500). .. 15 Table 3. Summary of discharge metrics for the Madison River near West Yellowstone, MT (USGS 06037500). 15 Table A-1. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Montana DEQ, and Wyoming DEQ Water Quality Criteria. 27 Table B-1. Monthly water quality lab results for Lamar River near Tower Ranger Station,
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