"Siroe, Re Di Persia": a Fairy Tale from the Thousand and One Nights

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"Siroe, Re di Persia": a Fairy Tale from The Thousand and One Nights Colourful costumes, surreal video projections, atmospheric lighting. Is this up-to-date? Is it what we want to see on an opera stage? Aren´t we more used to a drab set and minimalist design, the story "explained" with real psychological insight, and full of Freudian symbolism? "Siroe", however, is a fairy tale, as well as being a story that moves us by telling us something real. First of all it wants to tell us about right and wrong, through the idealized story of a prince called Siroe, in which good triumphs over evil. Most certainly a fairy tale then, set in a lost and surreal Persian world, with fictional protagonists that have little to do with the historic characters of ancient Persia. For Europeans of past centuries Persia was a mysterious and faraway place, only known to them through such exotic rarities as translucent porcelain and exquisite miniatures, and mysteriously beautiful poems and stories. This is the world we have tried to recreate with "Siroe", using as our template those selfsame miniatures, full of colour and fantasy, and recreating the atmosphere of the palace of Susa through the use of double video projection. What is "Siroe" all about? The story´s spiritual and philosphical forebears are Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas, with whose ideas the librettist, Metastasio, himself a priest, was very familiar. Another important influence can be found in the philosophy of the Enlightenment, widely accepted during the course of the 18th century, which led to the growth in importance of such fraternal movements as Freemasonry and Rosicrucianism. Metastasio´s 1725 libretto for "Siroe" may be regarded as revolutionary opera (much like his book for "Ezio"): it ends with a people’s revolt that overthrows a tyrant and heralds a new era. It thus anticipates the real events of the French Revolution some sixty years later, which were such a shock to people thorughout Europe. However, in 1733 and 1763, when Hasse wrote his two settings of "Siroe", all this was mere philosophical speculation. The characters in "Siroe" are constructed according to principles taken from Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics", each of them correlating to one of the Vices: Laodice represents uncontrolled lust, Medarse greed, Emira revenge born out of hate. Siroe's vice is that of being too virtuous, not a realistic state of being, since someone prepared to meet his death voluntarily cannot make rational decisions. This makes him, according to Aristotle, a fool rather than a virtuous man. Cosroe is a man who has lost his reason. He is trapped in a myth-filled world of superstition and baseless imaginings, always making judgments on the basis of speculation rather than proof. Only Arasse is able bring this tragedy to a successful ending, by using his own good sense. Interestingly, his is a minor role, and, as always with Metastasio, he is a young man, uncorrupted, similar to Varo in "Ezio" or Adrasto in "Demofoonte". He is like the young David of the Bible, or the innocent fool of 19th-century Romanticism - though by that period such a character´s end was not always so fortunate. Metastasio brings these characters together to form intriguing interpersonal relationships, combining seriousness, wit and linguistic elegance with a success rare even for him. The crux of the plot threatens both disaster and tragedy, which can only be averted by the young "judge", namely Arasse. This catharsis enables the other five characters, all of much less virtue, to regain the moral quality of modesty, regarded as essential by Aristotle. Medarse and Laodice regret their greed and lust and vow to better themselves, and Siroe asks Emira to forgive the murder of her father at his hands. He follows Arasse's advice and leads the revolt to a peaceful conclusion. Cosroe, moved by the supposed death of his son, whose execution he had himself ordered, abdicates in order to make Siroe the new king of Persia. Thus a new era begins, but is it one based on the Christian principles of love for one´s fellow man and of forgiveness? Or is it a new world order based on masonic ideals? Metastasio often remains ambiguous on such matters, which is hardly surprising considering his long employment at the Viennese court, full of both clerics and Habsburg Freemasons In our tale Siroe actually goes through ordeals of fire and water on stage, rather than the symbolic version of Mozart´s "Die Zauberflöte". The idea of a man becoming a better, truer human being through exercising his reason is certainly more masonic than Christian, so "Siroe" forms an interesting parallel to Schikaneder's text, which confronts religion much more directly, as do the philosophical views of Kant and David Hume. But that's another story... SIROE RE DI PERSIA Ein Märchen aus 1001 Nacht Farbige Kostüme, surreale Blumenprojektionen, atmosphärisches Licht. Ist das zeitgemäß? Wollen wir das sehen? Ist nicht eine nüchterne Bühne mit minimalistischem Design das, was heute „in“ ist in der Oper? Eine Geschichte, die tiefenpsychologisch erzählt wird mit Freudscher Symbolik? Siroe ist ein Märchen. Eine Geschichte, die uns berührt, die uns etwas erzählen und mitteilen will. Vor allem will sie uns belehren, was falsch und was richtig ist. Sie will uns mitteilen, dass in dieser idealisierten Geschichte über den Kronprinz Siroe das Gute über das Böse siegt. Also ein Märchen, das in einer entrückten, surrealen Welt Persiens spielt, wobei die Protagonisten frei erfunden sind und wenig mit den geschichtlichen Charakteren Alt-Persiens zu tun haben. Persien war für die Menschen des alten Europa eine ferne unbekannte Welt, aus der man Artefakte wie Porzellan, Miniaturen und die schönsten Gedichte und Geschichten kannte. Diese Welt suchen wir in Siroe zu rekreieren. Als Vorlage dienten dabei die persischen Miniaturen. Bunt, phantastisch, märchenhaft. Durch die doppelte Videoprojektion wird eine atmosphärische Welt gezaubert: Der Palast von Souza. Aber worum geht es eigentlich bei Siroe? Aristoteles und St. Thomas von Aquin waren die geistigen und philosophischen Väter dieser Geschichte. Der Librettist Metastasio, selbst zum Priester geweiht, war mit ihren Ansätzen bestens vertraut. Eine weitere wichtige Quelle war natürlich auch die Philosophie der Aufklärung, die im 18. Jahrhundert rege in Mode war. Sie führte zu einer wachsenden Bedeutung der Freimaurer Logen oder anderer Fraternitäten-Bewegungen, wie zum Beispiel der Rosenkreuzer. Metastasio Siroe aus dem Jahre 1725 ist durchaus als eine Art ‚Revolutionsoper‘ zu betrachten, ebenso wie sein Ezio. Siroe endet mit einer Volksrevolte, durch die der Tyrann gestürzt wird und eine neue Ära anbricht. Mit diesem Ende wurde reale Geschichte vorgezeichnet, die sich mit der Französischen Revolution über 50 Jahre später so abspielen und blankes Entsetzen bei vielen in Europa auslösen sollte. Aber in den Jahren 1733 und 1763, als Hasse sich mit Siroe beschäftigte, war es noch harmlos, eine rein philosophische Betrachtung. Die Personen in Siroe werden gemäß den nikomachischen Tugenden von Aristoteles gebildet. Jeder Charakter entspricht einer Untugend. So ist Laodice diejenige, die die ungezügelte Lust darstellt. Medarse ist die Gier, Emira die Vergeltung durch Hass. Siroe verkörpert ebenfalls eine Untugend – er ist zu tugendhaft. Auch das ist nicht gut, denn jemand, der freiwillig in den Tod geht, ist ein Mensch, der nicht besonnen entscheidet. Damit ist er nach Aristoteles’ Urteil eher ein Narr als ein tugendhafter Mensch. Cosroe ist ein Mann, der das Maß verloren hat. Er ist gefangen in einer chthonischen Welt des Aberglaubens und der Vermutungen. Er beurteilt nicht, was er als Fakt vorgelegt bekommt, sondern er glaubt und vermutet, hat aber keine Beweise. Einzig Arasse ist derjenige, der in dieser Geschichte durch sein besonnenes Urteil die Tragödie zum Guten wendet. Interessanterweise ist es eine Nebenrolle, und es ist immer ein junger Mann, der bei Metastasio unkorrumpiert urteilt – wie Varo in Ezio oder Adrasto in Demofoonte... Quasi ein junger David wie in der Bibel formuliert oder der reine Thor wie gerne später im 19. Jahrhundert romantisiert – jedoch nicht unbedingt mit happy end versehen... Metastasio setzt diese Charaktere in eine spannende erzählerische Beziehung, die an Tragik, Witz und sprachlicher Galanz kaum zu übertreffen ist. Ziel dieser Erzählung ist es, die Geschichte zuerst an den Punkt der kompletten Tragik und des Desasters zu führen. Erst dann wird sie durch einen jungen „Richter“, also Arasse, zum Guten gewendet. Dabei wird die Katharsis ausgelöst, die fünf untugendhafte Charaktere wieder in die philosophische Mitte der nikomachischen Ethik führt – zur Gemessenheit. So bereuen Medarse und Laodice ihre Gier und Lust und schwören, sich fortan zu ändern. Siroe bittet Emira, seinem Vater Cosroe den Mord an ihrem Vater zu vergeben, und er folgt Arasses Rat und führt die Revolte an, um sie nur wieder friedlich zu beenden. Cosroe, ergriffen durch den vorgetäuschten Tod seines Sohnes, dessen Hinrichtung er selbst angeordnet hatte, krönt Siroe zum neuen König von Persien und zieht sich fortan zurück. Es bricht eine neue Ära an. Eine Ära nach christlichen Prinzipien der Nächstenliebe und Vergebung? Oder wohl eher eine neue Weltordnung nach freimaurerischen Idealen? Dies ist bei Metastasio oft versteckt formuliert und zweideutig. Wenn man bedenkt, dass der Wiener Hof stark klerikal durchzogen war, aber Mitglieder des Hauses Habsburg Freimaurer waren, bleibt die Wahrheit wohl zweideutig. In meiner Erzählung durchlebt Siroe die Prüfung durch Feuer und Wasser – die wir auch auf der Bühne erleben – in der Zauberflöte wird sie nur symbolisch charakterisiert. Das Ziel jedoch, dass der Mensch sich durch Vernunft zum Besseren erhebt und damit „ein wahrer Mensch“ wird, ist mehr eine freimaurerische als eine christliche Idee. Damit bildet Siroe eine interessante Parallele zu Schikaneders Text, der durch die späteren philosophischen Ansichten Kants und Humes in eine viel direktere Konfrontation mit der Religion ging. Aber das ist eine andere Geschichte..
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