Application of Lidar to 3D Structural Mapping
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Strike and Dip Refer to the Orientation Or Attitude of a Geologic Feature. The
Name__________________________________ 89.325 – Geology for Engineers Faults, Folds, Outcrop Patterns and Geologic Maps I. Properties of Earth Materials When rocks are subjected to differential stress the resulting build-up in strain can cause deformation. Depending on the material properties the result can either be elastic deformation which can ultimately lead to the breaking of the rock material (faults) or ductile deformation which can lead to the development of folds. In this exercise we will look at the various types of deformation and how geologists use geologic maps to understand this deformation. II. Strike and Dip Strike and dip refer to the orientation or attitude of a geologic feature. The strike line of a bed, fault, or other planar feature, is a line representing the intersection of that feature with a horizontal plane. On a geologic map, this is represented with a short straight line segment oriented parallel to the strike line. Strike (or strike angle) can be given as either a quadrant compass bearing of the strike line (N25°E for example) or in terms of east or west of true north or south, a single three digit number representing the azimuth, where the lower number is usually given (where the example of N25°E would simply be 025), or the azimuth number followed by the degree sign (example of N25°E would be 025°). The dip gives the steepest angle of descent of a tilted bed or feature relative to a horizontal plane, and is given by the number (0°-90°) as well as a letter (N, S, E, W) with rough direction in which the bed is dipping. -
Field Geology
FIELD GEOLOGY GUIDEBOOK AND NOTES ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY 2018 Version 2 Table of Contents Syllabus 5 Schedule 8 Hazard Recognition Mitigation 9 Geologic Field Notes 17 Reconnaissance Notes 17 Measuring Stratigraphic Column Notes 18 Geologic Mapping Notes 19 Geologic Maps and Mapping 22 Variables affecting the appearance of a geologic map 23 Techniques to test the quality and accuracy of your map 23 Common map errors 24 Official USGS map colors 24 Rule of V’s 25 Geologic Cross Sections 26 Basic principles of cross section construction 26 Apparent dips: correct use of strike and dip data in cross sections 27 Common cross section errors 27 Steps in making a topographic profile for a geologic cross section 28 Constructing geologic cross sections using down-plunge projection 29 Phanerozoic Stratigraphy of North America 33 Tectonic History of the U.S. Cordillera 38 Regional Cross-sections through Wyoming 41 Wyoming Stratigraphic Nomenclature Chart 42 Rock Sequence in the Bighorn Basin 43 Rock Sequence in the Powder River Basin 44 Black Hills Precambrian Geology 45 Project Descriptions 47 Regional Stratigraphy 47 Amsden Creek Big Game Winter Range 49 Steerhead Ranch 50 Alkali 53 South Fork 55 Mickelson 57 Moonshine 60 Appendix 1: Essential Analysis Tools and Techniques for Field Geology 62 Field description of rocks 62 Measuring stratigraphic sections 69 Calculating layer thicknesses 76 Alignment diagram for calculating apparent dip 77 Calculating strike and dip of a surface from contacts on a map 78 Calculating outcrop patterns from field -
Alternatives Considered
Forest-wide NNIS Management Project Chapter 2 – Alternatives Considered Chapter 2 – Alternatives Considered This chapter: Describes the alternatives that were considered to address issues and concerns; Identifies the design features and mitigation measures that would be implemented to reduce the chance of adverse resource effects; and Summarizes the activities and effects of the alternatives in comparative form to clearly display the differences between each alternative and to provide a clear basis for choice among options by the decision maker and the public. 2.1 - Alternatives Considered but Eliminated from Detailed Study During initial planning and scoping, several potential alternatives to the proposed action were suggested. The following is a summary of the alternatives that contributed to the overall range of alternatives considered, but, for the reasons noted here, were eliminated from detailed study. 2.1.1 - Control NNIS on Private Land Not Adjacent to National Forest Land Several people expressed interest in collaborating with the Forest to control NNIS on private property that is not adjacent to National Forest land. While such collaboration may be desirable for reducing local NNIS populations, the proper vehicle for such collaboration is a Cooperative Weed Management Area (CWMA) involving landowners, the Forest Service, and other state, federal, and local agencies. The purpose and need focuses on authorizing treatment of infestations; collaborating to achieve control on a broader scale can be pursued independent of this project as staff and funding allow. Elimination of this concept as an alternative does not preclude the Forest from collaborating with the owners of land that is adjacent to treatment sites on National Forest land. -
Faults and Joints
133 JOINTS Joints (also termed extensional fractures) are planes of separation on which no or undetectable shear displacement has taken place. The two walls of the resulting tiny opening typically remain in tight (matching) contact. Joints may result from regional tectonics (i.e. the compressive stresses in front of a mountain belt), folding (due to curvature of bedding), faulting, or internal stress release during uplift or cooling. They often form under high fluid pressure (i.e. low effective stress), perpendicular to the smallest principal stress. The aperture of a joint is the space between its two walls measured perpendicularly to the mean plane. Apertures can be open (resulting in permeability enhancement) or occluded by mineral cement (resulting in permeability reduction). A joint with a large aperture (> few mm) is a fissure. The mechanical layer thickness of the deforming rock controls joint growth. If present in sufficient number, open joints may provide adequate porosity and permeability such that an otherwise impermeable rock may become a productive fractured reservoir. In quarrying, the largest block size depends on joint frequency; abundant fractures are desirable for quarrying crushed rock and gravel. Joint sets and systems Joints are ubiquitous features of rock exposures and often form families of straight to curviplanar fractures typically perpendicular to the layer boundaries in sedimentary rocks. A set is a group of joints with similar orientation and morphology. Several sets usually occur at the same place with no apparent interaction, giving exposures a blocky or fragmented appearance. Two or more sets of joints present together in an exposure compose a joint system. -
September 18,2008 This Letter Is to Give You Arguments As to Why I Am
September 18,2008 This letter is to give you arguments as to why I am opposed to PATH, the 1% c9 line proposal to go through the North Fork Valley in West Virginia. -vz~a 2- 0 ac?) I was born and raised in Virginia. In 1990 my husband and I found a beautiR1 pie% op property in Grant Co. West Virginia, only two and a half hours &om om home in Manassas, Va. The land was pasture land with no water or electricity. We built a humble cabin to live in when we visited our land, usually on weekends. We found our visits were steadily increasing and in 2001 we had a 3 bedroom house built. In 2005, tired of the traffic and the rat race of Northern Virginia, on a leap of faith we retired from good paying government jobs and moved to our WV home. We wanted to share the beauty of this land which led us to our decision to add on and Breakfast. In January of 2006 we opened Breath o In our guestbook are many happy notes from people who have stayed at our Bed and Breakfast and who have hked the nearby North Mountain.. “. .. we enjoyed everythlng... touring Smoke Hole Canyon, hiking Seneca Rocks and Dolly Sods, and “duckying” on the Potomac.. ” Ths family of four also had hked North Fork Mountain which challenged us along with our grandchildren on the same hike this past July. These notes include people from Norway, Great Britain, Australia, and one from France who wrote in her best English, “This beautiful landscape you have chance to live here. -
Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-Eared Bats a Symposium
Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-eared Bats A Symposium y Edited b Susan C. Loeb, Michael J. Lacki, and Darren A. Miller U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station General Technical Report SRS-145 DISCLAIMER The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. Papers published in these proceedings were submitted by authors in electronic media. Some editing was done to ensure a consistent format. Authors are responsible for content and accuracy of their individual papers and the quality of illustrative materials. Cover photos: Large photo: Craig W. Stihler; small left photo: Joseph S. Johnson; small middle photo: Craig W. Stihler; small right photo: Matthew J. Clement. December 2011 Southern Research Station 200 W.T. Weaver Blvd. Asheville, NC 28804 Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-eared Bats: A Symposium Athens, Georgia March 9–10, 2010 Edited by: Susan C. Loeb U.S Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Research Station Michael J. Lacki University of Kentucky Darren A. Miller Weyerhaeuser NR Company Sponsored by: Forest Service Bat Conservation International National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Offield Family Foundation ContEntS Preface . v Conservation and Management of Eastern Big-Eared Bats: An Introduction . 1 Susan C. Loeb, Michael J. Lacki, and Darren A. Miller Distribution and Status of Eastern Big-eared Bats (Corynorhinus Spp .) . 13 Mylea L. Bayless, Mary Kay Clark, Richard C. Stark, Barbara S. -
FM 5-410 Chapter 2
FM 5-410 CHAPTER 2 Structural Geology Structural geology describes the form, pat- secondary structural features. These secon- tern, origin, and internal structure of rock dary features include folds, faults, joints, and and soil masses. Tectonics, a closely related schistosity. These features can be identified field, deals with structural features on a and m appeal in the field through site inves- larger regional, continental, or global scale. tigation and from remote imagery. Figure 2-1, page 2-2, shows the major plates of the earth’s crust. These plates continually Section I. Structural Features undergo movement as shown by the arrows. in Sedimentary Rocks Figure 2-2, page 2-3, is a more detailed repre- sentation of plate tectonic theory. Molten material rises to the earth’s surface at BEDDING PLANES midoceanic ridges, forcing the oceanic plates Structural features are most readily recog- to diverge. These plates, in turn, collide with nized in the sedimentary rocks. They are adjacent plates, which may or may not be of normally deposited in more or less regular similar density. If the two colliding plates are horizontal layers that accumulate on top of of approximately equal density, the plates each other in an orderly sequence. Individual will crumple, forming mountain range along deposits within the sequence are separated the convergent zone. If, on the other hand, by planar contact surfaces called bedding one of the plates is more dense than the other, planes (see Figure 1-7, page 1-9). Bedding it will be subducted, or forced below, the planes are of great importance to military en- lighter plate, creating an oceanic trench along gineers. -
Structural Geology
2 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY Conventional Map A map is a proportionate representation of an area/structure. The study of maps is known as cartography and the experts are known as cartographers. The maps were first prepared by people of Sumerian civilization by using clay lens. The characteristic elements of a map are scale (ratio of map distance to field distance and can be represented in three ways—statement method, e.g., 1 cm = 0.5 km, representative fraction method, e.g., 1:50,000 and graphical method in the form of a figure), direction, symbol and colour. On the basis of scale, maps are of two types: large-scale map (map gives more information pertaining to a smaller area, e.g., village map: 1:3956) and small: scale map (map gives less information pertaining to a larger area, e.g., world atlas: 1:100 km). Topographic Maps / Toposheet A toposheet is a map representing topography of an area. It is prepared by the Survey of India, Dehradun. Here, a three-dimensional feature is represented on a two-dimensional map and the information is mainly represented by contours. The contours/isohypses are lines connecting points of same elevation with respect to mean sea level (msl). The index contours are the contours representing 100’s/multiples of 100’s drawn with thick lines. The contour interval is usually 20 m. The contours never intersect each other and are not parallel. The characteristic elements of a toposheet are scale, colour, symbol and direction. The various layers which can be prepared from a toposheet are structural elements like fault and lineaments, cropping pattern, land use/land cover, groundwater abstruction structures, drainage density, drainage divide, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, drainage frequency, natural vegetation, rock types, landform units, infrastructural facilities, drainage and waterbodies, drainage number, drainage pattern, drainage length, relief/slope, stream order, sinuosity index and infiltration number. -
Chromium Chemistry in Natural Waters, Iceland Deformation Mechanisms in Martian Shergottites
1414 Goldschmidt2013 Conference Abstracts Chromium chemistry in natural Deformation mechanisms in Martian waters, Iceland Shergottites HANNA KAASALAINEN1*, ANDRI STEFÁNSSON1, KACZMAREK M.-A.*12, GRANGE M.1, REDDY S.M.1, INGVI GUNNARSSON2 AND STEFÁN ARNÓRSSON1 AND NEMCHIN A.1 1Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 1Department of Applied Geology, The Institute for Geoscience 7, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland, Research, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box (*correspondence: [email protected]) U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia 2Present address: Reykjavik Energy, Bæjarhalsi 1, 110 2Now at University of Lausanne, Institute of Earth Sciences, Reykajvik, Iceland UNIL Mouline, Géopolis, CH-1016 Lausanne, Switzerland Chemistry of Cr and Fe was studied in non-thermal and (*correspondence: [email protected]) geothermal waters in Iceland. Chromium (Cr) is typically present at low concentrations (<1 µg/l) in natural waters, but Nakhla and Zagami are both clinopyroxene-rich basaltic elevated concentrations have been observed in waters with shergottite, with some Fe-rich olivine. The microstructure, the low pH values, e.g. acid mine drainage, and in association preferred orientation of pyroxene using Electron Backscatter with industrial activities. Chromium occurs in two oxidation Diffraction (EBSD) method and the gochemistry are combined states, Cr(III) and (VI), these being characterized by different to study subsamples of both Zagami and Nakhla to decipher (bio)chemical behaviour and solubility. As Cr(VI) is known to deformation processes that have occurred on Mars. be toxic but Cr(III) an essential micronutrient, it is important Nakhla displays a granular texture, essentially composed to determine the two oxidations states. Iron (Fe) is known to of augite, fayalite, plagioclase and magnetite. -
Evidence for Controlled Deformation During Laramide Orogeny
Geologic structure of the northern margin of the Chihuahua trough 43 BOLETÍN DE LA SOCIEDAD GEOLÓGICA MEXICANA D GEOL DA Ó VOLUMEN 60, NÚM. 1, 2008, P. 43-69 E G I I C C O A S 1904 M 2004 . C EX . ICANA A C i e n A ñ o s Geologic structure of the northern margin of the Chihuahua trough: Evidence for controlled deformation during Laramide Orogeny Dana Carciumaru1,*, Roberto Ortega2 1 Orbis Consultores en Geología y Geofísica, Mexico, D.F, Mexico. 2 Centro de Investigación Científi ca y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) Unidad La Paz, Mirafl ores 334, Fracc.Bella Vista, La Paz, BCS, 23050, Mexico. *[email protected] Abstract In this article we studied the northern part of the Laramide foreland of the Chihuahua Trough. The purpose of this work is twofold; fi rst we studied whether the deformation involves or not the basement along crustal faults (thin- or thick- skinned deformation), and second, we studied the nature of the principal shortening directions in the Chihuahua Trough. In this region, style of deformation changes from motion on moderate to low angle thrust and reverse faults within the interior of the basin to basement involved reverse faulting on the adjacent platform. Shortening directions estimated from the geometry of folds and faults and inversion of fault slip data indicate that both basement involved structures and faults within the basin record a similar Laramide deformation style. Map scale relationships indicate that motion on high angle basement involved thrusts post dates low angle thrusting. This is consistent with the two sets of faults forming during a single progressive deformation with in - sequence - thrusting migrating out of the basin onto the platform. -
Grant County Plan PC 12-5-13
Grant County Plan Developed by the Grant County Planning Commission with the assistance of Aaron Costenbader, Kathryn Ferreitra, & Vishesh Maskey Under the direction of Michael John Dougherty, Extension Specialist & Professor Adopted March 2011 Revised July 2013 Grant County Plan Developed by the Grant County Planning Commission with the assistance of Aaron Costenbader, Kathryn Ferreitra, & Vishesh Maskey Under the direction of Michael John Dougherty, Extension Specialist & Professor Adopted March 2011 Revised July 2013 West Virginia University Extension Service Community Resources and Economic Development 2104 Agricultural Sciences Building PO Box 6108 Morgantown, WV 26506-6108 304-293-2559 (Voice) 304-293-6954 (Fax) [email protected] GRANT COUNTY PLAN Page I Grant County Plan Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Plan Background ............................................................................................................................. 2 Planning Process ............................................................................................................................. 4 County Profile .............................................................................................................................. 5 Table 1: Historical Population ....................................................................................................... 5 Table 2: Comparative Population -
PLANE DIP and STRIKE, LINEATION PLUNGE and TREND, STRUCTURAL MEASURMENT CONVENTIONS, the BRUNTON COMPASS, FIELD BOOK, and NJGS FMS
PLANE DIP and STRIKE, LINEATION PLUNGE and TREND, STRUCTURAL MEASURMENT CONVENTIONS, THE BRUNTON COMPASS, FIELD BOOK, and NJGS FMS The word azimuth stems from an Arabic word meaning "direction“, and means an angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system. In structural geology, we primarily deal with land navigation and directional readings on two-dimensional maps of the Earth surface, and azimuth commonly refers to incremental measures in a circular (0- 360 °) and horizontal reference frame relative to land surface. Sources: Lisle, R. J., 2004, Geological Structures and Maps, A Practical Guide, Third edition http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/420k/PDF_files/Brunton_Compass_09.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunton_compass FLASH DRIVE/Rider/PDFs/Holcombe_conv_and_meas.pdf http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/geodata/fmsdoc/fmsuser.htm Brunton Pocket Transit Rider Structural Geology 310 2012 GCHERMAN 1 PlanePlane DipDip andand LinearLinear PlungePlunge horizontal dddooo Dip = dddooo Bedding and other geological layers and planes that are not horizontal are said to dip. The dip is the slope of a geological surface. There are two aspects to the dip of a plane: (a) the direction of dip , which is the compass direction towards which the plane slopes; and (b) the angle of dip , which is the angle that the plane makes with a horizontal plane (Fig. 2.3). The direction of dip can be visualized as the direction in which water would flow if poured onto the plane. The angle of dip is an angle between 0 ° (for horizontal planes) and 90 ° (for vertical planes). To record the dip of a plane all that is needed are two numbers; the angle of dip followed by the direction (or azimuth) of dip, e.g.