Approval of an Artificial Propagation Program

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

APPROVAL OF AN ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION PROGRAM Plantation 2000 (Cycad Connections) has been approved as an artificial propagation program until September 2022 under Regulation 9A.18 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) for the following: Approved at genus level (excluding CITES I and EPBC listed species) Ceratozamia sp. Hybrid Encephalartos natalensis x woodii Encephalartos natalensis x woodii x woodii Cycas Dioon Zamia Approved at species level - CITES Appendix I Ceratozamia brevifrons Encephalartos ituriensis Ceratozamia fuscoviridis Encephalartos kisambo Ceratozamia hildae Encephalartos laevifolius Ceratozamia kuesteriana Encephalartos latifrons Ceratozamia mexicana Encephalartos laurentianus Ceratozamia microstrobila Encephalartos lebomboensis Ceratozamia mirandae Encephalartos lehmannii Ceratozamia norstogii Encephalartos longifolius Ceratozamia plumosa Encephalartos macrostrobilus Ceratozamia robusta Encephalartos manikensis Ceratozamia whitelockiana Encephalartos marunguensis Ceratozamia zaragozae Encephalartos middelburgensis Encephalartos aemulans Encephalartos msinganus Encephalartos altensteinii Encephalartos munchii Encephalartos aplanatus Encephalartos natalensis Encephalartos arenarius Encephalartos ngoyanus Encephalartos barteri ssp.barteri Encephalartos nubimontanus Encephalartos bubalinus Encephalartos paucidentatus Encephalartos caffer Encephalartos princeps Encephalartos cerinus Encephalartos pterogonus Encephalartos chimanimaniensis Encephalartos schmitzii Encephalartos concinnus Encephalartos sclavoi Encephalartos cupidus Encephalartos senticosus Encephalartos cycadifolius Encephalartos septentrionalis Encephalartos dolomiticus Encephalartos tegulaneus Encephalartos dyerianus Encephalartos transvenosus Encephalartos eugene-maraisii Encephalartos trispinosus Encephalartos ferox Encephalartos turneri Encephalartos friderici-guiliemi Encephalartos umbeluziensis Encephalartos gratus Encephalartos villosus Encephalartos hildebrandtii Encephalartos whitelockii Encephalartos horridus Microcycas calocoma Encephalartos inopinus Stangeria eriopus GPO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601 Telephone 02 6274 1111 Facsimile 02 6274 1666 www.environment.gov.au .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Download the PDF File
ISSN 2473-442X CONTENTS Message from Dr. Patrick Griffith, Co-chair, IUCN/SSC CSG 3 Official newsletter of IUCN/SSC Cycad Specialist Group Botanic Garden: In Focus Vol. IV I Issue 2 I December 2019 Montgomery Botanical Center’s Cycad Collection – Focus on research and conservation 5 Michael Calonje & Patrick Griffith Feature Articles Towards an approach for the conservation and illegal trade prevention of South Africa’s endangered Encephalartos spp. 10 James A. R. Clugston, Michelle Van Der Bankand Ronny M. Kobongo Fire is the most important threat for conservation of Dioon merolae (espadaña) in the hill Nambiyigua, municipality of Villaflores, Chiapas, Mexico 13 Miguel Angel Pérez-Farrera & Mauricio Martínez Martínez Ex-situ Cycad Conservation [1]: Public and Private Collections 16 Chip Jones & JS Khuraijam The Cycad Specialist Group (CSG) is a component of the IUCN Species Research and Conservation News Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC). It consists of a group of volunteer The Cycad Extinction Crisis in South Africa 19 experts addressing conservation Wynand van Eeden & Tim Gregory issues related to cycads, a highly What is Ceratozamia becerrae ? 21 threatened group of land plants. The Andrew P. Vovides, Miguel Angel Pérez-Farrera & José Said Gutiérrez-Ortega CSG exists to bring together the world’s cycad conservation expertise, Preliminary Finding: Seed longevity of Encephalartos in controlled storage 23 and to disseminate this expertise to Ngawethu Ngaka and Phakamani Xaba organizations and agencies which can use this guidance to advance cycad Meeting Reports conservation. 2nd Nong Nooch Cycad Horticulture Workshop 25 Official website of CSG: Anders Lindstrom http://www.cycadgroup.org/ Plant Conservation Genetics Workshop 26 Co-Chairs Caroline Iacuaniello, Stephanie Steele & Christy Powell John Donaldson Patrick Griffith CSG Members 28 Vice Chairs Michael Calonje Cristina Lopez-Gallego Red List Authority Coordinator De Wet Bosenberg CSG Newsletter Committee JS Khuraijam, Editor Irene Terry Andrew P.
[Show full text]
Cop16 Inf. 34 (English Only / Únicamente En Inglés / Seulement En Anglais)
CoP16 Inf. 34 (English only / Únicamente en inglés / Seulement en anglais) CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok (Thailand), 3-14 March 2013 CITES TRADE – A GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF TRADE IN APPENDIX-I LISTED SPECIES 1. The attached document has been submitted by the Secretariat at the request of the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)* in relation to item 21 on Capacity building. 2. The research was facilitated through funds made available by the Government of Germany. * The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat or the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author. CoP16 Inf. 34 – p. 1 CITES Trade - A global analysis of trade in Appendix I-listed species United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre February, 2013 UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unep-wcmc.org The United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organisation. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with practical policy advice.
[Show full text]
A Global Analysis of the Distribution and Conservation Status Of
Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2015) 42, 809–820 SYNTHESIS Fighting their last stand? A global analysis of the distribution and conservation status of gymnosperms Yann Fragniere1,Sebastien Betrisey2,3,Leonard Cardinaux1, Markus Stoffel4,5 and Gregor Kozlowski1,2* 1Natural History Museum Fribourg, CH-1700 ABSTRACT Fribourg, Switzerland, 2Department of Biology Aim Gymnosperms are often described as a marginal and threatened group, and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, members of which tend to be out-competed by angiosperms and which therefore CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland, 3Conservation Biogeography, Department of preferentially persist at higher latitudes and elevations. The aim of our synthesis Geosciences, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 was to test these statements by investigating the global latitudinal and elevational Fribourg, Switzerland, 4Dendrolab.ch, distribution of gymnosperms, as well as their conservation status, using all extant Institute of Geological Sciences, University of gymnosperm groups (cycads, gnetophytes, ginkgophytes and conifers). 5 Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, Institute Location Worldwide. for Environmental Sciences, Climatic Change and Climate Impacts, University of Geneva, Methods We developed a database of 1014 species of gymnosperms containing CH-1227 Carouge, Switzerland latitudinal and elevational distribution data, as well as their global conservation status, as described in the literature. The 1014 species comprised 305 cycads, 101 gnetophytes, the only living representative of ginkgophytes, and 607 conifers. Generalized additive models, frequency histograms, kernel density estimations and distribution maps based on Takhtajan’s ﬂoristic regions were used. Results Although the diversity of gymnosperms decreases at equatorial lati- tudes, approximately 50% of the extant species occur primarily between the tropics. More than 43% of gymnosperms can occur at very low elevations (≤ 200 m a.s.l.).
[Show full text]
Gene Duplications and Genomic Conflict Underlie Major Pulses of Phenotypic 2 Evolution in Gymnosperms 3 4 Gregory W
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.13.435279; this version posted March 15, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 1 Gene duplications and genomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic 2 evolution in gymnosperms 3 4 Gregory W. Stull1,2,†, Xiao-Jian Qu3,†, Caroline Parins-Fukuchi4, Ying-Ying Yang1, Jun-Bo 5 Yang2, Zhi-Yun Yang2, Yi Hu5, Hong Ma5, Pamela S. Soltis6, Douglas E. Soltis6,7, De-Zhu Li1,2,*, 6 Stephen A. Smith8,*, Ting-Shuang Yi1,2,*. 7 8 1Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Kunming, Yunnan, China. 10 2CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of 11 Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. 12 3Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, 13 Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China. 14 4Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. 15 5Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 16 University Park, PA, USA. 17 6Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 18 7Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 19 8Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 20 MI, USA. 21 †Co-first author. 22 *Correspondence to: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].
[Show full text]
The Last Patagonian Cycad, Austrozamia Stockeyi Gen. Et Sp
Botany The last Patagonian cycad, Austrozamia stockeyi gen. et sp. nov., early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, Chubut, Argentina Journal: Botany Manuscript ID cjb-2016-0038.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Author: 19-May-2016 Complete List of Authors: Wilf, Peter; Pennsylvania State University, Geosciences Stevenson, Dennis; New York Botanical Garden Cuneo, N.;Draft CONICET, Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio Keyword: cycads, Eocene, <i>Encephalartos</i>, <i>Lepidozamia</i>, Patagonia https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Page 1 of 36 Botany The last Patagonian cycad, Austrozamia stockeyi gen. et sp. nov., early Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, Chubut, Argentina Peter Wilf, Dennis Wm. Stevenson, and N. Rubén Cúneo P. Wilf. Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. D. Wm. Stevenson. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA N.R. Cúneo. CONICET, Museo PaleontológicoDraft Egidio Feruglio, Avenida Fontana 140, 9100 Trelew, Chubut, Argentina. Corresponding author: Peter Wilf (e-mail: [email protected]) 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Botany Page 2 of 36 Abstract: The cycads pose classic problems in evolutionary biogeography due to their far-flung extant distributions and the sparse fossil records of living genera. A noteworthy example is Tribe Encephalarteae of Family Zamiaceae, today consisting of Encephalartos (Africa) and the Australian genera Lepidozamia and Macrozamia . Numerous petrified trunks of Encephalarteae described from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, Antarctica, and India indicate far larger past distributions across Gondwana and subsequent extinctions. The only fossils close to the current range are Paleogene leaf fragments from Australia assigned to Lepidozamia and Macrozamia . Here, we report a large frond piece and several isolated leaflets of a compressed cycad, along with an associated spiny petiole, from the late-Gondwanan, 52.2 Ma Laguna del Hunco flora of Patagonia, Argentina.
[Show full text]
Review of Current Wildlife Species Genetic Research: Identification of a Priority List of Wildlife Species in Trade, Where DNA Research Would Assist Law Enforcement
A Review of Current Wildlife Species Genetic Research: Identification of a priority list of wildlife species in trade, where DNA research would assist law enforcement Revised Final Report February 22, 2002 (Revised Mar 2004) Report No 3 LGC/LS/2004/001 A Review of Current Wildlife Species Genetic Research: Identification of a priority list of wildlife species in trade, where DNA research would assist law enforcement Revised Final Report Report No 3 Contact Point: Carole Foy Tel: 020 8943 7335. Prepared by: LGC: Carole Foy Lydia Ballam TRAFFIC: Crawford Allan Angela Barden Approved by: Alison Woolford ________________________________ Date: 22nd February 2002 (Revised Mar 2004) ________________________________ The work described in this report was supported under contract with DEFRA LGC/LS/2004/001 © LGC (Teddington) Limited 2004 Contents 1. Executive Summary 1 2. Project Aims 2 3. Background 2 4. Approach 5 4.1 Development of Priority Species Selection Criteria 5 4.1.1 The Primary Filter Process and Selection Criteria 5 4.1.2 Development of a DNA search strategy 8 4.2 Development of Analytical Database System 11 4.3 The Ranking, Scoring and Weighting Systems 11 4.3.1 DNA Ranking Strategy 11 5. Output 17 6. Recommendations 20 7. Conclusion 21 8. Acknowledgements 22 9. Appendices 24 9.1 Appendix 1 : Alternative animal ranking and prioritisation strategy 24 9.2 Appendix 2 : Species Database Construction and Use 26 9.3 Appendix 3 : Individuals/organisations contacted 37 9.4 Appendix 4 : Individuals/organisations offering assistance 37 9.5 Appendix 5 : DNA References 37 9.6 Appendix 6 : Summary of animal DNA information 65 9.7 Appendix 7 : Summary of plant DNA information 73 9.8 Appendix 8 : Wildlife trade regulation in the european union 75 9.9 Appendix 9 : Definitons for the Red List categories 77 Review of Current Wildlife Species Genetic Research - i - Final Report 1.
[Show full text]
Roy Emile Gereau, Born 5 December L947, Rock Island, Illinois, U.S.A
CURRICULUM VITAE Personal: Roy Emile Gereau, born 5 December l947, Rock Island, Illinois, U.S.A. Education and Degrees: B.A., mathematics and French, University of Iowa, l969 (graduation with Highest Distinction); B.S., forestry, Michigan Technological University, l975 (graduation with Highest Distinction); M.S., biological sciences, Michigan Technological University, l978 (graduation with Highest Distinction); enrolled in Ph.D. program at Michigan State University, 1978, successfully completed all course work, 1981. Professional and Scholastic Positions: Teaching Assistant, Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Michigan Technological University, l975-l977; Instructor, Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Michigan Technological University, l977-l978; Instructor, Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, summer terms l977 and l978 (vascular plant taxonomy); Teaching Assistant, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, spring terms l979 and l98l; Herbarium Assistant, Beal-Darlington Herbarium, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, l978-l983; Curatorial Assistant, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, l983-2005; Assistant Curator, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, April 2005-present. Editorial Positions: Consulting Editor, Novon; Member of Editorial Committee, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden; Member of Reviewer Panel, African Journal of Ecology Awards: Sigma Xi Grant-in-Aid of Research, l979; National
[Show full text]
The Population Structure and Dynamics of Macrozamia Riedlei Within the Perth Region
The population structure and dynamics of Macrozamia riedlei within the Perth region Mark Anthony Gerlach Bachelor of Science (Environmental Science) School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University 2012 This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for a degree at this or any other university. Nor does it contain, to the best of my knowledge and belief, any material published or written by another person, except as acknowledged in the text: Mark Gerlach, 25th October 2012 Word count for all parts of the thesis, excluding references and appendices: 12,039 Abstract Macrozamia riedlei is a long lived, large seeded member of the cycad family, common to the Jarrah forest and Banksia woodlands within the Perth region of Western Australia. Because of the large size of the seeds (up to 50mm), it is believed that large bodied herbivores are required to act as dispersal agents. Currently, the Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is considered to be the primary dispersal agent for M. riedlei. Due to anthropogenic activities, much of the habitat of M.riedlei is becoming fragmented primarily through agricultural and residential land clearing. This leads to the potential restriction of long distance dispersal of seed, required for healthy gene flow and the ability for range expansion in the face of an uncertain climatic future. The aims of this study were to investigate the current population structure of M. riedlei at three locations within the Perth region and to identify dispersal agents and the distance they can disperse seeds. The sites chosen were Avon Valley, Sawyers Valley and Kings Park; these three sites were chosen since they present a gradient in emu population density, from abundant at Avon Valley to absent for a century at Kings Park.
[Show full text]
Flora 4.34MB
Baseline Vegetation and Flora Assessment, Yaligimba Concession, Feronia, DRC. Prepared by Leigh-Ann de Wet (M.Sc., Pri. Sci. Nat) For Digby Wells and Associates (International) Limited (Subsidiary of Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd) November 2015 LD Biodiversity Consulting Biodiversity Assessments, Baseline surveys and Impact Assessments and Integrated Management Solutions. www.ldbiodiversity.co.za [email protected] 083 352 1936 LD Biodiversity Consulting i Yaligimba Concession, Feronia This report should be cited as: L. de Wet (2014). Baseline Vegetation and Flora Assessment, Yaligimba Concession, Feronia, DRC. LD Biodiversity Consulting. Appointment of Specialist Leigh-Ann de Wet (LD Biodiversity Consulting) was commissioned by Digby Wells and Associates (International) Limited (Subsidiary of Digby Wells & Associates (Pty) Ltd) to undertake a vegetation and flora assessment along High Conservation Value Assessment goals (HCVRN 2014). Terms of reference were to review all information available on vegetation and flora of the region, as well as applying knowledge gained from a further brief site visit. Determinations of possible impacts associated with the existing plantation as well comments on High Conservation Value were also required. Details of Specialist Leigh-Ann de Wet LD Biodiversity Consulting Telephone: 083 352 1936 e-mail: [email protected] Expertise of the specialist M.Sc. in Botany from Rhodes University. Registered Professional Natural Scientist with the South African Council for Natural Scientific Professionals (Ecological Science). Registered with RSPO as a certified High Conservation Value Assessor (Plants), since 2011. Founded LD Biodiversity Consulting in 2014. Ecological Consultant since 2009. Conducted, or have been involved in over 100 Ecological Impact Assessments, Baseline surveys, Biodiversity Action Plans and Offset Plans throughout Africa.
[Show full text]
CENTER for CONSERVATION and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Publications in Conservation by MBG Staff References by Author
CENTER FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Publications in Conservation by MBG staff References by Author - June 15, 2005 Adany, A. J., Birkinshaw, C. R., & J. R. Andrews. 1994. Illegal palm felling in Lokobe Reserve, Madagascar. Principes 38:204-210. Anderson, D. M., Salick, J., Moseley, R. K. & O. Xiaokun. 2005. Conserving the sacred medicine mountains: a vegetation analysis of Tibetan sacred sites in Northwest Yunnan. Biodiversity & Conservation. Anderson, D., Salick, J., Consiglio, T., Woo, J. & W. Ruidong. 2003. Tibetan ethnobotany of sacred sites on Meri (Medicine Mountains): Vegetation, useful plants, and endemic plants. Meeting of the Society for Ethnobotany. Seattle. Andrews, J. & C. R. Birkinshaw. 1988. India's snakeskin trade. TRAFFIC Bulletin 9:66-77. Arango Caro, S. 2004. Guía de Plantas Medicinales de Uso Común en Salento, Colombia. MBG Press, St. Louis, MO. Arango Caro, S. 2004. Ethnobotanical studies in the Central Andes (Colombia): The distribution of knowledge of plant use based on the characteristics of informants. Lyonia 7. Aronson, J., Vallauri, D., Jaffré, T. & P. P. Lowry II. 2005. Restoring Dry Tropical Forests. Pages 285- 290. In: D. Vallauri and N. Dudley S. Mansourian, editor. Beyond Planting Trees: Restoring Forests and their Functions in Landscapes. Springer. Arroyo-Padilla, L. 2000. Plant communities in continous forest and isolated forest patches on the Serrania de Huanchacha, Bolivia. M.S. University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis. Ayensu, E., van R. Claasen, D., Collins, M., Dearing, A., Fresco, L., Gadgil, M., Gitay, H., Glaser, G., Juma, C., Krebs, J., Lenton, R., Lubchenco, J., McNeely, J. A., Mooney, H. A., Pinstrup-Andersen, P., Ramos, M., Raven, P., Reid, W.
[Show full text]
June 2007.Pmd
Cycad Focus Focus Focus EncephalartosEncephalartos turneriturneri Focus feet long and spread straight Approximately 50 miles northwest of Encephalartos turneri out. Leaves of sun-grown plants Nampula lies Jaiane, in the Rapale dis- Turners Cycad (front cover) are imbricate and trict of Nampula Province. In this area an olive green color, while are found two unique forms of E. turn- Article and Photos by Maurice Levin those of shade-grown plants are dark exhibiting either red or yellow sarcotes- For years, the distinct leaves and green and very shiny (Fig. 2); both fig- tas, known as the Red Seed and Yel- relative inaccessibility of Encephalartos ures are of plants from the Nairoku turneri have made it a true collectors habitat. Leaflets of E. turneri range item among cycad aficionados. Located from entire to somewhat spiny, depend- in hard-to-access habitats in previously ing on ecotype, which will be discussed war-torn Mozambique, Turners Cycad below. One of the most distinctive only became well-known in gardens in features of E. turneri may be found in the last ten years, since political stabili- the boat-shaped form of the leaflets, ty returned to Mozambique. However, which also have an attractive revolute due to efforts to propagate and distrib- margin in mature plants. ute seed and seedlings in the late 1990s Mature plants of this species tend and early 2000s, this medium-sized to produce 1-3 cones each year. Cones cycad, very adaptable to a range of of both sexes can reach 12 long. Diam- climates, may become more available eter of male cones is 3; that of while and popular in gardens.
[Show full text]
Encephalartos Ituriensis (Zamiaceae): an Emended Description
Encephalartos ituriensis (Zamiaceae): an emended description Piet VORSTER Department of Botany, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa. [email protected] Roy E. GEREAU Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT The original description of Encephalartos ituriensis (Zamiaceae) is incomplete, to some extent inaccurate and based in patt on immature material. Based on KEYWORDS subsequently collected material and on observations in situ, an emended des Encephalartos ituriensis, Zamiaceae, cription with illustrations of the fronds and mature female cones is pro D.R. Congo vided. RESUME La description originale à'Encephalartos ituriensis (Zamiaceae) est incomplète, parfois inexacte, et en partie fondée sur un matériel immature. Grâce à des MOTS CLÉS échantillons récoltés postérieurement et aux observations de tertain, une des Encephalartos ituriensis, Zamiaceae, cription amendée, avec des dessins de frondes et de cônes femelles mûts, est R.D. Congo présentée. The original description of Encephalartos itu sculpturing of the exposed faces of the sporo- riensis Bamps & Lisowski (BAMPS & LlSOWSKl phylls is ambiguous. No information was given 1990) was fairly detailed, but many of the data concerning the color of male and female cones, presented there were ambiguous or incomplete, the presence or absence of a petiole, the indu to the extent that when the second author saw mentum of the cones, the texture of the leaflets, plants in nature, he thought that they could and the distribution of teeth on the leaflets, all tepresent a different species. The size of the chatacters consideted diagnostic by VORSTER female cone given in the ptotologue is incorrect (1990 and in ptess).
[Show full text]