UNDERSTANDING the SIGNIFICANCE of a NEIGHBOURHOOD MOVIE THEATRE AS a CULTURAL RESOURCE by TAMMY LYNNE BENNETT BA (Honours)
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UNDERSTANDING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A NEIGHBOURHOOD MOVIE THEATRE AS A CULTURAL RESOURCE by TAMMY LYNNE BENNETT B.A. (Honours), Acadia University, 1994 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (PLANNING) in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES SCHOOL OF COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 2000 © Tammy Lynne Bennett, 2000 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying and publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of School of Community and Regional Planning The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date: August 16, 2000 Abstract The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) is in an era of growth, fundamental change, and reexamination of regional and local quality of life. Within this context, the complete community policies of the Livable Region Strategic Plan have been developed to help achieve a region where human community flourishes within the built and natural environment. The complete communities concept provides people with broader diversity in the physical and social elements of community - houses, travel, workplaces, social contacts, public services, recreation activities, shops and personal services (GVRD, 1995). By allowing this diversity, people will have a wider range of choices for urban living. In recent years, municipalities in the GVRD have begun to recognize that cultural resources are integral to the overall health, vitality and livability of the region. The role of culture and cultural resources in maintaining and enhancing the region's livability is acknowledged in two of the complete community policies. Cultural resources are the "things" which give a neighbourhood, a city, or region its particular sense of time and place and they are the expressions of what that place is. The conservation of cultural resources to a community provides a means of making a neighbourhood, city or region more aesthetically pleasing, and thus more livable. Neighbourhood movie theatres, for example, are one of the many types of buildings with cultural significance which may contribute to a community's character, quality of life and foster a sense of pride for residents in Vancouver communities. Neighbourhood movie theatres have been an essential component of the movie-going experience for the citizens of Vancouver since the 1930s. The purpose of this thesis is to ascertain whether cultural resources, such as a movie theatre, contribute to a complete community. ii Through both a literature review and case study approach, the research sought to understand the significance of cultural resources, such as a movie theatre, to a community. The thesis focuses on the case study of the Hollywood Theatre in Kitsilano to explore how a local cultural resource contributes to the community. A survey was designed and administered to 60 patrons of the Hollywood Theatre. The study concludes that the patrons of the Hollywood Theatre indicated that the theatre contributes to the vitality, and livability of the community. The prospects for achieving complete communities in established neighbourhoods will be influenced by local perspectives on growth, and change. Complete community objectives and strategies may be accepted locally to the degree they are seen as a means to achieve community aspirations and improve the quality of life of residents. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Acknowledgement x Dedication xi Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Purpose 2 1.3 Objectives 3 1.4 Research Questions 4 1.5 Methodology 4 1.6 Scope and Limitations 4 1.7 Thesis Organization 5 Chapter 2 - Complete Community Policy 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 The Background 7 2.3 The Complete Community Concept 8 2.4 Characteristics of Complete Communities 11 2.5 Comprehensive Policies 12 iv 2.6 Cultural resources 15 2.7 Policy Framework 16 2.8 Movie Policies 22 2.9 Arguments for Cultural Resources 24 2.10 Summary 28 Chapter 3 - Movie Theatres as a Cultural Resources 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 In the Beginning 31 3.3 A New Style of Entertainment 44 3.4 Moviegoing In the twenty-First Century 46 3.5 The Film Industry Transforms 48 3.6 Movie Going in Vacouver 53 3.7 Saved from the Wrecking Ball 58 3.8 Summary 62 Chapter 4 - Hollywood Theatre Case Study 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 The Neighbourhood — Kitsilano 65 4.3 Hollywood Theatre 67 v Chapter 5 - Methodology and Results 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Survey 70 5.3 Results 73 5.4 Summary 91 Chapter 6 - Conclusion 6.1 Introduction 92 6.2 Conclusions 92 6.3 Cultural Resources to Implement Complete Community Strategy • • • • 95 6.4 Future Research 96 6.5 Closing remarks 97 Notes 99 Bibliography 101 Appendix A - First Article on the Hollywood 107 Appendix B - Hollywood Theatre Survey 109 Appendix C - Open-Ended Survey Responses 113 vi List of Tables Table 3.1 Total number of screens 46 Table 5.1 Average attendance at the Hollywood Theatre 77 Table 5.2 Aspects most valued about the Hollywood Theatre 88 vii List of Figures Figure 3.1: First playbill 32 Figure 3.2: Megaplex 47 Figure 3.3: Jazz Singer 49 Figure 3.4: Theatre row 53 Figure 3.5: Orpheum vaudeville 54 Figure 3.6: Kerrisdale Theatre 55 Figure 3.7: Stanley Theatre 60 Figure 4.1: Hollywood Theatre 67 Figure 5.1: Length of Residence 73 Figure 5.2: Mode of transportation 74 Figure 5.3: Hollywood Theatre as leisure venue 75 Figure 5.4: Number of visits to Hollywood Theatre 76 Figure 5.5: Party size 77 Figure 5.6: Sense of pride 78 Figure 5.7: Architectural diversity 80 Figure 5.8: Conservation of heritage buildings and Hollywood Theatre 81 Figure 5.9: Community more desirable 82 Figure 5.10: Hollywood Theare as a landmark 83 Figure 5.11: Businesses visited before or after the Hollywood 84 viii Figure 5.12: Number of businesses visited 85 Figure 5.13: Contributor to the diversity of goods and services 86 Figure 5.14: Importance of admission price 89 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Many people have helped see this thesis through completion. I am especially grateful to Dr. Tim McDaniels, and Dr. Penny Gurstein for their advice and guidance in completing this thesis, and to Patti Nichol and Georgia Petropolous for their kindness, and to Garvin, for his feedback, encouragement, patience, love and enthusiasm. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to four very important people - my mother (1948-1984) "I did it again mom", my dad for his love and always believing in me, Mrs. Hunter "Ma" for always listening and rooting for me, and Garvin, for far too many reasons to count. xi CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION Since the 1940s the planning visions for Greater Vancouver have been to maintain and enhance the high quality of life or livability which has traditionally been enjoyed by the region's residents. In 1996 the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) adopted the Livable Strategic Plan, which is based on four fundamental, inter-related strategies: • protecting the green zone; • achieving a compact metropolitan area; • building complete communities; and • increasing transportation choice (GVRD, 1995a, p.2). The GVRD recognizes that local perspectives and experiences have implications beyond local borders, since achieving the 'livable region,' currently depends upon policy decisions of individual communities and municipalities. One way the livable region is to be accomplished is through complete communities. According to the GVRD, the term complete community does not refer to neighbourhoods or developments that contain everything in them. Rather, the complete communities concept provides people with broader diversity in the physical and social elements of community - houses, travel, workplaces, social contacts, public services, recreational activities, shops and personal services (GVRD, 1995). By allowing this diversity, people will have a wider range of choices for urban living. In recent years, municipalities in the GVRD have begun to recognize that cultural resources are integral to the overall health, vitality and livability of the region. The role of culture and cultural resources in maintaining and enhancing the region's livability is acknowledged in two of the complete community policies: 1 • an equitable distribution of public social and cultural services and facilities; and • development of a network of high-quality, mixed-activity urban centres supported by an appropriate level of public transit and a range of community services and cultural facilities for residents and employees (GVRD, 1995a, p.5). Cultural resources are the "things" which give a neighbourhood, a city, or region its particular sense of time and place and they are the expressions of what that place is. They may be defined as "the physical elements of human history that are of scientific, aesthetic, cultural, educational, economic or recreational value - they make each community what it is" (Province of British Columbia, 1987, p. 10). The conservation of cultural resources to a community provides a means of making a neighbourhood, city or region more aesthetically pleasing, and thus more livable. Cultural resources make an important contribution towards establishing a community's character and the quality of life of its residents. In addition, cultural resources may foster a sense of pride for neighbourhood residents and provide a connection to the history of the surrounding area.