Rinderpestrinderpest

RinderpestRinderpest

TexasTexas A&MA&M UniversityUniversity CollegeCollege ofof VeterinaryVeterinary MedicineMedicine

Jeffrey Musser, DVM, PhD, DABVP Suzanne Burnham, DVM

2006

Rinderpest SpecialSpecial notenote ofof thanksthanks

Many of the excellent images and notes for this presentation are borrowed from these 2 sources

From “Rinderpest” a presentation and notes by Dr Moritz van Vuuren, delivered at the Foreign Animal and Emerging Diseases Course, Knoxville, Tenn., 2005

From “Rinderpest” a presentation and notes by Dr Linda Logan delivered to many and diverse audiences including the Colorado Foreign Animal Disease Course of Aug 1-5, 2005, Plum Island Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostics Course and others

Rinderpest RinderpestRinderpest

RinderpestRinderpest (RP)(RP) isis anan acuteacute oror subacute,subacute, contagiouscontagious viralviral diseasedisease ofof ruminantsruminants andand swine,swine, andand ofof majormajor importanceimportance toto thethe cattlecattle industryindustry

Rinderpest RinderpestRinderpest

RinderpestRinderpest isis characterizedcharacterized byby highhigh fever,fever, lachrymallachrymal discharge,discharge, inflammation,inflammation, hemorrhage,hemorrhage, necrosis,necrosis, erosionserosions ofof thethe epitheliumepithelium ofof thethe mouthmouth andand ofof thethe digestivedigestive tract,tract, profuseprofuse diarrhea,diarrhea, andand death.death. The “four D’s” of Rinderpest: Depression Diarrhea Dehydration Death

Rinderpest RinderpestRinderpest

TheThe virusvirus isis relativelyrelatively fragilefragile andand isis immunologicallyimmunologically relatedrelated toto virusesviruses thatthat causecause

•• caninecanine distemper,distemper, •• measles,measles, andand •• pestepeste desdes petitspetits ruminantsruminants

Rinderpest AlsoAlso knownknown asas ““cattlecattle plagueplague””

rinderpestrinderpest isis aa mucosalmucosal diseasedisease

Rinderpest PeriodicPeriodic pandemicspandemics ofof rinderpestrinderpest throughoutthroughout AfricaAfrica forfor overover 100100 yearsyears…….. Rinderpest TheThe virusvirus waswas widelywidely distributeddistributed throughoutthroughout Europe,Europe, Africa,Africa, AsiaAsia andand WestWest Asia,Asia, butbut nevernever becamebecame establishedestablished inin eithereither thethe AmericasAmericas oror Australia/NewAustralia/New ZealandZealand

Rinderpest MassMass vaccinationvaccination andand eradicationeradication effortsefforts havehave steadilysteadily decreaseddecreased thethe prevalenceprevalence ofof rinderpestrinderpest inin manymany ofof thesethese areasareas

Rinderpest http://spore.cta.int/spore118/images/brief01.jpg However,However, itit currentlycurrently remainsremains endemicendemic inin thethe IndianIndian subcontinent,subcontinent, thethe NearNear East,East, Egypt,Egypt, andand subsub--SaharanSaharan AfricaAfrica

Rinderpest Rinderpest, the most dreaded bovine plague known, has changed the course of history many times over.

Rinderpest ‘ Century after century, rinderpest swept west over and around Europe and east over and around Asia with every marauding army causing the disaster, death and devastation that preceded

1. The fall of the Roman Empire, 2. The conquest of Christian Europe by Charlemagne, 3. The French Revolution, 4. The impoverishment of Russia and 5. The colonisation of Africa.’

Rinderpest Rinderpest,Rinderpest, HistoricHistoric LegacyLegacy

ConceptConcept ofof QuarantineQuarantine && IndemnityIndemnity

DevelopmentDevelopment ofof thethe clinicalclinical thermometerthermometer

FirstFirst massmass vaccinationvaccination campaigncampaign

FirstFirst VeterinaryVeterinary School:School: 17621762 inin Lyon,Lyon, FranceFrance Rinderpest Rinderpest,Rinderpest, HistoricHistoric LegacyLegacy

VeterinaryVeterinary Schools:Schools: EgyptEgypt (1827),(1827), IndiaIndia (1872)(1872) CreationCreation ofof BritishBritish VeterinaryVeterinary Dept.Dept. inin 18661866 1st1st InternationalInternational VeterinaryVeterinary Congress,Congress, HamburgHamburg 18631863

CreationCreation ofof OIEOIE inin 19201920

Rinderpest RinderpestRinderpest

RinderpestRinderpest isis aa diseasedisease reportablereportable toto thethe OIE.OIE.

ItIt isis alsoalso onon thethe USDAUSDA listlist ofof HighHigh ConsequenceConsequence pathogens.pathogens.

Rinderpest BecauseBecause rinderpestrinderpest isis easilyeasily transmissibletransmissible betweenbetween animals,animals, itit isis aa majormajor concernconcern forfor livestocklivestock producersproducers

Rinderpest FromFrom thethe FAOFAO

““RinderpestRinderpest isis thethe mostmost dreadeddreaded bovinebovine plagueplague ---- aa highlyhighly infectiousinfectious viralviral diseasedisease thatthat cancan destroydestroy entireentire populationspopulations ofof cattlecattle andand buffalo.buffalo.

Rinderpest BioBio--weaponweapon

ThisThis diseasedisease ravagedravaged cattlecattle herdsherds domesticateddomesticated inin AsiaAsia 88--90009000 yearsyears agoago andand waswas usedused asas aa biobio--weaponweapon byby maraudingmarauding AsianAsian armies.armies.

Rinderpest GreyGrey SteppeSteppe CattleCattle

TheThe secretsecret weaponsweapons ofof thethe invadersinvaders werewere GreyGrey SteppeSteppe oxen.oxen. GreyGrey steppesteppe cattlecattle werewere asymptomaticasymptomatic carrierscarriers sheddingshedding rinderpestrinderpest virusvirus forfor monthsmonths provokingprovoking epidemicsepidemics thatthat devastateddevastated buffalobuffalo andand cattlecattle populationspopulations ofof thethe invadedinvaded countries.countries. TheThe resultsresults werewere nono transportation,transportation, untilleduntilled fields,fields, starvingstarving peasants,peasants, andand overthrownoverthrown governments.governments.

Rinderpest GreyGrey SteppeSteppe CattleCattle

www.embryoplus.com/.../ images/hungrey1.jpg www.ansi.okstate.edu/.../ greeksteppe-web-1.jpg

Rinderpest RinderpestRinderpest

EtiologyEtiology HostHost rangerange IncubationIncubation ClinicalClinical signssigns TransmissionTransmission DiagnosisDiagnosis DifferentialDifferential DiagnosisDiagnosis

Rinderpest EtiologyEtiology

Family:Family: ParamyxociridaeParamyxociridae Genus:Genus: MorbilivirusMorbilivirus Type:Type: onlyonly one,one, withwith differencesdifferences inin virulencevirulence

Rinderpest EtiologyEtiology

RinderpestRinderpest electronelectron microscopymicroscopy

Rinderpest virus

www.virology.net/ Big_Virology/EM/rpv2.JPG

Rinderpest HighHigh MortalityMortality

Can be a highly There is a good fatal disease vaccine available and proper use of it can reduce fatality

High morbidity, High mortality Morbidity can be greater than 90% in cattle.

Rinderpest HostHost RangeRange

AllAll clovencloven--hoofedhoofed animalsanimals areare susceptiblesusceptible (not(not allall areare clinical)clinical)

MostMost clinicalclinical casescases occuroccur inin cattlecattle andand waterwater buffalobuffalo

Rinderpest HostHost RangeRange

EuropeanEuropean pigspigs areare quitequite resistantresistant ((subclinicalsubclinical);); AmericanAmerican javelinajavelina areare veryvery susceptiblesusceptible

http://home.wanadoo.nl/~schoelink/hippo%201.jpg

http://www.mobirds.org/Galleries/images/PKondrashov/Col%20peccary.jpg Rinderpest HostHost RangeRange

Sheep,Sheep, goats,goats, andand yakyak areare mostlymostly subclinicalsubclinical

http://www.geo.arizona.edu/dgesl/research/regional/asian_monsoon_dynamics/yak.htm

Rinderpest HostHost RangeRange

CamelsCamels –– asymptomaticasymptomatic infectionsinfections onlyonly

Rinderpest HostHost RangeRange –– WildWild AnimalsAnimals

MostMost clovencloven--footedfooted wildwild animalsanimals suchsuch asas bisonbison andand deerdeer AntelopeAntelope WildebeestWildebeest KuduKudu ElandEland GiraffeGiraffe HippopotamusHippopotamus GazelleGazelle WarthogWarthog

Rinderpest IncubationIncubation periodperiod

VariesVaries withwith strainstrain ofof RPV,RPV, dosage,dosage, andand routeroute ofof exposureexposure (3(3--1515 days)days)

NormallyNormally aa rangerange ofof 33--99 daysdays (can(can bebe asas shortshort asas 33--44 daysdays inin experimentalexperimental infection;infection; also,also, cancan bebe asas longlong asas 1010--1515 daysdays withwith virusvirus ofof lowlow virulence)virulence)

Duration:Duration: 22 oror moremore weeksweeks

Rinderpest *Virus is present in blood and secretions BEFORE symptoms appear

Rinderpest GeneralGeneral ClinicalClinical SignsSigns

ClinicalClinical signssigns include:include: aa highhigh fever;fever; redred patchespatches withwith dischargedischarge fromfrom aroundaround thethe eyes,eyes, nosenose andand mouth;mouth; frothyfrothy salivasaliva fromfrom thethe mouth;mouth; constipationconstipation followedfollowed byby diarrhea.diarrhea. AfterAfter aa fewfew days,days, thethe infectedinfected animalanimal dies.dies.

Rinderpest GeneralGeneral ClinicalClinical signssigns

FeverFever DepressionDepression NasalNasal && lachrymallachrymal secretionsecretion CongestedCongested mucosasmucosas MucosalMucosal erosionserosions SevereSevere diarrheadiarrhea LeukopeniaLeukopenia DeathDeath

Rinderpest ClinicalClinical SignsSigns inin cattlecattle

TheThe casecase definitiondefinition ofof rinderpestrinderpest isis ocularocular andand nasalnasal dischargesdischarges withwith anyany twotwo ofof thethe additionaladditional signs:signs: ++ feverfever ++ erosionserosions inin thethe mouthmouth ++ diarrheadiarrhea ++ dehydrationdehydration ++ deathdeath

Rinderpest ClinicalClinical signssigns inin cattlecattle

TwoTwo majormajor formsforms ofof diseasedisease ––AcuteAcute oror ClassicClassic formform ––PeracutePeracute formform

Rinderpest ClinicalClinical SignsSigns inin cattlecattle (Peracute(Peracute Form)Form)

MostMost oftenoften foundfound inin highlyhighly susceptiblesusceptible youngyoung andand newbornnewborn animalsanimals NoNo prodromalprodromal signssigns HighHigh feverfever (104(104--107107 °°F)F) CongestedCongested mucousmucous membranesmembranes

Rinderpest ClinicalClinical SignsSigns inin cattlecattle (Acute(Acute Form)Form) AcuteAcute (classic)(classic) formform characterizedcharacterized byby pyrexia,pyrexia, erosiveerosive stomatitis,stomatitis, gastroenteritis,gastroenteritis, dehydration,dehydration, andand deathdeath FourFour stagesstages 1.1. IncubationIncubation periodperiod 2.2. FebrileFebrile periodperiod 3.3. MucousMucous membranemembrane congestioncongestion 4.4. GastrointestinalGastrointestinal signssigns

Rinderpest ClinicalClinical SignsSigns inin cattlecattle (Acute(Acute Form)Form) FeverFever -- 104104 toto 107107°°FF ((4040--4242°°C)C) SerousSerous oculooculo--nasalnasal dischargedischarge LeukopeniaLeukopenia DepressionDepression AnorexiaAnorexia ConstipationConstipation followedfollowed byby diarrheadiarrhea OralOral erosionserosions

Rinderpest ClinicalClinical SignsSigns inin cattlecattle (Acute(Acute Form)Form) DecreasesDecreases inin feverfever andand viralviral titertiter DiarrheaDiarrhea (may(may bebe waterywatery oror hemorrhagic)hemorrhagic) Dehydration,Dehydration, emaciationemaciation ProstrationProstration andand deathdeath 66 toto 1212 daysdays afterafter onsetonset ofof illnessillness