1971ApJ...163L..25S @ THE small, Lick scribed separated Observatory the members was just plates by as and eter and observers of 60-inch, exclusively 1805. covered Maffei techniques vations tube for Mpc, © 1971. The The In The M31. An well t §Radio t * Bell, plane with ASTROPHYSICAL Hale Hyland California Astronomy American barely the and obtained MAFFEI Observatory and HYRON (J. The 1968, extensive the were The infrared 1. instrumentation possibility results in as of multichannel Nonthermal G.). and Observatories, Seaquist, the thus photometric of of Astronomy at detail. flux University by the objects Maffei covering visible to also Maffei et the the 85-foot SPINRAD,* is Spectra 30-inch Institute the 24-inch about Department, at Astronomical Maffei prime-focus al. from of object collection probably 1: Galaxy ROBERT Local obtained Direct Leuschner, the this (1969). JOURNAL, 2 with are that of A on GORDON and (1968) Laboratory, will the wavelengths 40'. telescope Chicago. Maffei f/8 of were NEW California radio Hale telescopes 1, the combined conspicuous system spectrometer Group a Technology. Brown these an of central w. at be photographs used the new LANDAU,* Finaily, reflector At University blue observational with 163:L25-L31, obtained S-20 discovered single-channel 1 approximately discussed 200-inch emission L. All GARMIRE,t Society MASSIVE brighter is massive 2.2 Lick, objects in have at of Institute University rights w. a 48-inch (1970), 8" the detector of effort this highly µ, Received Hat galaxies, from radio and SARGENT,t of as the I. of and reserved. where 48-inch been • IVAN member with (J. at telescope, program in Maffei are of California, of INTRODUCTION extended, Provided Creek ABSTRACT data two of reddened are I-N 1971January1 although Hale 0.4 Palomar emission AND 3, 0.) Hale a of Maffei 1970 the MEMBER Technology, (H. reddened both described R. later L25 spectrometer 4, zn California, Printed differences presented has to plates infrared is of Schmidt (Oke NANNIELOU two Observatories and 1 November (N. KING,* S.) presented 3.5 = the Observatories J.B. is is the led giant Berkeley. by paper. as 1 elliptical Sky from 136°, in comparable no conventional D.). Local (Wampler objects. 9 µ. were 1969) (I. the well U.S.A. Cassegrain to cm external 0KE,t by Carnegie Berkeley. objects radio elliptical }AMES Survey OF in camera K., 2 NASA an the due bII Group. which obtained has Becklin as at this of H. THE observational H. sources The 21-cm = emisssion GERRY the the to been the (G. E. 1968). Institution in galaxies, galaxy indicates DIETER§ Astrophysics paper; plates. which S., -0.5°; to and interstellar image and now-accumulating Mount 120-inch Hale GUNN,t the G., LOCAL and that R. by line detected on 200-inch NEUGEBAUER,t at Infrared L.); G. too neighborhood utilizes using They they the Neugebauer of was from I-N that 200-inch tube a and of N.); Wilson distance HI varied program further Washington. telescope two pertain GROUP? plates, observed Data the the extinction from are a possibly (W. was direct the a similar photometry objects recently Leuschner variety located telescope, of System to S., 100-inch, searched Maffei photom infrared but about among almost (1968) be obser image of J. of from even area are G.) dis are are de the IC in of 1 2 1971ApJ...163L..25S frared L26 to 34" extinction; traced tained total the from data of gave maximum tion ment eter. regions proportional N 7 N :c :;:: ;::; g (!) x ~-26.5~ :::> © On The -26.0 -25.5 Figure -27.o~ The maximum be FIG. profile mm- The American is a 2.2-µ were elliptical is M31. image-tube the (D to from 3.-0bserved core core infrared much subject reddening 1 at 1 < ). flux :flux Schmidt to obtained to (Plate thus 10") of radius In least iris The intensity V-- less the the Astronomical with with within all to photometry 1 photometry the the · 0 3'. plate correction standard L2) than APERTURE plate. object a for flux cases Oc fluxes the its large angular plates, As under of Maffei shows apertures from as 10 major in smallest had discussed S'~S. The are the is seen on seen systematic (sec) the for Maffei interpolation photometrically ideal isophotes Society 1 comparable. no of an radius and object, apertures HYRON and Maffei axis visible a) Maffei I-N direct apertures of Photographic 1 microphotometer b) V-- observing the below, and almost II. various of Infrared 0 • plate 1 which · uncertainty. 4 48-inch or is Provided OBSERVATIONS Maffei M31 which 1 calibration, for SPINRAD Dashed were about is in 100 at formula M31. of used; east-west. at at sizes can the 8000 Photometry resolved conditions; Maffei 2.2 N centered wavelengths Observations maintain Sky 0.2 3: 1 §-26.0 N ;::; ' LJ... I :::> x _J lines by -250 -25 photographic is -26.5 be this is µplotted in A certainly (King, 5 Survey ET In the presented traced correspond but there tracings the 1 ; position on addition, NASA AL. Figure logarithm. on an the M the therefore, against is Byrnes, blue 31 to where the indirect still much Leuschner of elliptical Astrophysics radii as to corresponds infrared. 2 plate. position stars; APERTURE the ~,' a focal-plane well approximately (Plate Note surface I I the ,t and larger of photometer optically any I I calibration I as 10 about I Almost I a interstellar that I I character Minkowski I I L3), comparable I-N fit In 1' (sec) brightness which single than I diaphragm I to Data from I I of Figure I I 70", I plates a I the I none ,{ the deeper 3'. y the System measure 3 gave was position ,1 appears Vol. can mag which core I extinc I I 3, central of (scale 1967) I diam data I I I 163 ob the the the in I be 100 of of is 1971ApJ...163L..25S SPINRAD posure PLATE FrG. © 3 1. American et hours - L2 al. I - N (see through plate page Astronomical of an L26) Maffei RG-8 1 filter. obtained Society on • the Provided N Leuschner by 30-inch th e N ASA telescope Astrophysics (original sca Data le 34 System " mm- 1 ), E ex 1971ApJ...163L..25S
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SPINRAD et al. (see page L26) 1971ApJ...163L..25S was percent. sky; shown 3950 across frequency found after and alternates absorption on channel calibration that trum. was used by percent. obtained No. dwarf tion region mined reddening 1 in © The The The Maffei Slit FIG. 1970 Oke for 1, used made American near-infrared. as of to the some A. by Specifically, in 1971 systems of 4.-Energy the spectra the nucleus is single-channel a overall absolute make a infrared spectrometer and For January For galaxies; result, the "sky" to by normal the 1 between by law interval object averaging of of was obtain C\J X Sandage combining nuclei ~ I ~ - X _J the N E 0 C> energy an Oke 5.1 Astronomical .. of energy like < (Whitford and < -28.0 a -27.0 -26.0 observed reference. fluxes distribution of observations. iterative Maffei giant correction 3950 in ± 13-14. 5000 a the and M31 The multichannel M32 and the the of reproduction 0.2 an of distribution scanner and distribution sodium giant (1968). were signal A elliptical Schild reddening and 14.0 -M A east-west to observations • points infrared mag and 1 The with no MAFFEI 1948) show procedure the is The the for of 31 Society must c) corrected E, also NGC meaningful + at from Maffei D-lines NGC seeing Their data (1970). NGC3379 scanner Photoelectric the uncertainty The new in Sa, correction, the in 1 A galaxy 14.2 of photometry be shown the correction direction. of multichannel of = 205. such 3379. or exit the • (not calibration a Mg 1, applied d) magnitudes was using were 5556 the data. the Provided far-red, 60 and The Sb for corrected MAFFEI Slit object slots and triplet shown) a in A measures central galaxies, nuclei interstellar around TiO Spectrophotometry way Points, reduced 14.4 accuracy A. which Spectra data mm- gradually Log Figure Typically, to in the were are with The and for by bands account lines the 11 of that spectrometer 1 of obtained 1 also nucleus Maffei 10" have 5.2 (Hz) the spectrum shown 2"; is 80 Oke rather 4. that results were infrared. giant the to 14.6 commonly included of magnitude the ihave NASA exhibit core A Curve reddening increases an absolute been 1 and the the for data in from obtained. data; in of resulting entrance than ellipticals with of are the the the correction results Figure is M31. Astrophysics Schild 15 corrected a Maffei obtained a solid on in shown 14.8 of blue shown line red finite the found neighboring a of fluxes to by visual the the 10" This line, van "-'2 aperture color strengths for 4. but and weak (1970). using and 1 signal 200-inch in data in aperture in extinction, the was using out X from to de required percent composite 160 15.0 Figure was Figure > Data the M31 appearance energy the flux Hulst to of less The from 5000 A area of yellow-red commonly the the similar 3.5 in Figure System Whitford telescope as 5 per scanned 10" than as distribu at results, 4. the a Maffei (1949) (Plate multi recent A of µ given deter spec total Also L27 X unit was was is the red 10 = to of 3, 1 1971ApJ...163L..25S
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M31. by the below, were E, Maffei of similarity sec that 2.2- set of presented of km to elliptical line displacements 3950 Astronomical features Maffei duplicate subsequent H- but other giant of Both the SO, of the ± about distance center to an absorption suggests detect 1 is data, velocity sec and if like they ; 1-2 and neutral-hydrogen of 50 it is, If a unlikely, be or Galaxy. sets radial upper the that 1 A in the of ellipticals is drop of hydrogen 1 the 1 is km one in of Sa that 1.6-µ mag • and the in K-lines Figure would probably 0.1° galaxy; in also Maffei is Between taken intrinsic the above much weak an abrupt fact, that several Maffei galaxy. this are sec that detail large more limit of distribution accepts in case. discussion. of the visual K, upper velocity Society The photometry display Av of however, flux 130 confirmed HYRON spectral typical slower 1 M31, have 1 less superimposed by Maffei 1. M31, of are the is the anywhere was reddening show of angular of drop characteristic between not 1 Analysis fluxes measurements degrees; -175 km obtained. for e) Ca themselves, absorption limit than 0.1°. lines is 5.2 the strong evidence been • III. no not Radio a a) less range radiation etc., than X extragalactic sec of in II the Provided range. 1 discontinuity that ± optical I SPINRAD and of from < signals This in in is At by dentijication flux one-tenth DISCUSSION the to detected than extent gives 0.2 detected. form the 1 is the 4030 hence a a Observations in in of late-type circumstantial already would averaged its corresponding the all The +so core present massive nuclei for will Maffei From most mag signals. number the the energy surface per kiloparsec 150 fraction~l from the of typical a rotational would also· by infrared A obtained random X within and km we value be which actual elliptical fall km (N. velocity the in ET < hydrogen that ellipticals of these requires Therefore, derived, in yield summarized 1 Maffei sec stars. conclude galaxy. across over distributions 4030 order the E, sec NASA The brightness have within had D., Maffei of is AL. 20" Av in data is SO, velocity 1 one photon an hydrogen consistent with rapid spread 1 the a H. velocities the M31. as been A, ""'"' evidence spread Using or ranges for been galaxies of 1, the E3 and that value Astrophysics Of in within one finds (see, large the of which 1. S.), galactic greater 4.0 the central along that the it the Maffei or particular This significantly nucleus, drop Figure Sa detected. confirm counts velocities below. can dispersion can it of the ± nucleus, to E4 that e.g., of multichannel as of Av -500 continuum mass the galaxies. be the is such 260 M31 with 1. that with a feature than or Maffei absolute galaxy. internal be in predict 30" foreground 7 a :::::: 1 limiting if highly Miller 3. mass larger Galaxy mag. striking could in km surface concluded the giving 5.2 and Data that would the to as Maffei of interest a 250 the The at this is heliocentric is true sec1, The larger NGC 1 the ± -175 Densitom large of argues which We and the estimated lie reddened, km System velocities the than fluxes produced and spectrum normally observa antenna 0.2 an Vol. spectral and give scanner neutral feature object. bright energy within makes single 1 sec fluxes adopt Pren is rapid 4621 M31 then total than esti that that mag and is the 163 the the for for an 1 a • 1971ApJ...163L..25S No. The The kinetic brightness smaller second. for quality The in The 4621 What mag termined where where for by distance, of made subsequent galaxies the the those magnitude km none radial redshift. would trinsic © The The The There The No a 100 assuming Maffei any sec- 1, energy result total American system luminosity method rotation-supported (arc is (E4) of to 1971 vis Be one velocity be estimate luminosity and most gist integrated energy infrared very to known 1 For than is in • other If the so are directly, mass that sec)- If the the give can of 1. the would of expressed distribution clusters. the discussion. one radius reliable NGC one is reliable. With photographic a 2.2 several S':S, velocity the core Astronomical of is in galaxies 2 ill1 do dE integrated core good of value in assumes photometry from of now proportional a Mpc itself method be is is is magnitude Maffei because 4459 although turn radius galaxy. r an dwarf high distance estimated radius not is Likewise, to results. M blindly methods An for as dispersion absorption the is OR, capable v which assume is of (SO), system, to a achieved. ~ precision upper in the galaxy; Be can 1 proportional scanner brightness, Figure where galactic galactic photometry. of exceed Society seconds referred - already the estimate applies as the of be number to 2", 20.5, from one of if of that limit shown Maffei data in properly the understood Bis correction the proportionality the estimating then 3, fair can the data, a obscuration can If a • the circular of a.GR the found, to the the gravitational pressure-supported b) -,- GillC of the lines not Provided that object MAFFEI are Maffei as accuracy, c) arc, M r fit of in to Luminosity V luminosity the 1 4 be Hubble If 2 Distance data we unobserved v 0 F appropriate given unreasonable is R averaged, Mpc to not can Figure twentieth-magnitude ex: ,..._, = as in a 2 obtained ex: center and obviously of velocity F, get quite were (v2) the S':S-radius defined 7. 7. the the -22.5 1 result be of ( by 5.2 where v2) can hides by is 1 but relation an an ' made central spectrum sufficient distance factor 3 We the at closer simply. . energy, mag, by of de be apparently integrated (uncorrected) in and the mag above, outer for NASA this all from angular provisionally Fis mass assuming of placed Vaucouleurs at value. Vo this system core is present but with profile the r than interest; present limit distance, From or = the to is 76. part accuracy are, the Astrophysics of and becomes the Sun 6.5; the is H on Maffei radius, Adopting 0.3 observed the magnitude associated indicates however, assumed or a 1 of observed of data the (V) = bright comes the 0 radius if of mass-to-light but is the Mpc, value its Maffei Galaxy 75 adopt the (1965), the virial theorem, the 250 distance to stars so 1; are Vo profile km rotation it from central intrinsic flux data exclude finally central of unfortunately, Data a its = cannot km for together stronger a of with galactocentric sec- V 1. of mean is the 5.8. core per 0 is insufficient magnitude and dynamics. For Io sec-1, resembles are = V System 165 if 1 134Io8c velocity regions. system. giant ratio Mpc-1, surface of = 5.8 the square the be radius factor visual R fitted NGC ± than with L29 11.0 19.9 the de the the (1) for in 50 fit a.. E 2 , 1971ApJ...163L..25S cal with mate simple constant of must photometry from is in in generalization independent mass rotation power Io8e application Galaxy, in For made mass yields, rather rotation projected eters dispersion. galaxies The that is tions. the with 1971), equation L30 the © insensitive any Herbst the If In Considering For cgs km data 2 equatorial the American the mass-to-light and a the the Be be measured, of of is the for velocity system, units, a direction of unlikely sec\ gives for hydrodynamical galactocentric and the physically included proportional Maffei are mass-luminosity Maffei estimate is and velocity, way interstellar estimates the eccentricity the second (1) major (1969) the 1.1 Theory, distance. Io of of indicates C of where velocity and as in the total to very as Astronomical the of the dispersion Mpc, plane), observed the uncertainties = the that 1 1 which from is axis the has calculated previously approach, in the lies is 0.19 nuclei has a agreement which R technique. most ratio true brightness. for poor Fe any 2 X 2 in it the absorption. and exact A = and singular near the to that a dispersion. 0.7, velocity is the [0.3 could solar the meaningful 0.9 shape consideration kinetic details reasonable quality, model 10 K(vr the eccentricity adopted of from for the boundary ratio e distance the and + 11 behavior the distance is Mpc. early-type use Society defined, e) flux units [fl be a 2 is model HYRON taken 0.7 ) The and unbounded middle R 2 line Relationship the isophotes The a. of 0 / that quite the wrong energy of of is , and All a.Io, = and in = (1 comparable is 165 made orientation first (V). which velocity the and of error stability case any of 30 1.0B(v4>) derived to • of 30 - of to predicts and the the where aGFe satisfactory. (and a. of R sight of Provided the km [fl these be by spirals. e is SPINRAD system the the uses [fl Maffei that It d) 2 the circular = the of in estimate fact ) surface (vR of 0 certainly will 1 the 0 self-similar more core /L is sec l to Mass on / 2 which mass C through the fact outer dispersion 2 the ]-1, range 2 K dynamics L mass factors the exceeds of ) 0 found the = that (vR2) IoBca is 0 projected to be , of the the 1 , is Two to 1 a the by to with object than 0.58(vR independent Local dynamics and consistent the the are diaphragm distance brightness and presented the regions. a is M31 aGFe square is established assumption the the We ET be not Local minute that are difficult that the obtained, system. mass also approaches R that a a proportionality Group for isothermal NASA methods constructed, of adopt 1.3 AL. are known in factor and mass 2 uncertain-especially eccentricity, nucleus ) if the the proportional of Group, its Mpc, of of Mpc. It of roughly of Be of with its later the falls of to The 1.2 Astrophysics Local any mass the 1 is comparable photographic of the is earlier arc 2; to however, that Mpc satellites assign, radius refer clear Be observed Mpc, and measured 8. perhaps high Milky have not that result, gas (King other off core or more. in are Group. elliptical The which the as (v"') by arc to including very that the sphere. precision. and () constant since of region correct, a been to distinct known observer with > other Way. that and result and seconds, reasonable is result it giant radial-velocity Data to the one In Vo nearly at Be. is This the and is the with used that the Minkowski the the The particular, alone, a of 45° Here considera reassuring correction the It can System from Maffei observed member. Maffei is elliptical portions dynami It between rotating allows infrared 5.8, Vol. derived param Galaxy is is (vR fourth nearly nearly to of in as model seems write clear (vR near esti and 2 the the the the 163 the ) (f- 1 1. 2 ' a 1 ) 2 1 1971ApJ...163L..25S _ · intergalactic Henry Whitford, km however, Oke,]. Oort, Oke, Oke, is Local tance Wampler, kinetic velocity Vaucouleurs, useful. and 05-002-007 of do time, virially stability of energy is Maffei, Raff King, King, Hyland, Miller, Hulst, Herbst, the No. 14588 Group Bell, Becklin, © It 10, 2T :M;ore This marginally Similar We We University sizes not sec1, "instability" 1, American J. J. its M. J. /In I. I. seems for perhaps H. of and R. and Group; B., B., B. 1971 conclude P. would Tye, W. and H. Observations R., R., and H., energy E. form and B., satellites unstable research of Maffei C. A. E. dispersion, H., precise of 1968, 1969, I providing and and since 1970, E., 1969, 2T calculations Byrnes, consistent Seaquist, GP Becklin, therefore J. van E. which and any G. the questionable of and Harvey n /IQ gas, and a Sandage, Schild, like 1968, 1948, Pub. Pub. longer. unstable Texas). Astronomical its Minkowski, de, 14356, is apparently Astr. de. Pub. stable rest the 1. Prendergast, NGL-05-002-134. that resolved distance Neugebauer, I if the was are as mass D., simply to have and 1949, For E., Ap. is A A Ap. E. 2T and A.S.P., R. characteristic of .S.P., .S.P., A. suggested the thank Butcher, unless greater and of Maffei with considered Neugebauer, In R., A. total and /IQ J., Vaucouleurs, system. supported E. a J., have the Rech. Ap., used could R. both and R. heliocentric particular, Leuschner and Minkowski, R. 1970, 153, to 80, 81, implies 107, objects-like National indicators I the precludes 81, system 1968, Sandage K. potential Rudolph 7, 1971, is the Society been Astr. G. apply calculates various 1 Braun, 618. 11. than Maffei 19. 619. 381. be 102. Ap. greater H. uncertainties and is Even by 1968, Ap. Local a in bound comparable G., 1962, Obs. made in that J., 4 Oort A. dynamical is nearby Ian preparation. L. such IV. R. Aeronautics J., • it Ap. for and plate and values 1 part radial its REFERENCES not Minkowski 161, if are de. Utrecht, D. energy Provided than Ap. 1967, is MAFFEI and Group 154, Maffei CONCLUSIONS Glass which 2T the globular (1970), all J., Wallerstein, being subsystems, clear 1970, notions 1965, 1015. materially A. badly J., by /IQ elliptical used 151, Maffei 21. velocity reasonable AJ., unity. of radial in Toomre 11, 136, for of Ap. to include from National times contains bound I the Reference 1 our 145. by Maffei Pt. to needed; ~2, in and 1 the that is as their 713. for clusters-in J. the radial 2 velocity 2. B. be determinations not simple 306. our virial (Letters), galaxy, of affected are are Local Space advice Herbst for to 1959, of Maffei NASA about assistance. values 1 -10 Catalogite appreciable bound Science photometry, being the at the and velocity, in valuable stability geometric Ap. Administration Group. were least km probably particular, on 161, Local Astrophysics Galaxy finds by the 1 1.1; of J., the continued. as to the sec1, Ll3. of its Foundation mass rest taken as 158, a the the T infrared that discussions, Group. Bright of determination inclusion. to member The mass long is and considerations of 619. on mass and mass, Local the and the the the future the as Local Galaxies the M31. Data as in smallest Local Gary low distance. grants Local and will Local total of and the the Group; edge grants System the measures Malcolm Group as Its distance be form Hubble the (Austin: Tuton, Group, kinetic Group Group of of NGL- Local -100 value large very L31 that dis the GP the the of is