MEDIEVAL INDIA
The Battles of Tarain, also known THE ARAB as the Battles of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and CONQUEST OF SIND 1192 near the town of Tarain near Thanesar in present- day Haryana. In the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 (near The Arab conquest of Sind was Taneswar), Muhammad Ghori was defeated by the Rajput forces a part of the Mohammaden under Prithviraj Chauhan III. In the Second Battle of Tarain invasion for the spread of (1192 AD) Muhammad Ghori assisted by Qutub -ud- Islam. din Aibek (a slave), defeated Prithviraj Arabs captured Sindh in 712 Chauhan III and killed him. AD. During the period of the Khaliphate of Omar, Arab Sind in 779. But was split into Muhammed Ghazni died in 30th forces made a fertile attempt to two independent kingdoms April 1030. get Bombay. Multan and Mansurah. Later his son Masud attacked India and captured Kashmir. The Arabs conquest of Turkish Invasions Makran Baluchistan opened The famous Persian poet their way to Sind. Ghazni in Afghanistan was ruled Firdausi who wrote ‘Shahnama’ The Ruler of Sind was Dahir. by a Turkish family called Gamini (The Book of Kings) lived in his In 710 a small Arab trading of Ghaznavid dynasty. court. vessel from Basra arrived at the Mahmud Ghazni was the first Alberuni, an Arab Historian, mouth of the Indus and was Turkish conqueror of North In- who wrote Tarikh-ul-Hind promptly seized by the local dia. (Reality of Hindustan), accompa- Hindu authorities. Mahmud’s father was nied Muhammed Ghazni to India. The Pirates of Debal, a part in Subuktigin. Al-Firdausi is known as ‘Indian Sind, plundered a ship carrying He attacked India only for want Homer’, ‘Persian Homer’, or Muslim pilgrims and presents of wealth. ‘The Immortal Homer of the to the Caliph Walid from He attacked India seventeen East’. Ceylon. times between 1000 and 1027 Muhammad of Ghori attacked Al-Hajaj, the Caliph’s governor AD. He made all the raids in the India betwen 1175 and 1206 AD. of Iraq demanded compen- guise of Jihad. Muhammad Ghori made his first sations from Dahir, which the First invasion was in 1001 AD. expedition to India and captured latter rejected. He defeated Jaipal and Multan in 1175 AD. In 712 Arabs attacked and Anandpal of Shahi dynasty in In 1193 Muhamad Ghori at- captured Sind, under the 1001 and 1009 respectively. tacked Jaichand, father - in - law command of Muhammad Bin- The most important raid of of Prithviraj . III at Kanauj, Kassim, Debal fell in April 712. Mahmud was the Somanath ex- Jaichand was defeated. Kassim killed Dahir at Rawar pedition. It was in 1025. He com- In 1195-96 Muhammad Ghori and took the capital Alor in pletely destroyed the temple. occupied Bayana and Gwaliar. In June. Somanath Temple was on the 1197 he defeated Bhinadeva II The Arabs lost control over sea coast of Gujarat. of Gujarat. Muhammed Ghori returned from THE DELHI SULTANTE India by entrusting his territo- ries in India in the hands of Slave Dynasty Qutub-Uddin Aibak. Qutb-ud-din Aibak...... 1206-10 AD After the death of Ghori in 1206, Aram Shah ...... 1211 AD Aibek founded the Slave Dy- Shamsuddin Iltutmish ...... 1211-36 AD nasty. Ruknuddin Feroz ...... 1236 AD Razia Sultana ...... 1236-40 AD Muhammad Ghori’s Indian inva- Muizuddin Behram ...... 1242 AD sion resulted in the foundation Alaudin Masud ...... 1246 AD of Islamic rule in India. Naseeruddin Mahmud ...... 1246-66 AD Ghiyasuddin Balban ...... 1266-86 AD DELHI SULTANATE Muizuddin Kaikubad ...... 1290 AD The five dynasties which Kaimur ...... 1290 AD founded subsequently after the Khalji Dynasty Turkish invasion were collec- Jalaluddn Khalji ...... 1290-96 AD tively known as Delhi sultanate. Alauddin Khalji ...... 1296-1316 AD Shihabuddin Omar ...... 1316 AD They are: Mubarak Khalji ...... 1316-20 AD Slave Dynasty ...... 1206 - 1290 Khusro Khan ...... 1320 AD Khilji Dynasty ...... 1290 - 1320 Tughlaq Dynasty Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ...... 1320-24 AD Tughlaq Dynasty ...... 1320 - 1412 Muhammad Tughlaq ...... 1324-51 AD Sayyid Dynasty ...... 1414 - 1451 Firoz Shah Tughlaq ...... 1351-88 AD Lodi Dynasty ...... 1451 - 1526 Mohammad Khan ...... 1388 AD Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah II ...... 1388 AD SLAVE DYNASTY Abu Baqr ...... 1389-90 AD Nasiruddin Muhammad ...... 1390-94 AD Slave Dynasty was also called Hamayun ...... 1394-95 AD Ilbari Dynasty, Yamini Dynasty Nasiruddin Mahmud ...... 1395-1412 AD or Mamluk Dynasty. Sayyid Dynasty Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave Khizr Khan ...... 1414-20 AD of Muhammad Ghori and he Mubarak Shah ...... 1421-33 AD founded the Slave Dynasty in Muhammad Shah...... 1434-43 AD 1206 AD. Alauddin Alam Shah ...... 1443-51 AD Aibak was the first Muslim ruler Lodhi Dynasty of India. Bahlul Lodhi...... 1451-89 AD The capital of Qutub-ud-din Sikander Lodhi ...... 1489-1517 AD Aibak was at Lahore Ibrahim Lodhi ...... 1517-1526 AD He was known as ‘Lakh Baksh’ Mughal Empire ...... 1526 - 1540, 1555-1857 or ‘giver of lakhs’ or ‘giver of Babar ...... 1526 - 1530 AD favours’ for his magnanimity. Humayun ...... 1530-1540, 1555-1556 AD Hasan Nizami was a famous Akbar ...... 1556 - 1605 AD historian in the court of the Jahangir ...... 1605 - 1627 AD Aibek. Shahjahan ...... 1628-1658 AD Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the Aurangazeb ...... 1658 - 1707 AD construction of Qutub Minar in Bahadurshah II ...... 1837 - 1857 AD 1199 in Delhi in memory of the Coins introdued by Iltumish, Pardah, she adorned the male Sufi saint Quaja Qutub - ud-din ‘Silver Thanka’ and ‘Copper dress and held open courts. Bhaktiar Kaki. Its construction Jital’ were the two basic coins In October 14, 1240 both Raziya was completed by Iltutmish. It of the Sultanate period. and Altunia who earlier raised is a five storied building. He issued the silver tanka for the arms against Raziya but later He constructed two mosques. first time. He organized the Iqta joined with her were, beheaded Quat-ual Islam at Delhi and Alhai system and introduced reforms at Kaithal. Din Ka Jhopara at Ajmer. in civil administration and army, After Raziya, Behran Shah Aibak was a great patron of which was now centrally paid (1240-42) Allaud-din- learning and patronized writers and recruited. Masudshah (1242-46) and like Hasan- un - Nizami, author He organised the ‘Chalisa’ or Naziruddin Muhammad (1246 - of Taj-ul-Massir and Fakhr-ud- the famous Turkish Forty to 1266) ruled and Balban, the Din, author of Tarikh- i- Mubarak help him in the administration. founder of the second Ilbari dy- Shahi. Iltumish completed the con- nasty, became the Sultan. Qutub-ud-din Aibak died in 1210 struction of Qutub Minar. Ghiasuddin Balban ‘a slave wa- AD by falling from horseback He set up an official nobility of ter carrier, huntsman, noble, while playing Polo. slaves known as Chahalgani statesman became the Sultan of After the death of Qutubuddin, (group of forty). Delhi. Aram Shah ascended the He patronized Minaj-us-siraj, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban throne but he was deposed by author of Tabaqat-i-nasiri. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1200 – Ilthumish and crowned himself The revenue system of the Sul- the Sulthan. 1287) was a Turkish ruler of the tanate ‘Iqta system’, was intro- Delhi Sultanate during the During the period of Iltumish duced by Iltumish. (1210-1236) Chengizkhan, the Mamluk dynasty (or Slave Iltumish was succeeded by his dynasty) from 1266 to 1287. Mongol conqueror attacked In- son Ruknuddin Firoz Shah. But Balban ascended the throne in dia (1221). he was later executed and Razia He saved Delhi Sultanate from 1265 AD. became the sultan (daughter of the wrath of Chengiz Khan - the He broke the power of Iltumish). Mongol leader by refusing chahalgani and restored the Sulthana Raziya, the only shelter to Khwarizm Shah, whom prestige of the crown. That was women ruler of, the Sultanate Chengiz was chasing. his greatest contribution came to power in 1236 and Iltumish is considered as the towards the stability of the reigned till 1240. real founder of Delhi Sulthanate Sultanate. Iltumish was the first Sultan of Razia Sultana To keep himself well-informed Delhi to get recognition of the Iltutmish had nominated his Balban appointed spies. Khalif of Bagdad. daughter Razia as the successor, He created a strong centralised Iltutmish was the third Muslim the nobles placed Rukn-ud-din army to deal with internal Turkish sultan of the Sultanate Firoz on the throne. However, disturbances and to check of Delhi and the third ruler of Razia got rid of Rukn-ud-din and Mongols who were posing a the Mamluk dynasty. He was a ascended the throne. Razia was serious danger to Delhi slave of Qutub-ud-din-Aybak. popular among the people but Sultanate. Iltumish was also the first Sul- she was not acceptable to the The Persian court model tan who made Delhi his capital nobles and theologians. She influenced Balban’s conception in place of lahore. further offended the nobles by of kingship. He issued a purely Arabic coin- her preference for an He introduced Sijda (prost age of Silver and was the first to Abyssinian slave-Yakut. ration before the monarch) and do so. Sulthana Raziya rejected the Paibos (kissing the feet of monarch) as the normal forms of and founded the Khilji Dy- Malik Muhammed Jayasi was the salutation. nasty. court poet of Shersha Suri. He destoryed Mewati Rajput KHILJI DYNASTY Alauddin Khilji was the first brigandage in the doab, where Muslim ruler to attack South In- forests were cut and forts built. Khilji dynasty was founded by dia. Balban is considered as the Malik Firoz in 1290 and assumed Malik Kafur was Alauddin founder of Second Ilbari Dy- the title Jalaluddin Khilji (1290- Khilji’s commander who at- nasty. 96) tacked South India. Balban described himself as In 1292, the Mongols under Alauddin Khilji was the most ‘Shadow of God’ or the ‘Vice Abdulla accepted defeat from famous ruler of the Khilji Dy- regent of God on Earth’ (Zil-i- Jalaluddin Khilji. nasty. illahi) Alauddin Khilji, the nephew of Alauddin was the Sultan of Balban because of his autocratic Jalaluddin Khilji, killed him after Delhi who banned the use of li- rule is considered as a ‘typical his victory on Devagiri in 1296. quor. oriental despot’. Alauddin had a dream of a He created a strong centralised World Conquest so he assumed army to deal with internal dis- the title ‘Sikhandar-i-sani’ or turbances and to check Second Alexander. Mongols who were posing a Demitrius, a Bactrian ruler is serious danger to Delhi Sultan- popularly known as Second ate. Alexander. He established the Military de- Alauddin abolished the partment - Diwan - i - Arz. Zamindari System and imposed The Chalisa or forty established tax on cattle. by Iltumish was abolished by He was the first muslim ruler of Balban. Alauddin Khilji’s early name was Delhi to introduce measurement His policies are considered to be Ali Gurushas. of land for tax assessment. ‘Draconian’. He became the Sultan in 1296 His market regulations were to He started the Iranian system of AD and ruled till 1316 AD. get goods at controlled price to Sijda and Paibos. He was the first Turkish Sultan the people of Delhi. He was a patron of men of let- of Delhi who separated religion He controlled and regulated the ters and showed special favour from politics. He proclaimed - prices of essential goods. to the poet Amir Khusru. “Kingship knows no Kinship”. Diwan -i-riya sat and Shahna - After Balban’s death in 1286, i-Mandi were appointed to regu- In 1303, Alauddin Khilji at- Kayqubad (1287 -90) became the late the market and prices. tacked Chittor, the capital of Sultan. The revenue administration was Mewar, to marry Padmini the Madhavacharya of the Dwaita made under Diwan-i-Mustakhrq. wife of Chittor king Ratan Singh. Philosophy got help from He introduced the Dagh and But Padmini and other Rajput Balban. Chahra systems. women committed Jauhar Balban’s Tomb is situated in Alauddin Khilji was the first Delhi. It was constructed by (Jauhar is a mass suicide by Sultan of Delhi who separated Balban himself. jumping into fire, committed by religion from politics. Kayqubad was the last Slave Rajput women to escape from He was also the first to proclaim Sultan. (Kayumars who ruled for being polluted by others) ‘‘I am the Khalifa’’. a term of three months was ac- Padmavat is a historical kavya Alauddin constructed Alai tually the last Slave Sultan. He about Padmini episode written Darwaza the gate way of Qutub was killed by Jalaluddin Khilji) by Malik Muhammed Jayasi. Minar. He built the city of Siri, the sec- TUGHLAQ DYNASTY rect help to peasants. ond of the seven cities of Delhi, Moroccan Traveller Ibn Batuta Tughlaq Dynasty was founded near Qutub Minar. visited India during his period. by Ghiasuddin Tughlaq. His real The first marriage between a Edward Thanas described him name was Ghazi Malik. Muslim ruler and a Hindu prin- as ‘Prince of moneyers’. Ghiasuddin Tughlaq founded cess was between Alauddin and Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was the dynasty after killing Khusru Kamala Devi, the widow of the succeeded by his elderly Khan in 1320. ruler of Gujarat. cousin, Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Ghiasuddin Tughlak created a Alauddin Khilji was killed by his He was a Muslim ruler of the civil-administration code based Tughlaq Dynasty, who reign commander Malik Kafur by poi- on Koran. soning. over Sultanate of Delhi from Reduced the land tax to 1/11 of 1351 to 1388. Amir Khusru was the court the produce. poet of Alauddin Firoz Shah Tughlaq was the first Ghiazuddin died by the collapse Sultan of Delhi to impose Amir Khusru is known as the of a pavilion. Jaziya. It was a religious tax for ‘Parrot of India’ He built the Tughlaqabad Fort the freedom of worship. He im- He is considered as the father in Delhi the third city of Delhi to posed it only upon Brahmins. of Urdu language and the inven- the east of Qutub complex. He extended the principle of he- tor of Sitar. Ghiasudhin Tughlaq was the redity to the army. Soldiers were Laila Majnu and Tughlaq Nama first Sultan to start irrigation allowed to rest in peace and to are the famous works of Amir works. send in their place their sons. Khusru. GhiasuddinTughlaq was suc- The soldiers were not paid in Alauddin Khilji was the first ceeded by his son Jauna Khan, cash but by assignments on Sultan to maintain a permanent popularly known as Muhammed land revenue of villages. standing army. Bin Tughlaq. He built the city of Firozbad in Alauddin Khilji was responsible Muhammed Bin Tughlaq is con- Delhi. The Firoz shah Kotla was for the introduction of postal sidered as the most responsible also built by him. The gate way system in medieval India. person for the decline of Delhi of Firozshah Kotla is Khooni Alauddin annexed Gujarat (1298 Sultanate. Darwaza, or blood stained gate. AD), Ranthambhor (1301 AD), Muhammed Bin Tughlaq was It was constructed by Shershah Mewar (1303 AD), Malwa (1305 known as a Mixture of opposites, Suri. AD), Jalor (1311 AD). In Deccan, Wisest fool, Pagal padushah, He transplanted two Ashoka Pil- Alauddin’s army led by Malik unfortunate idealogue and the lars to Firozabad. Kafur defeated Yadavas of Predecessor of Akbar in intel- He is the author of Fatuhat -i- Devagiri, Kakatiyas of lectual and religious matters. Firozshahi Warrangal, Hoysalas of Ibn Batuta called him ‘‘an After Firozshah Tughlaq Muhammed Shah Tughlaq or Dwarsamudra and Pandyas of illstarred idealist’’. Naziruddin Muhammed came to Madurai. He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad) in 1327. the throne. Mubarak Shah Khilji was the In 1330, he introduced token It was during the period of his last ruler of the khilji Dynasty. currency of bronze and copper. reign that Timur the Lame or Khilji dynasty came to an end The Sultan created a new De- Tamerlain, a Turkish conqueror when the Mubarak Shah Khilji partment of Agriculture called of Tartar tribe from Samarkhand was killed by Khusru Khan. Diwan-i-Kohi. attacked India in 1398. Some historians consider The main object of this Depart- Timur appointed Khizr Khan, the Khusrau Khan as the last Khilji ment was to bring more land governor of Multan his author- Sultan. under cultivation by giving di- ity in India. cultivated fields. SAYYID DYNASTY Sikander Lodhi conquered Bihar Sayyid Dynasty was and Tirhut. Sikander Shah was founded by Khizr Khan in a fanatical Muslim and he broke 1414. the sacred images of the They ruled over Delhi and Jawalamukhi Temple at Nagarkot surrounding districts for and ordered the temples of about 37 years. Mathura to be destroyed. He took a keen interest in the Last Sayyid Sultan was The Qutab Minar, now a World Heri- Alauddin Alamshah or Shah development of agriculture. tage Site in New Delhi, India, was built during his time. Alam I. He was killed by Ibrahim Lodhi asserted the ab- Bahalol Lodhi in 1451. solute power of the Sultan. As a LODHI DYNASTY result, some of the nobles turned against him. At last Daulat Khan Lodhi dynasty was founded Lodhi, the Governor of Punjab by Bahlol Lodhi in 1451. invited Babur to overthrow The dynasty lasted upto Ibrahim. 1526. Babur accepted the offer and in- Lodhi dynasty was the first flicted a crushing defeat on Afghan dynasty or first Ibrahim in the first battle of Pathan dynasty in India. Panipat in 1526, April 21 A.D. Sikhandar Lodhi, who ruled Ibrahim was killed in the battle from 1489 to 1517 shifted the and with him ended the Delhi capital from Delhi to Agra. Sultanate. Sikhandar Lodhi is consid- The title Sultan was started by ered as the Maker of Agra the Turkish rulers. Mahmud City. Ghazni was the first to assume He introduced the Gaz-i- the title Sultan. Sikandori (Sikandar Syard) of 32 digits for measuring The official language of the Delhi Sultanate was Persian. BAHMANI & VIJAYA- NAGAR KINGDOMS Vijayanagar kingdom lasted for 230 years and produced The decline of the Sultanate of four dynasties. Delhi gave birth to two mighty 1) Sangama (1336 - 1485) - Harihara I and Bukka I states in South India - the 2) Saluva - (1485 - 1505) - Saluva Narsimha Bahmani Kingdom of Gulbaraga 3) Tuluva (1505 - 1565) - Veer Narsimha and the Vijayanagara Empire. 4) Aravidu (1565 - 1672) - Tirumala The Bahmanis were Muslim rul- the Grand Father of Telugu po- ers, while the rulers of the Vijayanagar Empire etry. Vijayanagar were Hindus. ‘Ashtadiggajas’ was the famous The founders of Vijayanagar The Bahmani kingdom was Scholastic Assembly in the court Empire were Harihara I and founded by Zafar Khan of Krishna Deva Raya. (Hassan) who took the title Vijayanagar Empire was visited Alauddin Bahman Shah. He se- by many foreign travellers. lected Gulbaraga as its capital Nicolo Conti - Venitian traveller, and renamed it Ahsanabad. visited during the reign of There were total eighteen Sul- Devaraya I. tans and they ruled from 1347 to Abdur Razzak : Ambassador of 1527. Sultan ShahRukh to the court of Mahmud Gawan was the famous Devaraya II. Prime Minister of Bahmani king Damingos Paes : He visited (Muhammad Shah III). Krishna Devaraya’s court. Logo of Vijayanagara The last prince of the Bahmani Ferona Nuniz : A Portuguese Kingdom was Kalimullah. Bukka, the revenue officers of who visited during Achyuta the Kakatiya ruler Pratap Rudra Raya’s reign. By 1527, the Bahmani king- Deva II of Warrangal. Durate Barbosa : A portuguese dom was split up into five in- They founded the dynasty in who visited Krishnadeva dependent principalities. 1336 with the capital as Raya’s court. The Adil Shahis of Bijapur - Vijayanagar on the banks of Athenasius Nikitin (1415) : He founder - Yusuf Adilshah Tungabhadra river with the help was a Russian, who visited dur- (1489 - 90) of Saint Vidyaranya. The Nizam Shahis of Krishna Deva Raya (1509 - 1529) Ahamadnagar - founder - belonged to the Tuluva dy- Malik Ahmad (1499) nasty. The Italian traveller The Imadshahis of Berar - Nicolocont visited his court. founder -Fateh Ulla Krishnadeva Raya is known as Imadshanti (1490) ‘Andhra Bhoja’ The Qutubshahi kingdom of He wrote Ushaparinayam and Golconda - founder - Amuktamalyada Qutabshah (1512) ing Deva Raya I’s period. He Allasani Peddanna, a Telugu wrote, ‘Voyage to India’. The Baridshahis of Bidar - poet was a courtier of Krishna founder - Amir Ali Barid The Vijayanagar rulers issued Deva Raya. He is considered as (1527). gold coins called Varahas, the ‘‘Andra Kavita Pitamaha’’ – Kopeki (pertab) and Fanam. Famous Travellers to Vijayanagar Kingdom
Abu Abdullah / Ibn Batuta: A Moroccan traveller, left account of Harihara I’s reign in his book Rehla also called Tuhfatun-Nuzzar fi Gharaib-ul-Amsar Wa Ajaib-ul-Assar.
Nicolo de Conti: Italian traveller who visited during the time of Deva Raya I. Left an account in Travels of Nicolo Conti.
Abdur Razzak: Ambassador of Shah Rukh of Samarqand at the Court of the Zamorin of Calicut. He gives an account of the reign of Devaraya II, in his Matla us Sadain Wa Majma ul Bahrain.
Athanasius Nikitin: A Russian merchant who described the conditions of the Bahamani kingdom under Muhammad III in his Voyage to India.
Ludvico de Vorthema: An Italian merchant who visited India in 1502-1508 and left his memoirs in Travels in Egypt, India, Syria etc.
Duarte Barbosa (1500-1516): A Portugese He has given a vivid account of the Vijayanagar government under Krishna Deva Raya in his famous book - An Account of Countries bordering the Indian Ocean and their inhabitants.
Dominigos Paes: Portugese who spent a number of years at Krishna Deva’s court has given a glowing account of his personality.
Fernao Nuniz: A Portugese writer of 16th century spent three years in Vijayanagar (1535-37).
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE The name Mughal is de- rived from the original The Mughals were originally Mughal painting is a particular Turks. style of South Asian painting, homelands of the Timurids, the Central They belonged to the Chaghtai generally confined to minia- branch of the Turkish race. tures with Indian Hindu, Jain, Asian steppes once con- and Buddhist influences. Period of the Mughal empire is quered by Chenghis Khan known as Second Classical Urdu was the spoken language and hence known as the Mughals. Age. First Classical Age is the Moghulistan, “Land of Period of Guptas. Following 1725, the empire de- clined rapidly, weakened by Mongols”. Although early Mughal Empire is also known as wars of succession, agrarian Mughals spoke the Timurid Empire because of its crises, fueling local revolts, the Chagatai language and relation to Amir Timur. growth of religious intolerance, maintained Turko-Mongol Mughal Emperors are 20 in num- the rise of the Maratha, Durrani, ber. They ruled India from 1526 and Sikh empires and finally practices, they were es- to 1857. Only six are considered British colonialism. sentially Persianized. They great. They are: The last king, Bahadur Zafar transferred the Persian lit- Babur (1526 - 1530), Humayun Shah II, whose rule was re- erature and culture to In- (1530 - 40 & 1555 - 1556), Akbar stricted to the city of Delhi, was dia, thus forming the base - (1556 - 1605), Jahangir (1605 - imprisoned and exiled by the for the Indo-Persian cul- 1627), Shah Jahan (1628 -1658, British after the Indian Rebel- Aurangazeb (1658 - 1707). lion of 1857. ture. BABUR
Babur, the founder of the Mughal Mewar, in the Battle of Khanwa. Empire, was the fifth descendant The Rajputs in 1528 under Medini of Timur on father’s side and the Rai of Malwa fought against Babur fourteenth descendant of in the Battle of Chanderi, but were Chengizkhan on mothers side. defeated. Babur was born in Farghana in In 1529, the Afghans under Turkey on 14 Feb., 1483 as the son Muhammed Lodhi fought against of Umer Sheik Mirza ad Qulik Babur in the Battle of Ghaghra but Nigarkhanum. were defeated. Babur’s father Umershiek Mirza In 1530 December 26, Babur died was the grand son of Amir Timur and was cremated at Kabul. and the ruler of Farghana. Babur was the first to use Artillery Babur became the ruler of in India. Samarkhand at the age of 11. The memoirs of Babur ‘Tuzuk-i- He captured Kabul in 1504. Baburi or Baburnama was written in Turkish Then Babur attacked India 5 times for want of language, Babur’s mothertongue by him. wealth. It was translated into Persian by Abdur Rahim Babur’s first attack of India was in 1519 Bhera Khan-i-Khana. was the first place captured by Babur. Babur said ‘‘I dont like India and Indians’’. In 1524, Daulatkhan, Ibrahim Lodhi’s brother in- Babur was the first Mughal ruler to keep in hand vited Babur to India. the Kohinoor Diamond. On 21 April 1526 Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the last Lodhi Sultan in the First Battle of Panipat. Babur was a contemporary of Krishnadeva Raya On 16 March 1527, he defeated Rana Sangha of of Vijayanagar Empire.
HUMAYUN
Humayun succeeded Babur in Dec 1530 at the the site of “Purana Quila” against Bahadurshah, age of 13. Gujarat. Mahim Sultana was Humayun’s mother. Humayun failed in giving help to Karna Vathi, Kamran, Askari and Hindal were his brothers. the Rajamatha of Mewar who sent a Rakhi to The greatest weakness of Humayun was his Humayun. generosity. In 1539 and 1540 Sherkhan defeated Humayun in He divided the empire . i.e. Kabul and Qandhar the Battle of Chausa and in the Battle of Kanauj or to Kamran ; Sambhal to Askari and Mewat to Bilgram. Hindal. From 1540 top 1555 Humayun was in exile. In 1531 Humayun invaded Kalinjor of In1541 Humayun married Hamida Begum, the Prataprudra Deo but retreated from there due to daughter of a Persian Shiya Maulavi, Ali Akbar Mahmud Lodhi’s advance to Jaunpur,. Jami or Mir Baba Dost. In the Battle of Dhuria Humayun defeated The Mughal army under Bairamkhan defeated Mahamud Lodhi. the Afghan forces in the Battle of Machhiwara. In 1532 Humayun attacked the fort of Chunar Humayun occupied Delhi on July 1555. which was under Sherkhan’s control. Humayun slipped on the staircase of the Library 1n1533 Humayun built the city of Dinpannah on at Din- Panch or Sher Mandal and died. SHERSHAH
Original name - Farid In 1540 the battle of Bilgram or Kanauj Shershah Birth place - Hissar Firosa, Delhi district expelled Humayun. His Grand father - Ibrahim Khan Sur. He got the Fort of Rohtas and became the first His father - Hassan Khan muslim conqueror of the Fort. The family came to India from Afghanistan From 1541 to 1545 Shershah conquered the Hassan Khan entered the service of Ummar Gakkhars, Malwa, Raisin, Multan, Sind, Jodhpur Khan, the councillor and courtier of Sultan and Mewar and Kalinjor Bahlol lodi. Shersha defeated the Rajastanis in the battle of Under Jamal Khan - the master of Hassan Khan Samel during the region of Sikandar Lodi, Farid learned He imprisoned the governor of Bengal Khizrkhan the Sikandar Nama, the Qulistan etc at Jaunpur. who declared himself the independent ruler of Farid got the Parganas Sasaram and Khawaspur. Bengal. Faird who, lost the favour of his father, moved to Agra and became the right hand man of Bahar While directing the operations of his artillery at Khan. Kalanjar against the ruler of Bundelkhand Raja Kirat Bahar Khan Lohani of Bihar gave farid the title Singh, Shershah was seriously wounded by a ‘Sher Khan’. sudden fire in the ammunition and died on May 22, In 1527- Sher Khan with the help of Junaid Balas, 1545. governor of Jaunpur, became a member of the Shershah constructed the Grand Trunk Road, Mughal Court of Babur. He was with Babur for now National High Way no-2. 15 months from April 1527 to June 1528 and He established the 6th Delhi capital city participated in the battle of Chanderi against Shergarh. Medini Rai. Shershahsuri celebrated his coronation in the Sher khan became the tutor of Jalalkhan and the city of Gaur (Bengal) administrator of Saith, Bihar. He constructed a tomb for himself at Sasaram. In 1530 he captured the Fort of Chunar and He introduced a Silver Coin- Rupee. married Lad Malika the widow of Tajkhan, the He is called as the “Father of Indian Rupee” governor. His Revenue System was excellent and hence The Battle of Surajgarh - 1534 made Sherkhan Akbar adopted it. the master of Bihar and Bengal. The last Sur ruler was Sikandar Sur who was In the Battle of Chausa Sherkhan defeated defeated by Humayun in 1555. Humayun. After this he assumed the title Sher Shah
A major Mughal contribution to the Indian Subcontinent was their unique architecture. UNESCO World Heritage Site Taj Mahal, is known to be one of the finer examples of Mughal architecture. Other World Heritage Sites includes the Humayun’s Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Agra Fort and Lahore Fort. The palaces, tombs and forts built by the dynasty stands to- The Red Fort in Delhi was the main palace day in Delhi, Aurangabad, Fatehpur Sikri, Agra, Jaipur, Lahore, of the empire during the reign of ShahJahan. Kabul, Sheikhupura and many other cities of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. AKBAR THE GREAT
Father - Humayun prayer house in Fathepur Sikri and Akbar Namah. Mother - Hamida Bhanu Begum known as Ibadatkhana. Abul Faizi : Persian poet and Step mother - Magam Anaga In 1579, he issued the Infallibil- brother of Abul Fazal. He trans- Guardian - Bairam Khan ity Decree by which he made lated Mahabharata into Persian First Guardian - Munim Khan himself the supreme head in re- in name ‘Razam Namah’ and Akbar was born at Amarkot in ligious matters. Bhaskaracharya’s mathematical Sindh in 23 Nov. 1542. In 1580, the first Jesuit mission- work Leelavati into Persian. He came to the throne on Feb- aries arrived at the court of Mian Tansen : His original name ruary 14, 1556 at the age of 14 at Akbar. was Ram Thanu Pande. He was Kalanur. In 1585, Ralph Fitch the first the court Musician of Akbar. He Hemu the Hindu Prime Minister English man to reach India, dur- composed a Raga, Rajdarbari in of Muhammed Adilshah of ing Akbar’s reign. honour of Akbar. Bihar occupied Agra and ac- Ralph Fitch is known as pioneer Birbal : His real name was cepted the title Maharaja English man or torch bearer Mahesh Das. He is the court Vikramaditya. Englishman. jester of Akbar. Akbar killed Hemu in the Sec- In 1582, Akbar founded a new Raja Todarmal : RajaTodarmal ond Battle of Panipat in 1556 religion for universal peace and was Akbar’s finance or revenue November 2. monotheism known as ‘Din minister. He formulated Akbar’s After this Akbar got the title Ilahi’ means Divine Faith. revenue system Zabti and ‘Ghazi’ In 1583, he started a new Calen- Dashala systems. Raja Akbar became an independent dar called Ilahi Calendar. Todarmal also translated ruler at the age of 18 in 1560, af- In 1576, Akbar defeated Bhagavatapurana into Persian. ter dismissing Bairam Khan. Maharana Pratap of Mewar in Maharaja Mansingh : Akbar’s Later he married Bairam Khan’s the Battle of Haldighat. military commander. widow Salima Begum. Haldighat is a mountain pass in Badauni : A historian who trans- In 1561 he defeated the musician the Aravally hills in Rajasthan. lated Ramayana into Persian - Sultan of Malwa - Baz Bahadur. The Portuguese introduced to- Tarjuma -1-Ramayan. In 1562 Akbar married Jodha bacco for the first time in India Tulasidas: Hindi poet who wrote Bhai, the daughter of Raja in the court of Akbar in 1604. Ramacharitamanas. Bharmal of Amber. Akbar was the Mughal Emperor Akbar’s military system was Akbar abolished the practice of when the English East India known as Mansabdari system. enslavement of war prisoners. Company was being founded in Akbar was also responsible for In 1564, he abolished the reli- 1600 December 31. the introduction of Persian as gious tax Jaziya. Jaziya was im- Akbar died in 1605. the official language of posed for the first time by His tomb is situated at Sikandra Mughals. Firozshah Tughlaq. near Agra. He divided the Mughal Empire In 1572 he captured Gujarat and Akbar was an illiterate person, into 12 Sabha (provinces). in memory of that he built a new but he was a patron of men of Akbar was also the first ruler to capital city Fathepur Sikri (City eminence. He maintained a organise Hajj. Pilgrimage at the of Victory) near Agra. Scholastic Assembly in his government expense. The Port The early name of Fathepur Sikri court. They included the follow- Cambay in Gujarat is known as was City of Sikri. ing personalities. the ‘Gate way to Mecca from Buland Darwaza is the gate way Abul Fazal: Akbar’s court his- Mughal India’. of Fathepur Sikri, built by Akbar. torian who wrote Akbar’s bio- Akbar was an accomplished Si- In 1575, Akbar constructed a graphical works Ain-i-Akbari tar player. JAHANGIR
Early name of Jahangir was Salim. Akbar called Period of Jahangir is considered as the Golden him Sheika Baba. Age of Mughal Painting. Jahangir himself was a Jahangir came to the throne in 1605. painter. Ustad Mansur and Abul Hassan were Jahangir was the son of Akbar and Jodhabai. famous painters in the court of Jahangir. He married Mehrunnisa, an Afghan widow in Jahangir built Shalimar and Nishant Gardens in 1611. Later he gave her the titles, Noor Mahal Srinagar. (light of the palace) Noor Jahan (light of the Jahangir banned slaughter of animals on Sunday world) and Padusha Begum. and Thursday. In 1606, Jahangir executed fifth Sikh Guru Guru Jahangir suspended a chain of Justice known as Arjun Dev, because he helped Jahangir’s son Zndiri Adal infront of his court. Prince Khusru to rebel against him. Anarkali was Jahangair’s lover.’ Mughal-i-Asam’ In 1609, Jahangir received William Hawkins, an envoy of King James I of England, who reached directed by K. Asif is a famous film which tells India to obtain trade concession. the love story of Jahangir and Anarkali. In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of Jahangir wrote his autobiography Tuzukh -i- Jahangir as the first ambassador of James I of Jahangiri in Persian language. England. As a result of his efforts, first English Jahangir died in 1627 and was cremated at factory was established at Surat in Gujarat. Shahdhara in Lahore. SHAHJAHAN
Shahjahan was born on 5th its architect. British administra- The Gateway of Redfort is the January 1592 at Lahore. tor Furgurson called it ‘a love Lahore Gate. It is here at the His mother was Jagat Gosain in marble’. Now Sulphur Diox- Lahore Gate that the Prime Min- and his childhood name was ide, emitted by oil refinaries in ister of India hoists the National Khurram. Madhura after mixing with mois- Flag and addresses the nation He married Arjum and Banu ture in the atmosphere forms on the independence day. Begum, daughter of Asaf Khan, Sulphuric Acid and is damaging In 1656, Shahjahan constructed brother of Noorjahan. She later the marble of Tajmahal. the Juma Masjid in Delhi. It is came to be known as Mumtaz In 1638, Shah Jahan built his the biggest masjid in India. First Mahal which means beloved of new capital Shah Jahanabad in Masjid in India was constructed the Palace. Delhi and shifted the capital at Kodungallur in Kerala Shahjahan destroyed the Portu- from Agra to there. (Cheraman Palli) in 644 AD by guese settlements at Hoogly. In 1639 he started the construc- Malik Ibn Dinar. Shahjahan’s period is consid- tion of Red fort in Delhi on the The Portuguese introduced Eu- ered as the Golden Age of model of Agra Fort built by Mughal Architecture and Shah Akbar. Its construction was Jahan is known as the Prince of completed in 1648. The Diwan- Builders. i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas and the In 1631, he started the construc- Moti Masjid are situated inside tion of Tajmahal in memory of the Red fort. The Moti Masjid his wife and completed in 1653. in Agra was constructed by It is situated on the banks of Shahjahan. Yamuna river in Uttar Pradesh. The INA Trial in 1945 was con- Utad Iza, a Turkish/ Persian was ducted at the Red Fort. ropean painting in India during Atharva Veda into Persian. came worse during the period of the reign of Shahjahan Shahjahan was a famous lyri- Aurangazeb. In 1658 Shahjahan was impris- cist. He wrote lyrics in Hindi. Aurangazeb was the only oned by his son Aurangazeb and The famous Peacock Throne Mughal Emperor who was not a he died in 1666, after eight years. was built by Shah Jahan. It was drunkard. His daughter Jahan Ara was also abducted from here by Aurangazeb is considered reli- kept in prison along with him at Nadirshah in 1739 during his giously fanatic. He was also a the Agra fort. Indian invasion (Persian con- temple breaker. He persecuted Shahjahan’s son Dara Shukoh queror). Now it is kept at the the Hindus and imposed prohi- was a famous scholar. He trans- London Tower Museum, Britain. bition against the free exercise lated Bhagavat Gita and Sixty Upanishads into Persian. He also French travellers Bernier and of Holi and Diwali. wrote a book titled Mujm-ul- Tavernier and Italian traveller Aurangazeb died in 1707 Febru- Behrain (Mingling of the Manucci visited India during ary 20, at Ahmednagar. Auran- Oceans) He also translated Shahjahan’s period. gazeb’s tomb is situated at Daulatabad in Maharashtra. AURANGAZEB LATER MUGHALS Aurangazeb imprisoned his fa- In 1675 he executed 9th Sikh Guru ther and made himself the Guru Teg Bahadur because of his Bahadurshah I came to the Padushah in 1658. But his ac- reluctance to accept Islam. throne after the death of Aurangazeb. His real name was tual coronation was conducted Teg Bahadur was executed at in 1659. Chandini Chauk. Muassam. In 1739, Nadirshah Quli the Alamgir (conqueror of the In 1679 Aurangazeb constructed Persian conqueror attacked In- world) was the name adopted by the tomb of his only wife Rubiad dia during the period of the Aurangazeb when he became Daurani at Aurangabad in Mughal Emperor Muhammed the Padusha. Maharashtra. It is known as Bibi Shah or Rustan Khan (1719- Aurangazeb is known as ‘Zinda ka Makabara. It is otherwise 1748) and took away Pir’ or living saint because of known as Mini Tajmahal as it ShahJahan’s famous Peacock his simple life. was the blind imitation of Throne and Kohinoor Diamond. He banned music and dance. Tajmahal. In the same year he He was a pleasure loving king He discontinued the system of reimpossed Jaziya upon all the and was nicknamed Rangeela. “Jharokha darshan” and the non muslims, which was earlier Ahmedshah’s (1748 -1754) pe- system of weighing the emperor abolished by Akbar. riod saw the mighty invasion of in Gold. Aurangazeb called Shivaji a Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghani- ‘mountain rat’ and gave him the Astronomers and astrologers stan. title Raja because of his guerilla were dismissed and he forbaded Shah Alam II (1759-1866) - The tactics. the inscription of Kalma on the battle of Buxar (1764) was coins. In 1660, he entrusted fought during his reign. Shaisthakhan to defeat Shivaji. He ended the celebration of Akbar Shah II (1806 - 1837) con- Navroz festival. Later in 1665 the Treaty of ferred the title ‘‘Raja’’ upon Ram He ousted all the artists from his Purandar was signed between Mohan Roy. court. At the same time he was Maharaja Jaisingh of Amber and During his reign, Lord Hastings an accomplished Veena player. Shivaji Jaisingh was deputed by ceased to accept the sover- Aurangazeb was the last great Aurangazeb. eignty of Mughals and claimed Mughal Emperor. The Mughal - Rajput relation be- an equal status. BAHADURSHAH II MUGHAL STATE AND ADMINISTRATION (837-1862) Provincial Administration He was the last Mughal em- peror. On 17th May 1857, Mughal empire was divided into subas which was further Bahadurshah II was declared subdivided into sarkar, parganas and villages. However, it also had the independent emperor of In- other territorial units as ‘Khalisa’, (royal land), Jagirs (autonomous dia by the mutineers. He was rajas) and Inams (gifted lands, mainly waste lands). surrendered to LtW.S.R. There were 15 territorial units (subas) during Akbar’s reign, which Hodson at Humayun’s Tomb in later increased to 20 under Aurangzeb’s reign. Delhi. In 1859, he was deported Province (Suba) to Rangoon in December where Sipahsalar - The Head Executive (under Akbar and later he was he expired on Nov. 7, 1862. The known Nizam or Subedar) Tomb of Bahadurshah II is in Diwan- Incharge of revenue department. Pyinmana, the capital of Bakshi-Incharge of military dept. Myanmar. Mir Saman: Incharge of Imperial household and Karkhanas. Bahadurshah II was also a fa- Mir Munshi : Incharge of royal correspondence mous Urdu Poet. Sadr us Sadr: Incharge of charitable and religious endowments Bahadurshah II was also known Qazi ul Quzat: Head the Judiciary department as Bahadurshah Zafar. Zafar Muhtasib: Censor of Public Morals. means gifted poet. District / Sarakar The Mughal Fauzdar - Administrative head Amal/Amalguzar-Revenue collection Administration Kotwal-Maintenance of law and order, trial of criminal cases and The Mughals believed in price regulation. Divine Right concept of Pargana Kingship. Shiqdar - Administrative head combined in himself the duties of It was a mixture of Central ‘fauzdar and kotwal’. Asian and Timurial traditions Amin, Qanungo - Revenue officials in Indian settings. Village The chief officials who assisted the king in central Muqaddam - Headman administration were the Wakil, Patwari- Accountant Wazir, Diwan - Khan -i-Shama, Chowkidar - Watchman Mir-Bakshi, Sadr-us-Sadar and chief Qazi. Important literary works of the Mughal period Under Akbar the Mughal Humayun Namah - Gulbadan Beegum empire had 18 provinces or Ain-i-Akbari - Abul Fazal Subas but there were 21 under Akbar Namah - Abul Fazal Aurangazeb. Twarikh-i-Alfi - Mulla Daud The head of the Suba was Tabakhat-i-Akbari - Nizamudin Ahamad Subadar or Sipahsalar. Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri - Jahangir The head of the Sarkar or District was under Fauzdar and Shahjahannama - Inayat khan and also by Muhamad Salih Pargana under Shiqdar and Sakinet-ul-Aulia - Dara Shukoh village under village headman. Raqqat-i-Alamgiri - Aurangazeb The Revenue system under the Padshahnama - Abdul Hamid- Lahori and Mohamad Warish Mughals had various features Alamgir namah - Mirza Muhamad Kazim such as Zabti System, Batak Kamran, brother of Humayun became a common language of Nasaq, Kankut, Karoris and was a poet. diplomacy. Dashala systems. Akbar was a philosopher, Urdu emerged as a common The Mansabdari system of skilled in art, architecture and language of India. Akbar made the nobility and the music. According to Abul Fazl eight army rolled into one. Its basis Jahangir an ardent naturalist, styles of calligraphy were in was Mongol’s decimal and landscaper, and an vogue in India during Akbar’s organisation of the army. The authority on painting. rule. ranks of the officers were Shahjahan excelled in Akbar favoured the Nastaliq divided into Zat and Sawar. architecture and was an school of calligraphy. The best Jahangir introduced the authority of gems and jewelry, exponent of it was Muhamad Duaspa-Sih-aspa system. devoted to music and dance Hussain of Kashmir, who had The administrative classifi and a proficient vocalist. the title Zarrin - Kalam or cation of land were Khalsa or Darashukoh was an eminent ‘Golden Pen’. crown land, Jagir land in which scholar and author. The renowned Hindu the nobles collected the land tax Aurangazeb was an accom- calligraphists under Auranga and Sayurgai land or lend plished veena player and pro- zeb were Pandit Lakshmi Ram, granted on free tenure. moted the creation of classical Lala Sukh Ram and Munshi The instrument used for the Indian music in Persian lan- Mahbub Rai. measuring land was called guages. Zebunnissa, his Humayun and Akbar learned Zarib or Tanab (Earlier it was daughter was a zelous patron painting lessons from the made of rope but later are made of learning and culture. She Persian painters Mir Sayyid Ali of bamboo sticks joined by iron wrote books of odes and qua- and Aullah Abdus Samad. rings. trains under the pen name Ma- Akbar’s artists main work was Bigha was a standard unit of khfi “the concealed one”. to illustrate manuscripts. area which measured 60 x 60 The last Mughal ruler Bahadur- Daswanth was a celebrated art- yards or 3600 square yards. sha II or “ Zafar” was an emi- ist in Akbar’s court. He illustrat- The gold coins issued by Akbar nent Urdu poet. ed Razinnama, a Persian trans- were of twenty six varieties. There was no official censorship lation of Mahabharatha. Jahangir was the first Mughal of writers in Mughal India. Mughal paintings witnessed a ruler to put his portrait on Mughal royal memoirists - rapid change under Jahangir. coins. One of his coins bore his Babur, Jahangir and Gulbadan The main feature was the de- figure with a cup in his right - were candid about themselves cline of Persian influence and hand. and their families, open about the growth of Indian influence. The silver rupee under Akbar their failings. The best examples of land- had a weight of 175 grams and The Mughal rulers valued scapes - in Jahangir’s time were one rupee was equal to 40 books and maintained huge Yar-i-Danish and Anwar-i- Su- dams. libraries. Royal ladies like haili Jalali was a square rupee issued Salima, Jahanara and by Akbar. Zebunnisa had their own Mughal painting reached its climax under Jahangir. Minia- The Mughal emperors were libraries. ture painting developed under multi-talented Babur was a Bairam Khan was known as a distinguished author, poet, Todar mal was a literary him Calligrapher and composer. figure in eminence, He Ustad Mansur specialised in Humayun a mathematician, translated Bhagavata Purana Animals and Bishandas pro- astronomer, astrologer, poet into Persian. duced portraits. and an inventor. Under the Mughals, Persian Jahangir favoured individual Mughal architecture
A mosque at Kabulibagh at Panipat and the Jama-i-Masjid at Sambhal under Akbar. The Din-Panah- Delhi, and the Mosques at Falehabad and Agra under Humayun. Humayun’s tomb at Delhi built by his widow Haji (or Bega) Beg who introduced a distinctive Persian style in India. It was also India’s first garden tomb. The Agra Fort, The Diwani-Aam, Diwani-Khas, Panch Mahal, Jodhabai’s palace, Birbal’s palace, The House of Mariam, the Hathi-Pol and Buland Darwasah were built in Akbar’s period. e Akbar built the Agra fort after demolishing the old Lodhi Fort. The Buland Darwaza, the lofty gateway of Juma Masjid Sikri, had a height of 53.6 meters and it is th finest edifics of its kind anywhere in the world. Akbar’s tomb at Sikandara, Itimad ud-daula’s tomb at Agra and Mausoleum of Jahangir at Lahore were contruded under Jahangir. The Itimad-ud-daula’s tomb (Nurjahan built this mausoleum of her father Itimad-ud-daula). It was the first of the Mughal structures built entirely of white marble. The Taj Mahal, Shish Mahal, Anguri Bagh, Moti Masjid and Jama Masjid at Agra and Hira Mahal, Moli Reng Mahal and Red Fort at Delhi were built by Shajahan. Tulsidas the greatest book in favoured by the Mughals ; they paintings and manuscript illus- all devotional literature. preferred to keep gems uncut, trations. The Mughal paintings was an valuing size over brilliance. In pictorial motifs a major offshoot of Persian painting Except Aurangazeb the Mughal contribution of Christian art to which was an offshoot of rulers were all keen patrons of Mughal art was the halo. (the Chinese paintings. music. halo was first used in ancient The rigid formation is the The dying wish of Sag Sheikh India to depict the aura of shortcoming of the Mughal Salim Chishti; according to Budha.) style. Jahangir, was to hear Tansen Aurangazeb turned his back to Regional schools developed Sing. paintings. He erased the during the period of ‘Mian Tansen Kalawaut’ was paintings at Bijapur that Aurangazeb. The best was the Akbar’s court musician. violated Koranic law. Rajastani school which created The Mughal emperors were The term ‘Urdu’ (Hindustan) is the Ragamalika (musical open- handed to musicians. derived from the Turki word modes) and Krishna Leela Example- Jahangir gave gold Ordu meaning military camp. coins who composed an ode in (frolics of Krishna) Paintings. Another Indo- Persian dialect, Jahangir’s name. Shahjahan The Mughal artists mainly dealt Dakhini has evolved in the weighed musician Jagannath with subjects of imperial pomp, Deccan; a mixture of Persian against gold. Akbar rewarded Rajput artist depicted and local languages especially Tansen with 200,000 rupees for traditional Hindu religious Marathi. a performance. subjects. The Mughal period was rich in The Hindu and Muslim musical The Mughals made Hindi poetry. Surdas was a traditions have produced new contributions in jewellery singer in Akbar’s court. musical modes such as making. Some styles are Tulsidas was a contemporary Qawwali, Thumri and Khayal. attributed to Noorjahan; for of Akbar and of Shakespeare. Amir Khusrau, the greatest example, the Karanphool- poetic and musical genius of the Gandhiji described the jhumka or the ear ornament. Ramacharitha manasa of age, made a conscious effort to Lapidary work was not fuse Hindu and Persian music. Gwalior, under Raja Man Singh THE MARATHAS (1450-1528) became the nest of The first great leader of the musicians and produced the Marathas was Chatrapathi “Man kautuhal” (the rulers Shivaji. governing ragas). The Marathas became promi- Tansen was a native of Gwalior. nent in the later half of the 17th He was taken to the court of century. Akbar from the court of Raja of Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle Rewa in 1563. clan of the Marathas. Bas Bahadur, the former ruler Shaji Bhonsle and Jija Bai were of Malwa, was musician in the Parents of Shivaji. Akbar’s Court whom Abul Fazl He was born in 1627 February described as “a singer without 19 at the fort of Shivner near In 1665, Shivaji signed the rival”. Junnar. Treaty of Purandar with Raja Jai Shauqi, the mandolin player, His father was a military com- Singh of Amber, who was de- (the wonder of the age) was in mander under the Nizam Shahi puted by Aurangazeb. Jahangir’s court. rulers of Ahmedanagar and later In 1666 Shivaji visited Ram Das a second Miyan of Bijapur. Aurangazeb in his court at Agra. Tansen was in the court of Shivaji’s tutor was Dadaji But he and his son Sambaji were Akbar. Kondadev. imprisoned by Aurangazeb in the Shahjahan laid the foundation Shivaji received the help of Jaipur Bhavan, but escaped in Malavi tribe to capture the terri- of the city Shahjahanabad in 1666. tories of Bijapur Sultan. 1638. On 16th June 1674, Shivaji Torna was the first place captured The Jamamasjid at Delhi of crowned himself an independent by Shivaji in 1646. Shahjahan was the largest Hindu king became the Shivaji came to conflict with the mosque in India. Chatrapathi and assumed the Mughals for the first time in The Chief architect of the Taj title ‘Haindavadharmodharak’. 1657, during the period of was Ustad Ahamad Lahori or Shivaji died in 1680 at the age of Shahjahan. Ahamad Mimar, who was 53. In 1659, Bijapur Sulthan Ali supervised by Abdul Karim and Shahu became the Chatrapathi Adilshah sent Afzal Khan to kill Makramatkhan, imperial in 1708 and his period witnessed Shivaji. But he killed Afzal Khan. officers. It is estimated that the rise of Peshwaship. In 1660, Aurangazeb deputed his Balaji Vishwanath (1712 - 1720) some 20,000 workmen laboured viceroy of Deccan, Baji Rao (1720 - 40) Balaji for about twenty two years in Shaisthakhan to kill Shivaji. the Taj Complex. The plot for the construction of Taj was purchased from Raja Jai Singh, Anglo-Maratha war grand -son of Raja Man Singh, South of Agra City, for The first, second, and third Anglo-Maratha wars were fought 917,00000 rupees. between the army of the British East India Company and the Maratha The Moti Masjid in Red Fort Empire. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817 - 1818) was a final and and Badshahi Mosque at decisive conflict between the British and the Maratha Empire in Lahore were built by India, which left the U.K. in control of most of India. Aurangazeb. The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) BajiRao I (1740 - 61) and Madhav Baji Rao was the ablest of the Sikh Guru Rao I (1761 - 1772) were the Peshwas. Guru Nanak ...... 1469 - 1538 Peshwas who ruled Shivaji did not allow women in Guru Angad ...... 1538 - 1552 Maharashtra. his military camp. Guru Amardas...... 1552 - 1574 Baji Rao popularised the idea of The Marathas were equipped Guru Ramdas ...... 1574 - 1581 Hindu Padpadshahi or Hindu with an efficient naval system Guru Arjundev...... 1581 - 1606 Empire. under Shivaji. Guru Hargovind ...... 1606 - 1645 Balaji Baji Rao’s period wit- Guru Har Rai ...... 1645 - 1661 nessed the Third Battle of GURUNANAK Guru Har Kishan ...... 1661 - 1664 Panipat in 1761. In this battle AND THE SIKHS Guru Teg Bahadur ...... 1664 - 1675 Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghani- Guru Govind Singh ..... 1675 - 1708 stan defeated the Marathas. Madhava Rao was the last great Langar or free community din- Peshwa. ing was also introduced by Guru Last Peshwa was Baji Rao II. Angad. Madhava Rao’s period witnessed Third Sikh Guru was Amar Das. the disintegration of the Maratha He started the Manji system ie, power and the formation of inde- branches for the propagation of pendent kingdoms - Holkar of Sikhs. He made Guruship Indore, Bhonsle of Nagpur, hereditory. Sindhya of Gwalior and Gaekwad Guru Ramdas was the fourth of Baroda. Sikh Guru. He founded the city Peshwa was the Maratha Chief of Amritsar. The place for the Minister. city was donated by Akbar. Chauth and sardeshmukhi were Under the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru two special taxes collected by ‘Sikh’ is a sanskrit word which Arjun Dev, Sikhism became an the Marathas. means ‘disciple’ organised religion. He compiled The first Maratha war (1775 - Sikh religion was founded by the ‘Adi Grandh’ the sacred 82) Swami Madhav Rao Vs GuruNanak. book of the Sikhs. He built a Raghunath Rao with English Guru Nanak was born at Talwandi temple at Amritsar , (later the support. in Lahore, belonged to the Khatri Golden Temple) Har Mandir Second Maratha war 1803 - 05. Caste (Mercantile Community). Third Maratha war 1816 - 19. Nanak called his creed as Sahib. He helped Jahangir’s son The last great soldier and states- Gurumat or Guru’s wisdom. Prince Khusru to rebel against man of Maratha was Nana GuruNanak was born in 1469 the Emperor. So he was ex- Phadanis (1800) and died in 1538. ecuted by Jahangir at Lahore in The Maratha script was called He was the first Guru of the 1606 AD. Modiscript. Sikhs. The sixth Guru Hargovind, cre- Peshwaship was abolished in His followers called themselves ated a Sikh army and turned 1818 Sikhs which meant disciple. against Shahjahan. He founded Nanak preached only in Punjabi. a palace opposite to Har Mandir Shivaji’s Council of Ministers Nanak nominated Guru Angad Sahib known as ‘Akalitakht’. was known as Ashtapradhan. as his successor. He also adopted the title Sacha They were Peshwa, Pandit Guru Angad introduced Rao, Sumant, Sachiva, Gurumukhi Script. He also com- Padusha, which means true ruler. Senapathi, Amatya, Mantri and piled Guru Nanak’s biography The title was not adopted by Nyayadhyaksha. Janam Sakis. Teg Bahadur). Renjith Singh (1780 - 1836) The Sikhs then rose to power like phoenix under Renjith Singh of Punjab. On the eve of Renjith’s birth Punjab was invaded by the Durrani king Shah Zamman, Grandson of Ahamad Shah Abdali. To avaid his threat the British sought Renjith Singh’s help by 1797 he became the defacto ruler of Punjab and in 1799 he got control over Lahore and in 1801 he assumed the tittle of Maharaja. Renjith Singh, as a part of administrative convenience, i.e.. established the Mohal- ladari system. i.e., Each Mohalla under the charge of one of its members, possess- ing more influence than the rest. In 1806 Renjith Singh signed a friendly treaty with the British. i.e., Sikhs were not enter to an alliance with any anti-British power; the British got a chance to expand southwards. In 1809 the British and Renjith Singh made the Treaty of Amritsar. The British recognised the authority of Renjith Singh over 45 parganas. Sutlej was recognised as Renjith’s boundary. On 26th June 1838 a tripartite agreement was signed between English East India Company, Shah Jahan and Renjith Singh to let pass the British troops through Lahore. Renjith died on 27th June 1839. Renjith Singh’s established Fauj- i- khas as the model troop, He adopted the Batai System and then the Kankut system. His army was trained by French officers like Allard and Ventura. The French traveller Victor Jacque Mont visited his court. The Siks fought two wars against the English - the Anglo - wars. Ist Anglo - Sikh war (1845 - 1846) The sikhs were defeated in 1846 June 28 near Aliwal. IInd Anglo - Sikh war (1848 - 1849). Lord Dalhousie annexed Punjab to the company administration.
Seventh Guru was Har Rai. He Kartarpur Dabir is the root Grandh Sahib as the eternal was succeeded by Guru Har form of Guru Grandh Sahib. Guru. Kishan. Har Kishan became the Govind Singh proclaimed the Guru at the age of five, hence he is the youngest Sikh Guru. The 10th and the last Guru, Govind Singh formed the Khalsa or the Sikh brotherhood. He introduced ‘Panchkakar’ of Sikhism ie, Kesh (long hair), Kanga (Comb), Kripan (Sword), Kachha (Underwear) and Kara (Iron bang). He introduced baptism and wanted every Sikh to bear com- munity surname ‘Singh’ or lion. His aim was the establishment of a Sikh State after overthrow- ing the Mughals. In 1708 he was killed by an Afghan. ‘Vichithra Natak’ is the autobi- ography of Guru Govind Singh. RELIGIOUS Adi Sankaracharya MOVEMENTS OF The period after Guptas is marked by revival and expansion of MEDIEVAL AGE Hinduism and continued decline of Jainism and Buddhism. At the intellectual level the most serious challenge to Buddhism and Important Bhakti saints Jainism was posed by. He Sankara propounded who revived the doctrine Hinduism. of Advaita He is called(non- (South India) Aquinas of Hinduism dualism). According to this philosophy, there are various levels to In South, the Bhakti movement truth. On a lower level, the world is a creation of Brahma. But on the was led by a series of popular highest level, the whole universe is Maya (illusion). The only saints called Nayanars and ultimate reality was Brahma, the impersonal world soul. Creation is Alvars. The chief object of their his lila (eternal play). He is imminent and omniscient. According to worship was Shiva and Vishnu Sankara. God and the created world were one. He wrote excellent respectively. They spoke and commentaries on Bhagwadgita and Upanishads. After his death 4 wrote in Tamil and Telugu. mathas were established in Sringeri (Karnataka), Dwaraka (Gujarat), Ramanuja a Vaishnuvite, 12th Puri (Orissa) and Badrinath in the Himalayas. CenturyAD was born at born near Benaras, brought up Sripreumbathur and founded Sankaracharya born at Kaladi by a weaver Niru, married to Loi Srivaishnava sect. in Kerala, was the founder of and had two children. Ramanuja tried to assimilate the Advaitha philosophy. He He was influenced by Ra- Bhakti to the tradition of wrote commentary on mananda and the Muslim saint Vedas. He argued that grace of Brahmasutra and Upanishad. Pir Taqi. He promoted equality God was more important than He founded four Mutts Sringeri, between Hinduism and Islam. knowledge about him in order Dwaraka, Puri and Badrinath. His followers started the “Ka- to attain salvation. The In North India the Bhakthi birpanthis”. tradition established by movement was promoted by Dadu Dayal (1544- 1603) a Ramanuja was followed by a two schools of thought - the Nirguna born in Ahmedabad, number of thinkers such as Saguna and Nirguna schools. not believed in the authority of Madhavacharya, Ramananda, The Nirguna school believed in Scriptures but in the value of Vallabhacharya and others. a God without any form self- realisation. His verses Nimbarkar promoted the Ramananda was the prime were collected into a book form Dvaitadvaita philosophy and teacher of it. known as ‘Bani’. His followers founded the Sankadi The Saguna school believed in were called ‘Dadu Panthis’. sampradaya. the manifold forms of god. Rai Dasa followed the path of Madhavacharya founded the Ramananda (1360-1470) born at Ramananda and his songs are Dvaitadvaita philosophy and Prayag preached Vaishnavism. included in Guru Granth Saheb, Sankadi Sampradaya. He was a follower of Ramanuja the Sikh Bible. Vallabhacharya promoted the and included disciples from all Surdasa (1483-1513 AD) - He philosophy of Pushtimarga and castes . He used Hindi to propa- belongs to Saguna School. He he founded the Rudra Sampra- gate his teachings. Example : was a disciple of famous daya. He is the creator of Raidasa the Cobbler, Kabir the religious teacher Sudhavaita, The doctrine of weaver , Dhanna, the farmer, Vallabhacharya. He sang the grace, the ideal of self- dedica- Sena, the barber and Pipa the glory of Krishna’s childhood tion and sublimation of human Rajput. He created a new sect - and youth in his Sursagar. life are the major features of his Ramandi sect. Tulasi Dasa (1532-1623) a teachings. Kabir (1398-1458) a nirguna Saguna, was born in Brahmin family became a worshipper of combination of knowledge on Sufi Movement Rama and composed various sciences and arts with Ramacharithamanasa in Hindi the synthesising concept of The Sufis were an ecstatic and some other works such as spiritual life. mystical sect and an elitist and Vinay Pitaka, Kavitavali and Gurunanak (1469-1539 AD) - intellectual movement. Gitavali. He was a mystique of Nirguna The term ‘Sufi’ is derived from Mirabai (1498-1569) a Rajput School. But his followers the Arabic word ‘Suf’ meant princes hailed from the branched off from Hinduism wool. Sisodiya dynasty of Chittoor, and founded a separate The Sufi movement first came was a devotee of Lord Krishna. religious system. He became a to India in the wake of Mahmud Her lyrics, full of passion and wandering preacher of a Ghazni’s invasion in the 11th spiritual ecstacy, were written casteless, universal, ethical, Century. in Brijbhasha and in Rajastani. anti-ritualistic and monoth Sufism was organised a Sankaradeva (1463-1568) of eistic and highly spiritual monastic basis in orders or Assam Promoted monotheism religion. Silsilahs known as “Ekasarana Dharma”. There are two main orders - Be- He rejected ritualism and idol Islamic Movements Shara ; not bound by Islam and worship, caste system. His Islam has two basic sects - Shiah Ba- Shara bound by Islamic law. creed came to be known as “ and Sunni. This schism arose of The early Sufists accepted the Mahapurshiya dharma” and he political rather than religious prophethood of Mohamad and insisted “Nishkama Bhakti”. dispute. the authority of the Quran but Krishnananda , Brahmananda later they absorbed a variety of giri, Kavirajnana and Purnanda Shiahs wanted the Caliphate to practices and ideas from were Saivite Saints. be hereditary through Ali, the Christianity, Neo - Platonism, The Bhakti movement in prophet’s son-in-law but the Zorastrianism. Budhism and Maharashtra came to be known Sunnis wanted it to be elective Hindu Philosophical systems - as Maharashtra Dharma. (later their religious tradition Vedanta and Yoga. Jnandeva (1275-96 AD) - He also diverged) The teacher, disciple (Pir and was progenitor of Bhakti The most remarkable Islamic musical) relation was essential movement in Maharashtra. movement in Mughal India was for Sufism. Namdeva (1270-1350 AD) - He the Mahdawi Cult. They Chisthi Silsilah (12th Century was a Nirguna Upasaka. Some believed that at the end of the of his abhangas are included in and 13th Century) founded in first millennium of Islam, a Guru Granth Sahib. India by Khawaja Muinuddin saviour, Imam Mahdi, the Lord Ekanath (1548 AD) - He was Chisthi of Ajmir. The two of the Age, would appear to opposed to caste distinction prominent disciples of him were stop crime and restore pure and evinced greatest Shaikh Hamidudi Nagauri of sympathy for men of low caste. shining faith. Founder of it was Nagpur and Sheik Qutubudin Bhaktyar Kaki. The Chisthis Tukaram - He was a farmer’s Sayed Muhammad Mahdi of laid much stress upon service son and a great devotee of Jaunpur. to mankind. They lived on Vitthal. “Ranshaniyah’ by Miyan charity and had a musical Samarth Ramdas, the spiritual Bayazid Ansari, ‘Rishi’ by recitation called ‘Sama’. guide of Shivaji combined spiri- Shiekh Nurudin of Kashmir, and Suhravardi Sisilah (13th tual and practical life and took ‘Taghallub’ by Shiek Ahammad Century) founded by Shaikh interest in politics. His monu- Sirstrindi were other Islamic Shihabuddin Shuhruvardi. In mental work ‘Dasabodha’ is a Movements. India it was founded by Shaik Baha Uddiu Zakaria of Multan. Shah Abdulla Shatari founded stressed internalization of The slave ruler Iltumish called the Shattari Silsilah but became religious rites. him Sheikh-us-Islam. prominent in India under Shaik Nizamia Silsila, which faced Firdasusi Silsilah (13th Muhammad Ghauth of Gwalior. hardship under Mubarka and Century) First established in Tansen was a follower of it. Ghyaruddin Khalji was founded Delhi by Badaruddin The Naqshbandiya order - It by Nizamuddin Aulia. Samarqandi but later moved to developed as an orthodox Jamaludin Hanavi founded the Bihar Sharafuddin Ahamad movement which stood against Jamalia order and Allauddin Yahya Manari of Patna. heresy as reform. The Promoter Sabari inaugurated the Sabaria Qadrissilsilah (12th Century) of it was Sheik Ahamad Sirhindi order. was founded by Shaikh Abdur a contemporary of Akbar. Sufism declined in the late 17th Quadir Jilani of Bagdad and in Jahangir imprisoned him and Century. India the leader were Shah even Aurangazeb was forced to Qulandars, were another group Nizamatullah and Nassirudin ban his teachings. of Muslim ascetics, different Muhammad Jilani. Prince Dara Raushaniyah Silsilah was from Sufis, did not give respect Shikoh was an ardent follower founded by Miyan Bayazid to Shahiah but had a great of it. Ansari of Jallandhar. He reputation as miracle - workers.