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Medieval India

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Medieval India MEDIEVAL INDIA The Battles of Tarain, also known THE ARAB as the Battles of Taraori, were fought in 1191 and CONQUEST OF SIND 1192 near the town of Tarain near Thanesar in present- day Haryana. In the First Battle of Tarain in 1191 (near The Arab conquest of Sind was Taneswar), Muhammad Ghori was defeated by the Rajput forces a part of the Mohammaden under Prithviraj Chauhan III. In the Second Battle of Tarain invasion for the spread of (1192 AD) Muhammad Ghori assisted by Qutub -ud- Islam. din Aibek (a slave), defeated Prithviraj Arabs captured Sindh in 712 Chauhan III and killed him. AD. During the period of the Khaliphate of Omar, Arab Sind in 779. But was split into Muhammed Ghazni died in 30th forces made a fertile attempt to two independent kingdoms April 1030. get Bombay. Multan and Mansurah. Later his son Masud attacked India and captured Kashmir. The Arabs conquest of Turkish Invasions Makran Baluchistan opened The famous Persian poet their way to Sind. Ghazni in Afghanistan was ruled Firdausi who wrote ‘Shahnama’ The Ruler of Sind was Dahir. by a Turkish family called Gamini (The Book of Kings) lived in his In 710 a small Arab trading of Ghaznavid dynasty. court. vessel from Basra arrived at the Mahmud Ghazni was the first Alberuni, an Arab Historian, mouth of the Indus and was Turkish conqueror of North In- who wrote Tarikh-ul-Hind promptly seized by the local dia. (Reality of Hindustan), accompa- Hindu authorities. Mahmud’s father was nied Muhammed Ghazni to India. The Pirates of Debal, a part in Subuktigin. Al-Firdausi is known as ‘Indian Sind, plundered a ship carrying He attacked India only for want Homer’, ‘Persian Homer’, or Muslim pilgrims and presents of wealth. ‘The Immortal Homer of the to the Caliph Walid from He attacked India seventeen East’. Ceylon. times between 1000 and 1027 Muhammad of Ghori attacked Al-Hajaj, the Caliph’s governor AD. He made all the raids in the India betwen 1175 and 1206 AD. of Iraq demanded compen- guise of Jihad. Muhammad Ghori made his first sations from Dahir, which the First invasion was in 1001 AD. expedition to India and captured latter rejected. He defeated Jaipal and Multan in 1175 AD. In 712 Arabs attacked and Anandpal of Shahi dynasty in In 1193 Muhamad Ghori at- captured Sind, under the 1001 and 1009 respectively. tacked Jaichand, father - in - law command of Muhammad Bin- The most important raid of of Prithviraj . III at Kanauj, Kassim, Debal fell in April 712. Mahmud was the Somanath ex- Jaichand was defeated. Kassim killed Dahir at Rawar pedition. It was in 1025. He com- In 1195-96 Muhammad Ghori and took the capital Alor in pletely destroyed the temple. occupied Bayana and Gwaliar. In June. Somanath Temple was on the 1197 he defeated Bhinadeva II The Arabs lost control over sea coast of Gujarat. of Gujarat. Muhammed Ghori returned from THE DELHI SULTANTE India by entrusting his territo- ries in India in the hands of Slave Dynasty Qutub-Uddin Aibak. Qutb-ud-din Aibak.................................................... 1206-10 AD After the death of Ghori in 1206, Aram Shah ............................................................... 1211 AD Aibek founded the Slave Dy- Shamsuddin Iltutmish ............................................... 1211-36 AD nasty. Ruknuddin Feroz ...................................................... 1236 AD Razia Sultana ............................................................ 1236-40 AD Muhammad Ghori’s Indian inva- Muizuddin Behram ................................................... 1242 AD sion resulted in the foundation Alaudin Masud ........................................................ 1246 AD of Islamic rule in India. Naseeruddin Mahmud .............................................. 1246-66 AD Ghiyasuddin Balban ................................................. 1266-86 AD DELHI SULTANATE Muizuddin Kaikubad ................................................ 1290 AD The five dynasties which Kaimur ..................................................................... 1290 AD founded subsequently after the Khalji Dynasty Turkish invasion were collec- Jalaluddn Khalji ........................................................ 1290-96 AD tively known as Delhi sultanate. Alauddin Khalji ........................................................ 1296-1316 AD Shihabuddin Omar .................................................... 1316 AD They are: Mubarak Khalji ......................................................... 1316-20 AD Slave Dynasty .......... 1206 - 1290 Khusro Khan ........................................................... 1320 AD Khilji Dynasty .......... 1290 - 1320 Tughlaq Dynasty Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ............................................... 1320-24 AD Tughlaq Dynasty ...... 1320 - 1412 Muhammad Tughlaq ................................................ 1324-51 AD Sayyid Dynasty ........ 1414 - 1451 Firoz Shah Tughlaq .................................................. 1351-88 AD Lodi Dynasty ............ 1451 - 1526 Mohammad Khan ..................................................... 1388 AD Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq Shah II ................................... 1388 AD SLAVE DYNASTY Abu Baqr ................................................................. 1389-90 AD Nasiruddin Muhammad ............................................ 1390-94 AD Slave Dynasty was also called Hamayun ................................................................. 1394-95 AD Ilbari Dynasty, Yamini Dynasty Nasiruddin Mahmud ................................................. 1395-1412 AD or Mamluk Dynasty. Sayyid Dynasty Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a slave Khizr Khan ............................................................... 1414-20 AD of Muhammad Ghori and he Mubarak Shah .......................................................... 1421-33 AD founded the Slave Dynasty in Muhammad Shah...................................................... 1434-43 AD 1206 AD. Alauddin Alam Shah ................................................. 1443-51 AD Aibak was the first Muslim ruler Lodhi Dynasty of India. Bahlul Lodhi............................................................. 1451-89 AD The capital of Qutub-ud-din Sikander Lodhi ......................................................... 1489-1517 AD Aibak was at Lahore Ibrahim Lodhi ........................................................... 1517-1526 AD He was known as ‘Lakh Baksh’ Mughal Empire ........................................... 1526 - 1540, 1555-1857 or ‘giver of lakhs’ or ‘giver of Babar ...................................................................... 1526 - 1530 AD favours’ for his magnanimity. Humayun ................................................. 1530-1540, 1555-1556 AD Hasan Nizami was a famous Akbar ...................................................................... 1556 - 1605 AD historian in the court of the Jahangir .................................................................. 1605 - 1627 AD Aibek. Shahjahan ................................................................. 1628-1658 AD Qutub-ud-din Aibak started the Aurangazeb ............................................................ 1658 - 1707 AD construction of Qutub Minar in Bahadurshah II ........................................................ 1837 - 1857 AD 1199 in Delhi in memory of the Coins introdued by Iltumish, Pardah, she adorned the male Sufi saint Quaja Qutub - ud-din ‘Silver Thanka’ and ‘Copper dress and held open courts. Bhaktiar Kaki. Its construction Jital’ were the two basic coins In October 14, 1240 both Raziya was completed by Iltutmish. It of the Sultanate period. and Altunia who earlier raised is a five storied building. He issued the silver tanka for the arms against Raziya but later He constructed two mosques. first time. He organized the Iqta joined with her were, beheaded Quat-ual Islam at Delhi and Alhai system and introduced reforms at Kaithal. Din Ka Jhopara at Ajmer. in civil administration and army, After Raziya, Behran Shah Aibak was a great patron of which was now centrally paid (1240-42) Allaud-din- learning and patronized writers and recruited. Masudshah (1242-46) and like Hasan- un - Nizami, author He organised the ‘Chalisa’ or Naziruddin Muhammad (1246 - of Taj-ul-Massir and Fakhr-ud- the famous Turkish Forty to 1266) ruled and Balban, the Din, author of Tarikh- i- Mubarak help him in the administration. founder of the second Ilbari dy- Shahi. Iltumish completed the con- nasty, became the Sultan. Qutub-ud-din Aibak died in 1210 struction of Qutub Minar. Ghiasuddin Balban ‘a slave wa- AD by falling from horseback He set up an official nobility of ter carrier, huntsman, noble, while playing Polo. slaves known as Chahalgani statesman became the Sultan of After the death of Qutubuddin, (group of forty). Delhi. Aram Shah ascended the He patronized Minaj-us-siraj, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban throne but he was deposed by author of Tabaqat-i-nasiri. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1200 – Ilthumish and crowned himself The revenue system of the Sul- the Sulthan. 1287) was a Turkish ruler of the tanate ‘Iqta system’, was intro- Delhi Sultanate during the During the period of Iltumish duced by Iltumish. (1210-1236) Chengizkhan, the Mamluk dynasty (or Slave Iltumish was succeeded by his dynasty) from 1266 to 1287. Mongol conqueror attacked In- son Ruknuddin Firoz Shah. But Balban ascended the throne in dia (1221). he was later executed and Razia He saved Delhi Sultanate from 1265 AD. became the sultan (daughter of the wrath of Chengiz Khan - the He broke
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