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Archiv Für Naturgeschichte ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Archiv für Naturgeschichte Jahr/Year: 1887 Band/Volume: 53-1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Studer Theophil Artikel/Article: Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria. 1-74 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria. Von Dr. Th. Studer, Professor in Bein. Hierzu Tafel I. Seitdem durch Milne Edwards, Dana und Kölliker die Klasse der Alcyonaria eine genaue Praecisii'ung und klassische Bearbeitungen erfahren, sind wenig Versuche gemacht worden, das System, welches dem den genannten Autoren zugänglichen Material angepasst w^ar, neu zu be- arbeiten und doch hat sich seither die Anzahl der bekannten Formen bedeutend vermehrt und ebenso unsere Kenntniss des anatomischen Baues in mannigfacher Hinsicht zu- genommen. Ich erwähne namentlich für die Vennehrung der Artenkenntniss, die zahlreichen Abhandlungen Grays, Verrills, das schöne Werk Klunzingers über die Co- rallen des rothen Meeres, che Arbeiten von Duben und Koren, Koren und Daniellsen, Marenzeller, die uns namentlich mit den nordischen Formen bekannt machten, die zahlreichen Schriften Ridleys, Perceval Wrights, Marion, Studer u. a. Die Kenntniss der anatomischen Verhältnisse wurde vorwiegend gefördert durch Kölliker, Lacaze Duthier, Moseley, Marion, Kowalewsky, Koren und Da- niellsen. Marenzeller, Herdman und besonders von Koch. In systematischer Hinsicht sind hervorzuheben die Arbeiten Verrills, welcher bemüht war, eine einheithche Arch. f. Naturgescb. 53. Jahrg. Bd. 1 H. 1. j 2 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/;Dr. Tli. Studer: www.zobodat.at Sonderung der zahlreichen Gattungen in wohlbegrenzte Familien durchzuführen und diese den drei Unterordnungen der Alcyoriacea, Gorgonacea und Fennatidacea unterzuordnen. In neuerer Zeit veröffentlichte auch von Koch ein auf anatomischen Grundlagen beruhendes System, worin er die Alcyonarien in 9 Familien sondert und ihre natürliche Verwandtschaft zu einander darzulegen sucht. Können wir auch nicht die Gleichwertigkeit der aufgestellten Familien gutheissen, so verdient doch die bei dieser Eintheilung be- folgten Principien, sowie die beigegebene Stammbaumskizze alle Anerkennung. Schon längere Zeit damit beschäftigt, das gesammte Material der Alcyonacea zu einem einheitlichen System zu verarbeiten, gab die Bekanntschaft mit der reichen Ausbeute der Challengerexpedition die unmittelbare Ver- anlassung zu dessen Ausarbeitung. Von Herrn Professor Dr. Perceval Wright zur Mitafbeiterschaft an den Al- cyonarien des Challenger eingeladen, kamen wir nach Durch- arbeitung des Materiales über eine Neueintheilung dieser Ordnung überein. Die vorliegende Publication geschieht im Einverständniss mit Professor P. Wright. Ich habe mich dabei bemüht, die bisher aufgestellten Gattungen kritisch zu sichten und sämmtlich mit kurzen Diagnosen anzuführen; die neuen Gattungen werden aus- führlich in dem Werke über die Challengerexpedition be- handelt werden. Das natürliche System soll die Entwicklung repräsen- tiren, welche die gegenwärtig lebenden Organismen durch- laufen haben, um sich schliesslich zu den differenzirtesten Formen umzugestalten, welche uns als Endpunkte dieser Entwicklung gegenwärtig vor Augen treten. Da sich nun auch die niederen Stufen zum Theil erhalten haben, so können wir diesen Entwicklungsgang auch an den Formen der jetzigen Schöpfung, wenn auch lückenhaft, verfolgen. Freilich ist dies so hergestellte System, soweit wir den Entwicklungsgang selbst construiren, wie alles menschliche, grossen Irrthümern unterworfen, wenn wir es nicht an der Hand palaeontologiseher Thaisachen controliren können. © VersuchBiodiversity Heritageeines Library,Systeraes http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/;der Ätcyonaria. www.zobodat.at S In dieser Beziehung lässt uns nun leider für die Alcyonarien die Palaeontologie vollkommen im Stich. Die für uns wichtigsten Verhältnisse, das Kanalsystem, die Bildung der einzelnen Polypen, konnten ihrer weichen organischen Be- schaffenheit wegen, nicht erhalten bleiben, die wichtigsten Abtheilungen, die Mehrzahl der Alcyonacea, waren höchstens in ihren microscopischen Skelettheilen im Stande der Zerstörung zu trotzen. Die palaeozoischen Formationen haben zwar eine Keihe von Anthozoenskeletten erhalten, welche als Alcyonarien angehörend betrachtet werden, so die Favositiden, welche nach Moseleys überzeugender Darstellung den lebenden Helioporiden nahestehen, die Syringoporen, welche den Tubiporiden sich anschliessen, aber gerade diese Reste gehören hoch differenzirten Al- cyonarien, welche wir nie als Ausgangspunkte für alle lebenden Formen betrachten dürfen, welche vielmehr schon Generationen von Vorläufern voraussetzen, deren Gestaltung uns wohl niemals offenbar werden wird. So bleibt uns nichts anderes übrig, als in dem vor- handenen lebenden Material einem solchen Entwicklungs- gang naclizuspüren. Bei allen Alcyonarien, mit Ausnahme der kleinen Familie der Haimeidae, welche vielleicht die Urformen darstellen, herrscht die Tendenz, durch Knospung Colonieen zu bilden. Diese Knospen entstehen aber niemals direkt am Körper des Stammpolypen, sondern auf Stolonen, welche röhrenartige Ausläufer von der Verdauungshöhle des Polypen darstellen, es entstehen dadui'ch mannigfaltig ge- staltete Colonieen, welche bald rasen-, bald büschelförmige, bald baumförmige Stöcke bilden. Als höchste Ent- wicklung dürfen wir diejenige Coloniebildung betrachten, in welcher eine grosse Anzahl Individuen so vertheilt sind, dass jedes einen gleichen Antheil an der Nahrungszufuhr erlangt und diese Entwicklung wird am vollkommensten erreicht bei aufrechten baumförmigen Stöcken, an deren Aesten und Zweigen die Individuen in spiraler Anordnung sitzen. Eine solche Colonie ist aber nur möglich unter der Voraussetzung, dass ein stützendes Skelet differenzirt ist, welches dem Ganzen den nöthigen Halt giebt. Die 1* © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at 4 Dr. Th. S tu der: Axentragenden Alcyonarien, für welche der Name Gorgo- nacea beibehalten werden mag, zeigen uns in ihren höheren Formen eine solche Entwicklung und erreichen diese auf verschiedenem Wege, indem die Colonialaxe sich durch verschiedene Complicationen der mesodermalen Skelet- bildungen differenziren kann. Als einfachste Form der Coloniebildung betrachten wir diejenige, wo von dem Stammpolypen röhrenförmige Aus- läufer ausgehen, welche schlauchartige Ausstülpungen des Körpers darstellen und deren Höhlung eine Fortsetzung der Verdauungshöhle des Polypen ist. Auf diesen Stolonen entstehen durch Knospung neue Polypen, welche wieder polypenerzeugende Stolonen liefern können. Solche Co- lonien bilden die Vertreter der Gattung Rhizoxenia, Cornn- laria, einige Arten von Clavxlaria. Eine compactere Colonie kommt zu Stande dadurch, dass die Basis der Polypen, in welcher sich das Mesodenn bedeutend entwickelt, flächen- artig sich um den Polypen ausbreitet und Endodermröhren in sich aufaimmt, von denen aus die Knospung neuer Po- lypen entsteht. Solche Ausbreitungen bezeichnen wir als Coenenchym. Es geben dieselben Veranlassung zu rasen- förmigen, flächenartig ausgebreiteten Colonieen wie bei Clavularia rosea Stud. , violacea Quoy. Gaim. Bei diesen Formen bildet das Coenenchym noch eine dünne Membran, auf welche die Einzelthiere aufzusitzen scheinen, d. h. nur mit ihrer Basis unter einander verbunden sind. Bei stärkerer Entwicklung des Coenenchyms geht dasselbe von einem grösseren Theil der Polypen aus, so dass der tiefere Theil der verlängerten Verdauungshöhlen der Individuen noch in die Coenenchymausbreitung zu liegen kommt, wie bei Anthelia, Sarcodictyum, Si/mpodium, Erythropodium, Calli- podium. Die Endodermkanäle entspringen hier nicht nur von der Basis der Polypen, sondern auch in seiner Seiten- wand, soweit dieselbe zu Coenenchymmasse verdickt ist. Immer noch ist aber dabei die Colonie rasenförmig, flach ausgebreitet. Eine solche Anordnung ist aber nur von Vortheil unter günstigen Nahrungsverhältnissen, unter denen nicht © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Versuch eines Systemes der Alcyonaria. 5 nur den Randpolypen, sondern auch den im Centrum der Colonie befindlichen gleichmässig die Beute zugeführt wii'd, oder wo die Colonie mannigfach gestaltete Körper überzieht, welche bewirken, dass die Einzeltliiere in verschiedene Lagen zu einander kommen, und verschiedene Wasser- schichten beherrschen. Immer wii*d dieses abhängig sein von dem Vorkommen der Fremdkörper, welche als Unter- lage dienen. Der Vortheil der Vertheilung der Einzel- thiere wird jedoch bei höheren Formen in anderer Weise erreicht. Die Colonie, statt Fremdkörper zu überziehen, erhebt sich von einer Basis, welche sich überrindend an fremde Körper anheftet, frei in die Höhe in Form eines Blattes, dessen eine Fläche die Polypen einnehmen, während die andere der Basalseite einer Rasenkolonie entspricht. Aus statischen Gründen bleibt aber die Colonie nicht flächenhaft, sondern rollt sich röhrenlomiig zusammen, so dass die polypentragende Seite nach aussen kommt, die frühere Basis die Innenwand der Röhre darstellt. Zugleich gruppiren sich im Coenenchym besonders differenzirte Spicula dicht aneinander, um eine aus Spicula gebildete stützende Axe darzustellen. Diese Verhältnisse zeigen noch niedere Briareiden, so ^oleiiocanlon, bei höheren Typen ist diese Axe mehr entwickelt, rückt ins Innere der Colonie
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