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Situation Sécuritaire Dans Le Gouvernorat D'erbil (Kurdistan Irakien)

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Situation Sécuritaire Dans Le Gouvernorat D'erbil (Kurdistan Irakien) IRAK Note 2 décembre 2015 Situation sécuritaire dans le gouvernorat d’Erbil (Kurdistan irakien) en 2014-2015 En particulier dans les localités de Makhmour, Gwer et Yadi Qizlar Résumé Conflit en Irak. Depuis 2014-2015, les localités de Makhmour et Gwer, dans la province d'Erbil (Région du Kurdistan irakien), sont touchées par le conflit qui oppose les peshmergas (force régionale kurde) au mouvement djihadiste État islamique (EI, ISIL, ISIS, Daesh). La plupart des habitants ont fui devant l'avance de l'EI en août 2014; certains ont retrouvé leur domicile, mais des tensions persistent entre habitants kurdes et arabes. Peu d'informations ont été trouvées sur les localités de Yedi Qizlar ou Qizil Yar. Abstract Security situation in the governorate of Erbil (Iraqi Kurdistan) in 2014-2015. Conflict in Iraq. Since 2014-2015, Makhmour and Gwer (Governorate of Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan), are affected by the conflict between peshmerga (Kurdish regional force) and the jihadi group Islamic State (EI, IS, ISIL, ISIS, Daesh). In August 2014, most residents fled before the offensive of IS. Some have returned home, but worrying tensions remain between Kurdish and Arabic inhabitants. Little information could be found about a place known as Yedi Qizlar or Qizil Yar. Situation sécuritaire dans le gouvernorat d’Erbil (Kurdistan irakien) en 2014-2015 Avertissement Ce document a été élaboré par l’Ofpra en vue de fournir des informations aux agents chargés du traitement des demandes de protection internationale. Il ne prétend pas faire le traitement exhaustif de la problématique, ni apporter de preuves concluantes quant au fondement d’une demande de protection internationale particulière. Il ne doit pas être considéré comme une position officielle de l’Ofpra ou des autorités françaises. Ce document, rédigé conformément aux lignes directrices communes à l’Union européenne pour le traitement de l’information sur le pays d’origine (avril 2008) [cf. https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/lignes_directrices_europeennes.pdf], se fonde principalement sur des renseignements puisés dans des sources qui sont à la disposition du public. Toutes les sources utilisées sont référencées. Elles ont été sélectionnées avec un souci constant de recouper les informations. Le fait qu’un événement, une personne ou une organisation déterminée ne soit pas mentionné(e) dans la présente production ne préjuge pas de son inexistence. La reproduction ou diffusion du document n’est pas autorisée, à l’exception d’un usage personnel, sauf accord de l’Ofpra en vertu de l’article L. 335-3 du code de la propriété intellectuelle. 2 DIDR – OFPRA 02/12/2015 Situation sécuritaire dans le gouvernorat d’Erbil (Kurdistan irakien) en 2014-2015 Sommaire 1. Les localités de Makhmour et Gwer ...................................................................... 4 2. Les affrontements de 2014 dans le secteur de Makhmour et Gwer ........................... 5 3. Suite des affrontements en 2015 ......................................................................... 8 4. Situation sécuritaire à Erbil ................................................................................10 5. Informations sur un village nommé Yadi Qizlar ou Qizil Yar ....................................11 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................12 3 DIDR – OFPRA 02/12/2015 Situation sécuritaire dans le gouvernorat d’Erbil (Kurdistan irakien) en 2014-2015 1. Les localités de Makhmour et Gwer Makhmour (Makhmoor, Makhmor, Makhmur, en kurde : Mexmûr ou Maxmwr) est le chef- lieu du district du même nom en Irak, à 40 ou 50 km au sud-ouest d’Erbil. Jusqu’en 1991, elle appartenait au gouvernorat (province, en arabe : Muhafazat) de Ninive (capitale : Mossoul). Depuis cette date, elle se rattache à la province d’Erbil (ou Arbil, en kurde : Hewlêr) dans la Région du Kurdistan (en kurde : « Başûrê Kurdistanê ») et fait partie des « territoires disputés » entre le Gouvernement régional du Kurdistan (GRK, KRG) et le pouvoir de Bagdad1. Le district de Makhmour compte 201 villages et comprend les sous-districts de Gwer, Kandinawa et Qaraj2. En 2009, le district de Makhmour comptait 173 801 habitants et la ville 18 1283. La population a probablement augmenté depuis cette date compte tenu de l’afflux de personnes déplacées : en septembre 2014, selon les chiffres publiés par le GRK, sur la base des documents d’identité délivrés et des cartes de rations alimentaires, le district comptait environ 200 000 habitants4. Le district de Makhmour comprend des plaines agricoles fertiles et un massif montagneux, le mont Qarachoog (ou Qarasukh)5. Il inclut aussi un important champ pétrolifère dont la possession est disputée entre le GRK et le gouvernement de Bagdad6. Makhmour est présentée comme une ville à majorité kurde avec une minorité turkmène7. Selon le GRK, la population du district compte 75% de Kurdes8. Gwer (Gwair, Gweir, al-Kuwair, Al Quwayr), chef-lieu d’un sous-district, est une ville située à 40 km au sud-ouest d’Erbil, sur la route 80 qui relie Makhmour à Mossoul, sur la rive du Grand Zab (Nahr al-Zab al-Kabir), affluent du Tigre. La carte International Travel Maps situe Al Quwayr à 2 km au sud du Grand Zab9 tandis que les sites de cartographie en ligne Google Maps et National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency montrent l’agglomération coupée en deux par la rivière10. Selon le site du gouvernorat d’Erbil, le Grand Zab sépare ce gouvernorat, incluant Gwer, de celui de Ninive (Mossoul) situé sur l’autre rive11. Le site du gouvernorat d’Erbil présente Gwer comme le chef-lieu d’un sous- district du district de Makhmour, partie de ce gouvernorat12, alors que le site Wikimapia rattache Gwer au district de Hamdaniya, partie du gouvernorat de Ninive13. Selon une source de presse, Gwer se trouverait sur la rive nord, un pont la séparant du district de Makhmour14. Il est possible que les deux quartiers de Gwer, au nord et au sud de la rivière, relèvent de deux administrations différentes. 1 L’orthographe des noms de localités et de personnes connaît de nombreuses variantes selon que ces noms sont transmis la forme arabe ou kurde de leur nom et qu’ils sont repris par des sources francophones ou anglophones. Voir Wikipedia, « Erbil governorate » (en anglais). Id., « Machmur » (en allemand) Id., “Makhmur, Iraq” (en anglais). Id., “Mexmûr » (en kurde). 2 Site du gouvernorat d’Erbil (Hawler), « District Of Maxmwr”. 3 L’orthographe des noms de localités et de personnes connaît de nombreuses variantes selon que ces noms viennent de la graphie arabe ou kurde et qu’ils sont repris par des sources francophones ou anglophones. Voir Wikipedia, « Erbil governorate » (en anglais). Id., « Machmur » (en allemand) Id., “Makhmur, Iraq” (en anglais). Id., “Mexmûr » (en kurde). 4 Kurdistan Regional Government, KRG departments and institutions resume work in Makhmour, 02/09/2014, 5 Site du gouvernorat d’Erbil (Hawler), « District Of Maxmwr”. 6 Le Monde, « Bagdad s'enfonce dans la crise politique, attentat à Kirkouk », 11/07/2014. Voir la position des champs pétrolifères disputés (orthographiés Khurmala Dome, Avana Dome et Bai Hassan) sur la carte de l’International Crisis Group : International Crisis Group (ICG), Kurdish Military Deployment in Northern Iraq, 12/05/2015. 7 Middle East Eye, “Battle for Makhmour: a frontline in Iraq’s latest war”, 18/08/2014. 8 Kurdistan Regional Government, KRG departments and institutions resume work in Makhmour, 02/09/2014, 9 International Travel Maps, Iraq, 1 : 200 000, 2008. 10 Site Google Maps, Gwer: Iraq. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Al Quwayr: Iraq. 11 Site du gouvernorat d’Erbil (Hawler), District Of Maxmwr. 12 Site du gouvernorat d’Erbil (Hawler), Regions/Districts/Sub-districts. 13 Wikimapia, Gwer (al-Kuwair). 14 Ekurd Daily, “Iraqi Kurdistan News in brief – March 14, 2015”, 14/03/2015. 4 DIDR – OFPRA 02/12/2015 Situation sécuritaire dans le gouvernorat d’Erbil (Kurdistan irakien) en 2014-2015 2. Les affrontements de 2014 dans le secteur de Makhmour et Gwer Depuis juin 2014, l’Irak est confronté à une grave crise sécuritaire. Le 10 juin 2014, les forces du mouvement djihadiste Etat islamique (EI, ISIL, ISIS, Daesh) s’emparent de Mossoul, la grande ville du nord de l’Irak, située à une soixantaine de kilomètres à l’ouest d’Erbil ; les forces armées dépendant du gouvernement central irakien évacuent la ville en désordre en abandonnant un matériel considérable qui est aussitôt récupéré par l’EI15. Le Gouvernement régional du Kurdistan (GRK), dominé par le PDK (parti Démocratique du Kurdistan, dirigé par le président régional Massoud BARZANI), ne se sent pas directement menacé, croyant qu’après la prise de Mossoul, l’EI va poursuivre son offensive vers Bagdad16. Le 16 juillet 2014, l’EI ferme une canalisation d’eau qui approvisionnait Makhmour en réaction à une décision des autorités kurdes de ne plus fournir de courant électrique aux villages contrôlés par l’EI, à la limite des provinces d’Erbil et de Ninive17. Selon l’analyste français Gérard CHALIAND, le GRK est très mal préparé à cette crise : les élites kurdes, enrichies par l’argent du pétrole, ont développé un « syndrome de Dubaï18 », négligé la défense de leur territoire au profit des investissements et constructions de prestige et montré beaucoup de négligence dans l’entretien de leurs forces armées (peshmergas)19. D’autres sources confirment que la Région du Kurdistan, après des années de croissance économique rapide, était fragilisée par plusieurs facteurs : baisse du prix du pétrole, afflux des personnes déplacées en provenance d’autres régions d’Irak, suspension des paiements par l’Etat central entraînant le non-paiement des salaires des peshmergas et des fonctionnaires civils20. Les divisions politiques au sein de la Région du Kurdistan contribuent à l’inefficacité de la chaîne de commandement, la loyauté des unités allant davantage à leurs partis politiques respectifs, PDK ou UPK (Union patriotique du Kurdistan), qu’au gouvernement régional21. Au début d’août 2014, les forces de l’EI passent à l’offensive et s’emparent du district de Hamdaniya (encore appelée Bekhdida, Karakoch, Qarakosh), immédiatement au nord de Gwer.
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