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Risk, Subculture Issues, and Gender in the Contemporary Skydiving Community

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Risk, Subculture Issues, and Gender in the Contemporary Skydiving Community University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Legacy Theses 2000 Blue skies, black death: Risk, subculture issues, and gender in the contemporary skydiving community Laurendeau, Jason Laurendeau, J. (2000). Blue skies, black death: Risk, subculture issues, and gender in the contemporary skydiving community (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/22158 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/40800 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGAEtY Blue Skies, Black Death: Risk, Subculture Issues, and Gender in the Contemporary Skydiving Community Jason Laurendeau A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES [N PARTtAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY CALGARY,ALBERTA APRIL, 2000 0 Jason Laurendeau 2000 National Libtary Biblioth?que natiomfe @*u of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services senrices bibliographiques 395 WeUiigton Street 395. nm Wellington -ON KIA ON4 OttawaON KtAON4 Caneda Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde melicence non exclusive licence allowing the excIusive permettaut a la National L'brary of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seli reproduire, prgter, distri'buer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/6lm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format eIectronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'autew comeme la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'autem qni protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts &om it Nf la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de ceIIe-ci ne doivent Stre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation, We must crot ceare/om exploration And the end of all ora exploring will be to orrive where we begart adto how the placefor thefirst time. T.S. Eliot ABSTRACT This study investigates meanings of risk in the contemporary skydiving community. In so doing, it considers subculture issues and gender construction in this social milieu. Despite an increasing public interest in risk activities, relatively few investigators have examined the meanings these activities have for participants, and even fewer have problematized the masculinization of risk sport. In an effort to address these issues, a study of current skydivers in Alberta was undertaken. The findings show that risk is a highly contextual concept that cames with it much contradiction for skydivers. Further, these meanings of risk are shaped by the dynamics of the skydiving community and by notions of gender-appropriate behavior. Data fiom participant observation and in-depth intewiews elucidate some of the comp Iexities of participation for skydivers. Issues of identity construction and confirmation, managed risk, resistance and accommodation, and gender construction all play a part in the process of making meaning of an activity that many jumpers acknowiedge as potentialIy deadly. Lyng's (1990) notion of edgework and Gramsci's (1971) hegemony theory Sorm the analysis of risk, subculture, and gender issues in this contentious and under-studied socia1 context. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opporhmity to express my gratitude and appreciation to a number of people who made this research possible. First and foremost, my thanks go out to the many skydivers who donated their time and insights. Their help was indispensable in pursuing my research interests. "Michael" in particular is deserving of my gratefulness. At every stage of the research process he was available, insightfuI, and supportive. I am also sincerely gratefit1 to Dr. Kevin Young and Dr. Erin Gibbs-Van Bnmschot. They guided my professional development along the way and taught me about more than socioIogy. Their fiendship and guidance sustained me and made the difEdt parts of the process bearabIe and the enjoyable parts tremendousIy rewarding. Lastly, I would like to acImowIedge the contributions of Cindy, my partner in life and love, Mike, the best fiend I will ever have, and my fiends and family. Your support, laughter, and Iove saw me through this program in ways that you may never mdexstand. To Keith. Fn'end, teacher. inspiration. TABLE OF CON7ENTS Approval Page................................................................................ u* * Table of Contents............................................................................ vi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION...................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Study ..................................................................................... 1 Scope ..of the Study .................................................................................. 2 Ckgamzahon ofthe Thesis............................................................................ 3 CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL CONTEXT........................................................ 7 Introduction.................................................................................................. 7 Genesis. and Early Development of the Activity ..................................... 7 Mhtary Influence........ ..... ...................................................................... 10 The Emergence of Sport.. Parachuting ........................................................... I2 Earlier Works on Skyd~vmg.......................................................................... 14 The Contemporary Skydiving Cornunity...................................... 16 Summary. ...................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER THFEE: LJTERATURE EEVEW...................................................... 22 Introduction ...................................................................~..............................22 Ri~k~~~*.~~~**.*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~c~c~cc.c~c~c~~cc~~~~~~t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~~t~~~-~~~~~~~ttttttttttt~23 Edgework ......................................................................................... 27 Subcdtures................................................................................................... 29 Sport Subcuftures............................................................................ 33 Risk Sport Subcdtures..................................................................... 36 Gender.......................................................................................................... 39 Spoa and Gender.. ............................................................................ 43 Gaps in the Literatme................................................................................... 49 Chapter One: Introduction Purpose of the Study So-called 'risk sports' are a popular diversion in contemporary Western socie~whether people go out only for 'the ride' or become avid participants. The name of many of these activities, however, clearly places participants' bodies and lives at risk in the 1996 season, thm highly experienced Canadian skydivers 'went in', i.e., died in jumping- related incidents (Andrie, 1997; Parker, 1997a and b) '. [n addition to these deaths that shook the Canadian skydiving community, the usual myof injurious incidents occurred, Ieaving experienced, novice, and one-time skydivers battered, bruised, and broken. This study examines the skydiving community to explore the ways in which participants make sense of the activity and why they choose to place their lives at risk. These understandings are crucial because ofthe intense public scrutiny that r&ts when such incidents occur. Because of the sensational nature of these incidents, the press exploit the opportunity to titillate readers by offering in-depth coverage of skydiving accidents (anonymous, 1994). Without understanding the viewpoints of participants, however, we cannot accurateIy assess the nature and impact of these incidents and their meaning for skydivers' assessment of risk more gendy. This study examines insiders' perspectives on topics hqently debated within the skydiving commety. Regulation and safety issues (Dentay, 1997) and pablic t It is jxxtportam to note that the terms skydiving and sport parachuting are often used mterchmgeably, despite some slight difficesin meaning* From personal experience, 1wodd argue that current perceptions of the sport (Ettinger, 1999, for instance, are important issues for skydivers, and are criticd in understanding how it is that skydivers constitute a "group". Is the willingness to participate in skydiving, an activity generalIy perceived by the public as dangerous, the only criterion for membership in this group? Further, given that risk is generally associated with men, this study will explore gender relations within the sport, as skydiving has been historicdly dominated (in numbers, at least) by men, and is thus a useful site for examination of the construction of gendered identities. Despite the abundance of popular press articles that focus on risk-sport activities, the literature
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