Dublin Gastronomy Symposium 2020 – Food and Disruption

It’s Never Just About the Food: Food as Disruption

Alison Vincent

Abstract: The recent ‘’ of a right-wing Australian politician prompted this investigation into food as disruption. ‘’, ‘egging’ and more recently ‘’ can all be classified as political pranks which use food to embarrass and humiliate authority figures. Often in these cases the foodstuff bears no relation to the prankster’s grievance and is merely a convenient instrument for creating a scene and making a mess. Food however can be used to send potent messages as the latest spate of ‘yogurting’ in Greece demonstrates. Drawing on recent events, this paper considers the use of food in political pranks and suggests that while the medium may not always be the message, there is always a message in the medium.

In March 2019 an Australian teenager ‘egged’ a local right-wing politician, , and became an instant media celebrity, earning for himself the soubriquet ‘Egg Boy’ (Anon 2019a, 2019b; Youn, 2019). While this incident is worthy of further consideration on a number of levels, not least the reason for the egging, the consequences for both egger and eggee and the part played by social media, the purpose of this discussion is to evaluate the role of the egg. ‘Pieing’, ‘egging’ and more recently ‘milkshaking’ can all be classified as political pranks. Often in these cases the foodstuff bears no relation to the prankster’s grievance and Figure 1. Cartoon lampooning an egg being thrown at the is merely a convenient instrument for creating a scene and Australian Prime Minister ‘Billy’ Hughes during his second making a mess. Food however can be used to send potent campaign to introduce conscription during World War One. The messages as the latest spate of ‘yogurting’ in Greece boy’s hat band reads ‘Australia’ and the egg in Hughes’ eye is demonstrates. Through a consideration of a number of labelled ‘No Majority’. Worker () 27 December 1917, p.1. recent instances of the use of food in political pranks this paper examines the dilemma of appropriating a relevant pieing was a regular tactic of Aron ‘The Pieman’ Kay acting symbolic food stuff to convey an unambiguous message on behalf of the Youth International Party (Yippies), an and suggests that, while the medium may not always be the American radical counterculture movement (Vanderford, message, there is always a message in t+--he medium. 2000, p.55). throwing was also taken up in Europe by Throwing eggs as an expression of discontent has a long Noël Godin and the Patisserie Brigade Internationale, and history, in particular throwing eggs to protest against later by a group of underground activists calling themselves politicians and their policies has become something of a the in the and the tradition (Ramaswamy, 2015; Rhodes, 2019). (See Figure 1.) ‘Entartistes’ in Canada (Gallix, 2011). As the Biotic Baking Practically eggs are easy to acquire, in that they are Brigade’s publication, ‘Pie Any Means Necessary’ (Agent relatively cheap and readily available, easy to conceal and Apple, 2004, pp.3–12), points out, pieing requires rather easy to transport, taking care that they do not break before more organisation and planning than egging. Although required. A carefully aimed egg makes a neat, fairly pies are more difficult to transport and conceal, the main contained but suitably impressive mess without causing advantage of the pie over the egg is, depending on the type significant damage to the target. Another not uncommon of pie utilised, the amount of mess which results. Like eggs, projectile used in similar circumstances is the pie. pies are most successful at close range since they require a Pie throwing has its origins in slap-stick comedy only good throwing arm and careful aim if they are to hit their becoming a recognised tool of protest in the 1970s when target over a long distance. Nonetheless pieing is still a It’s Never Just About the Food: Food as Disruption 245

popular practise with targets including a number of like Egg Boy, expressing their frustration with or political and corporate figures such as Alan Joyce (CEO of condemnation of authority figures, the opportunity to the Australian airline Qantas) (Anon, 2017) and Rupert articulate a cogent argument to support their actions is Murdoch, executive chairman of News Corp (Plunkett and rarely offered. Even if asked, the individual is often unable Martinson, 2011). to present a well thought through manifesto. The incident More recently ‘milkshaking’ has been added to the is easily dismissed as silly and frivolous. The chance to protest portfolio with the becoming the educate the wider audience about a particular cause becomes comestible missile of choice in Britain during the recent a casualty of the awkward juxtaposition of fun and serious election campaign for the European Parliament (Chakelian political commentary, in part because the egg or the pie or 2019: Iqbal, 2019). The milkshake has proved particularly the milkshake do not convey any specific message in and of successful in outdoor situations where walking in the street themselves. The lack of a direct link between the food sipping on a drink is not immediately recognised as being used and the message which the prankster hopes to aberrant behaviour. Deployed efficiently the milkshake can send leaves the incident open to interpretation. cover a substantial area of the target, and thus assures a Eggs as a tool of protest make sense in a situation where highly visible result. the grievance is egg related. For instance, when French egg Egging, pieing and milkshaking all fall under the producers dump hundreds of thousands of fresh eggs on general umbrella of political pranks where a prank is highways near supermarkets it comes as no surprise that defined as ‘a practical joke, a mischievous act … a form of their protest hinges on the returns they are getting for their play where only one of the two opposing sides realizes they produce (Allen, 2013). In other instances however the use are playing’ (Vanderford, 2000, p.6). Pranks disrupt and of eggs is less clear cut. Symbolically eggs are most often upset; they are ‘complex performances of power and associated with fertility and new life rather than discontent. powerlessness’ and ‘they invert structures of status, While in English the expression ‘to have egg on your face’ authority and convention’ (Vanderford, 2000, p.2). The means to be caught out or to be embarrassed we also ‘egg on’ aim of the prank is to subvert authority and to undermine people we want to encourage, usually in the sense of urging and humiliate the target. Political pranks then involve ‘a them to do something transgressive. Egg Boy might also be ritualized inversion and humiliation’, which draws on ‘the accused of ‘over egging the pudding’ by drawing attention power of laughter to unsettle and disrupt’ (Vanderford, to Mr Anning and his views, giving Anning’s racist opinions 2004, p.13). They are an entertaining act of social criticism more publicity than they deserved using humour to question and ridicule, to educate and In the case of pies, it could be argued that pieing someone entertain. Vanderford argues that these ‘performances of is intended to give them ‘food for thought’ or force them to resistance’, these ‘“irrational” tactics of humor and play’ act ‘eat humble pie’. Again, the emphasis is on mockery and as ‘a critique of the conventional politics of “rationality” and discomfiture, taking authority down a peg, a generalised “reason” that have brought about the very socio-economic expression of dissatisfaction. Pies do however lend themselves conditions these activities deplore’ (2000, p.2). Further, she to conveying a more pointed message. Aligning themselves suggests that pranks remain largely unexamined and against corporations and capitalism the Bionic Baking under-theorized by scholars, and this is certainly true of Brigade (BBB) make a point of only using the best quality, those relating to the throwing of food stuffs (2000, p.7). ideally home-made, pies and choose the ingredients to help Egging, pieing and milkshaking all work effectively to make their point. For example, when the target was humiliate and subvert authority. No one looks dignified in Monsanto CEO Robert Shapiro the vehicle was an organic, a suit dripping milk or with a face covered in cream. The vegan tofu meant to symbolise the millions of prank registers criticism and at once brings attention to acres of Monsanto’s genetically engineered soybean crops both the victim and the perpetrator. The result however is (Vanderford, 2000, p.62). In this instance the BBB were not always amusing for those involved. The consequences well enough organised to issue their own communiques for the offender are often less than humorous both in terms and press releases to further their cause and explain their of legal proceedings and the actions of their prey—Egg Boy prank, in detail, without which the subtlety of the protest for example was punched in the face for his trouble. While would be lost (Anon, 1998). What message the lemon some targets laugh off the incident pranksters may still be meringue pie planted on the face of Qantas CEO Alan labelled ‘cowardly activists’, their behaviour ‘appalling’, Joyce was meant to convey is not immediately obvious. ‘disgraceful’, ‘despicable’ and even ‘thuggery’ (Plunket and Similarly, the green custard a young woman poured over Martinson, 2011; Anon, 2017; Zhou, 2019). The wider the British politician, Lord Mandelson, may well have been audience, those who experience the event in the media, may designed to represent ‘the slime coursing through his veins’ derive some entertainment or vicarious enjoyment from but the relationship between custard and Mandelson’s seeing an authority figure embarrassed and made fun of but politics is far from clear (Bates and Owen, 2009). in the discussion of the event itself the motive for the The recent spate of milkshakings appears to have started attack is often lost amid the debate about what is violence with a spontaneous reaction to a threatening situation, versus mere violation. Especially in the case of lone activists which was then taken up by others. To date the targets of 246 It’s Never Just About the Food: Food as Disruption

milkshakers have all been political figures with right wing however the use of something so closely associated with the or far-right views. A more serious consideration of these cultural identity of both the target and the pranksters events links milk to ‘dietary racism’ and , suggests a much deeper resonance which calls for the act to interpreting milkshaking as turning their symbols against be interpreted in context. Where food is involved ‘any specific members of the ‘alt-right’ (Freeman, 2017; Gambert and semiotic outcome is a matter of the particular food substance, Linné, 2018; Stānescu, 2018). Tradition may explain the the actors involved in the transaction and the context and choice of missile in the case of Egg Boy but in the twenty audience of their transaction’ (Appadurai, 1981, p.496). first century a milkshake may have been a more appropriate In Greece following the economic crisis of 2008 the means of both making his target look ridiculous and government was pressured by the International Monetary highlighting Egg Boy’s repudiation of Anning’s racist Fund and the European Union to move to adopt more views. While this reading of these particular incidents neo-liberal economic principles and had to introduce a recognises a highly symbolic use of milk it does however number of unpopular economic reforms. These involved limit milkshaking to only one particular arena of protest. measures such as cuts in welfare benefits and health care At this early stage of the milkshaking phenomenon it is not services, market deregulation, privatisation of state possible to gauge how many people in the wider audience infrastructure and new taxation measures which resulted recognise the connection with racism or to what extent the in high prices for basic services, high unemployment and protestors themselves appreciate the symbolism. Probably reduced living standards (Vournelis, 2011b; Knight, 2015). for many, watching on television or social media, and with For many Greeks these austerity measures were seen as ‘an little time or inclination to cry over spilt milk, these attack on national history and culture, belonging and incidents are simply somewhat childish mischief. self-identity’ (Knight, 2015, p.231). Unhappy and angry In certain situations, the choice of food can have Greek protesters resorted to throwing eggs and tomatoes at significant symbolic effect. After the collapse of the banks government representatives and officials but the projectile in Iceland in 2009 crowds gathered in the streets of most commonly employed was yogurt. Again, at first sight Reykjavik to protest against the government and its this is another incidence of embarrassing officialdom, albeit handling of the crisis throwing eggs, milk, cheese, Skyr using a foodstuff associated with Greek cuisine. For the (Icelandic yogurt) and fruit at banks and government Greeks however yogurting (yaourtoma) is no prank, no act buildings to demonstrate their displeasure and frustration of mischief relying on the power of laughter to disrupt and (Heller 2008; Parker, 2009). Journalists also described the discomfit but an entirely serious business. use of potatoes, witnessing in one instance someone Anthropologist David Sutton explains that in Greek wearing a Santa suit depositing a sack of potatoes on the culture sociality is the basis of society and food is steps of the parliament buildings (Heller, 2008). What intimately linked with kinship and community, ‘food might appear odd to an outsider had particular relevance tends to symbolize sociability and the embeddedness of for Icelanders since in Icelandic folklore at Christmas the pranksters, called The Yule Lads (Santa Claus), leave gifts knowledge’ which puts it in direct contrast to ‘profit, for children in the shoes they leave on the window ledge. abstraction, and calculation’ which underpin neo- Children who have been naughty receive a potato. liberalism (2016, p.16). For Greeks ‘food evokes family, Similarly throwing spaghetti at public buildings may seem history, place, and local knowledge and is central to a bizarre, however, in Russian the saying ‘don’t hang noodles nationalized ideology of cultural belonging’ (Knight, 2015, over my ears’ translates as ‘don’t pull my leg’ or more p.234). Sutton (2013, 2016) and Vournelis (2011a, 2011b, specifically ‘don’t lie to me.’ So when spaghetti was hung on 2013) argue that, for the Greeks yogurt, and in particular the railings of the Russian consulate in Odessa in 2014 the strained sheep’s milk yogurt, because of its very strong message was clear to both sides that Ukrainians were associations with rural lifestyles and traditional values, has unhappy with the Russian media coverage of the situation a deep connection with Greek identity. For Greeks, ‘[t]he in their country, that they felt the press could not be trusted victims of ‘yaourtoma’ are the representatives and implementers and that they would not be taken for fools (Bilow, 2014). of policies and ideologies considered to be hostile and A less ambiguous demonstration in Belgium saw a group foreign’. (Vournelis, 2011b). As Vournelis explains: of radical feminists throwing French fries and mayonnaise The sharp contrast between eating food–traditionally a at the Belgian Prime Minister. Protesting against austerity social activity in Greece based on sharing, remembering, measures imposed by the government, the women claimed and exchanging–and using food as a tool of condemnation that their weapons were symbolic of the Belgium that the and ridicule reflects the sharp contrast between the protestors’ government was trying to destroy, ‘frites’ being popularly vision for Greece and the government’s vision for the country understood as a Belgian tradition (with mayonnaise the and its people. Throwing food is a symbol that can capture preferred accompaniment) and thus associated with the notion not only of disrespect, but of a failure of Greekness Belgian nationalism (Dearden, 2014). On the surface on the part of the government. It is as if the protestors are throwing French fries falls into the same category of attempting to cover the politicians in Greekness, to remind harmless pranks as egging or pieing. Even to the outsider them that they have betrayed their Greek identity by It’s Never Just About the Food: Food as Disruption 247

implementing measures and policies widely seen as representing a traditional expression of dissatisfaction, or antithetical to Greek notions of (2013, p.357). simply a lack of imagination, might be taken as a reminder Being covered in yogurt goes beyond merely embarrassing. that there is no local equivalent to yogurting in a country Yaourtoma is not just ridicule, it is punishment. For officials which is, to quote Symons again, ‘not “too young” for a rich who have dishonoured their position, their constituents national culture, but rather too industrial’ (p.9). Similarly, and their nationality, yogurting is an act of public shaming. all those pieings and milkshakings should prompt the (Vournelis, 2011b). To quote Vournelis, in the Greek cultural reflection that food is always political. context ‘“a pie in the face” would make no sense, but a Throwing eggs, pies and may not be the most yogurt-drenched suit … [is] part and parcel of a more effective means of political protest but the missiles themselves powerful critique’ (2013, p.359). Moreover, while pieing, could be seen to serve as a reminder even to those of us who egging or milkshaking are acts that many consider live in highly urbanised, highly industrialised countries, with irresponsible, inappropriate and at worst irrelevant, in so called ‘advanced’ economies, that food remains, as Sutton Greece some authority figures recognise yogurting as a notes, ‘absolutely critical to people’s daily reproduction of legitimate form of expression (Vournelis, 2011b). what matters to them about their lives’ (2016, p.16). Egg Boy was not protesting Fraser Anning’s neo-liberal economic policies, rather he took issue with Anning’s views on immigration and his racist attitude. Nonetheless, in Reference List Australia where egalitarianism, the concept of mateship Agent Apple (2004) ‘Forward!’, in Agent Apple (ed.) Pie and giving everyone a fair go are held up as national ideals Any Means Necessary. The Bionic Baking Brigade many would label Anning’s opinions ‘un-Australian’. What Cookbook. Oakland: AK Press, pp.vi–viii, available: foodstuff could Egg Boy have chosen to represent Australian https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PSK_l32a4N values in the way that Greeks turn to yogurt? Tomato sauce MC&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false might fit the bill. Another Australian colloquialism, ‘fair [accessed 14 December 2019]. suck of the sauce bottle’, has similar connotations to the Allen, P.(2013) ‘An oeuf is enough’, Daily Mail, 8 August, idea of ‘a fair go’ but there is some dispute over whether the available: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ sauce in question is in fact tomato or a slang term for an article-2386708/French-farmers-vow-smash-100-000- alcoholic beverage like beer (Australian National Dictionary eggs-day-protest-cripplingly-low-prices-EU-directive- Centre). In the absence of an Australian national dish a protecting-hens.html [accessed 14 December 2019]. cold meat pie, with plenty of gravy with or without tomato Anon. (1998) ‘Monsanto Corporation CEO Robert sauce, might be appropriate, in much the same way as ‘frites Shapiro gets a pie in the face’, 27 October, available: sauce’ in Belgium. Similarly, vegemite, the yeast extract http://www.urban75.org/archive/news029.html spread which has been labelled as perhaps ‘the best predictor [accessed 14 December 2019]. of national identity of any food in the world’ (Rozin and Anon. (2017) ‘Qantas chief Alan Joyce gets pie in face at Siegal, 2003, p.63) might be invoked in some way, but the Perth business lunch’, ABC News, 9 May, available: connection of any of these products with Australian values https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-09/qantas- is tenuous at best. chief-alan-joyce-cops-cream-pie-in-face-in- In his analysis of the role of food in the resistance to perth/8510156 [accessed 14 December 2019]. neo-liberalism in Greece, Sutton suggests that anthropologists Anon. (2019a) ‘Fraser Anning: Australian MP censured will find foodstuffs that have similar meanings to yogurt for ‘appalling’ Christchurch remarks’, BBC, 3 April, ‘anywhere that a robust food culture–a “cuisine” in Sidney available: https://www.bbc.com/news/world- Mintz’s (1996) terms–still exists and thrives and is faced with australia-47781173 [accessed 14 December 2019]. the threat of neo-liberal ideologies and practices’ (2016, p.16). Anon. (2019b) ‘Australia ‘egg boy’ clash: senator cleared as Australia prides itself on having a diverse population and a teenager handed caution’, BBC, 9 April, available: vibrant food culture, but this is largely based on a range of https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-47862374 cuisines which have their social roots in communities [accessed 14 December 2019]. beyond our shores. Tomato sauce, meat pies and vegemite Appadurai, A. (1981). ‘Gastro-politics in Hindu South- are all industrial, manufactured foodstuffs, none of them Asia’, American Ethnologist, 8 (3), pp.494–511. spring from family traditions or shared culinary knowledge Australian National Dictionary Centre, Meanings and or what Symons calls ‘the agrarian interplay between origins of Australian words and idioms [on-line], society and the soil’ (Symons, 2007, p.7), the prerequisites available: https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/centres/andc/ for Mintz’s idea of a cuisine. While people may have their meanings-origins/f [accessed 14 December 2019]. personal preferences, these products are not generally the Bates, S. and Owen, P.(2009) ‘I decided to make some custard, subject of national social discourse on how they should be colour it green, and show how slimy I think he is’, The prepared, or what it means to eat them and are more often Guardian, 7 March, available: https://www.theguardian. treated ironically in discussions of how Australians define com/politics/2009/mar/07/mandelson-green-custard- themselves. Perhaps then Egg Boy’s egg, rather than just plane-stupid-heathrow [accessed 14 December 2019]. 248 It’s Never Just About the Food: Food as Disruption

Bilow, R. (2014) ‘A history of protest foods, from eggs and Rhodes, C. (2019) ‘Shelling truth to power: five famous tomatoes to cream pies’, Bonappetit, 17 March, available eggings from history’, 20 March, available: https:// at: https://www.bonappetit.com/entertaining-style/trends- www.moadoph.gov.au/blog/shelling-truth-to-power/ news/article/history-protest-foods [accessed 14 December 2019]. [accessed 14 December 2019]. Chakelian, A. (2019). ‘“Lactose against intolerance!” How Rozin, P.and Siegal, M. (2003) ‘Vegemite as a marker of milkshakes became a tool of protest’, Newstatesman, 16 May, national identity’, Gastronomica, 3 (4), pp.63–67. available: https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/ Stānescu, V. (2018) ‘“White power milk”: milk dietary racism 2019/05/lactose-against-intolerance-how-milkshake- and the “alt-right”’, Animal Studies Journal, 7 (2), available: became-tool-protest [accessed 14 December 2019]. https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1373 Dearden, L. (2014) ‘Belgian Prime Minister covered with &context=asj [accessed 14 December 2019]. chips and mayonnaise in press conference ambush’, Sutton, D. (2013) Introduction to ‘Food and contemporary Independent, 22 December, available: https://www. protest movements’, Food Culture and Society, 16 (3), independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgian-prime- pp.346–348. minister-covered-with-chips-and-mayonnaise-in-press- Sutton, D. (2016) ‘“Let them eat stuffed peppers’: an conference-ambush-9940407.html [accessed 14 December 2019]. argument of images on the role of food in Freeman, A. (2017) ‘Milk, a symbol of neo-nazi hate’, The understanding neo-liberal austerity in Greece’, Conversation, 31 August, available: https:// theconversation.com/milk-a-symbol-of-neo-nazi- Gastronomica, 16 (4), pp.8–17. hate-83292 [accessed 14 December 2019]. Symons, M. (2007) One Continuous Picnic. 2nd ed. Gallix, A. (2011). ‘From Jonnie Marbles to the Yippies: a history Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. of pie ’, , 20 July, available: https://www. Vanderford, A. L. (2000) ‘Political Pranks: The theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jul/20/jonnie- Performance of Radical Humor’, MA Thesis, marbles-history-pie-activism [accessed 14 December 2019]. University of Oregon, available: http://hdl.handle. Gambert, I. and Linné, T. (2018) ‘How the alt-right uses net/1794/11764 [accessed 14 December 2019]. milk to promote white supremacy’, The Conversation, Vanderford, A. L. (2004) ‘The theory of pie’ in Agent 26 April, available: http://theconversation.com/ Apple (ed.) Pie Any Means Necessary. The Bionic Baking how-the-alt-right-uses-milk-to-promote-white- Brigade Cookbook. Oakland: AK Press, pp.13–17, supremacy-94854 [accessed 14 December 2019]. available: https://books.google.com.au/ Heller, N. (2008) ‘Down with the man! Up with the books?id=PSK_l32a4NMC&printsec=copyright#v=o potato!’, 30 December, available: https://slate.com/ nepage&q&f=false [accessed 14 December 2019]. news-and-politics/2008/12/down-with-the-man-up- Vournelis, L. (2011a) ‘Bread, milk, and the Greek with-the-potato.html [accessed 14 December 2019]. parliamentary record’, Food Anthro [online], 9 Iqbal, N. (2019) ‘“I’m getting death threats,” says man who October, available: http://foodanthro. threw milkshake at Tommy Robinson’, The Guardian, com/2011/10/09/breadmilk-and-the-greek- 5 May, available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/ parliamentary-record/ [accessed 14 December 2019]. 2019/may/05/death-threats-man-threw-milkshake- Vournelis, L. (2011b) ‘Strained yogurt and people in over-tommy-robinson [accessed 14 December 2019]. Greece’, Food Anthro [on-line], 12 October, available: Knight, D.M. (2015) ‘Wit and Greece’s economic crisis: https://foodanthro.com/2011/10/12/strained-yogurt- ironic slogans, food, and austerity sentiments’, American and-people-in-greece/ [accessed 14 December 2019]. , 42 (2), pp.230–246. Ethnologist Vournelis, L. (2013) ‘Paying the check, eating the money: Mintz, S. (1996) . Boston: Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom food-based challenges to in Greece’, Beacon Press. Food, Culture and Society, 16 (3), pp.354–359. Parker, I. (2009) ‘Lost. After financial disaster, Icelanders Youn, S. (2019) ‘“Egg Boy”’ goes viral after teen cracks egg reassess their identity’, New Yorker, 9 March, available: on Australian senator’s head following comments about https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/03/09/ lost-19 [accessed 14 December 2019]. New Zealand mass shooting’, ABC News, 17 March, Plunket, J. and Martinson, J. (2011) ‘ available: https://abcnews.go.com/International/ attacked at phone-hacking hearing’, The Guardian, 20 eggboy-teen-cracks-egg-anti-muslim-australian- July., available: https://www.theguardian.com/media/ lawmakers/story?id=61730581 [accessed 14 December 2011/jul/19/rupert-murdoch-attacked-phone-hacking- 2019]. hearing?intcmp=239 [accessed 14 December 2019]. Zhou, N. (2019) ‘Federal election 2019: woman charged Ramaswarmy, C. (2015) ‘Beyond a yoke: a brief history of after Australia’s PM egged’, The egging as a political protest’, The Guardian, 6 October, Guardian, 7 May, available: https://www.theguardian. available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/ com/australia-news/2019/may/07/woman-arrested- shortcuts/2015/oct/05/history-egging-political- after-australia-pm-scott-morrison-egged-during- protest-britain [accessed 14 December 2019]. election-campaign [accessed 14 December 2019].