DOCSLIB.ORG

SPP1 and AGER As Potential Prognostic Biomarkers for Lung Adenocarcinoma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SPP1 and AGER As Potential Prognostic Biomarkers for Lung Adenocarcinoma 7028 ONCOLOGY LETTERS 15: 7028-7036, 2018 SPP1 and AGER as potential prognostic biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma WEIGUO ZHANG, JUNLI FAN, QIANG CHEN, CAIPENG LEI, BIN QIAO and QIN LIU Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Department of Oncology Surgery, Cancer Institute and College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China Received August 11, 2017; Accepted January 5, 2018 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8235 Abstract. Overdue treatment and prognostic evaluation lead Introduction to low survival rates in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). To date, effective biomarkers for prognosis are still Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the three major required. The aim of the present study was to screen differen- histopathological subtypes along with squamous cell carci- tially expressed genes (DEGs) as biomarkers for prognostic noma (SqCLC) and large cell carcinoma (1). Currently, LUAD evaluation of LUAD. DEGs in tumor and normal samples has become the most common lung cancer with increasing were identified and analyzed for Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes morbidity. This uptrend of incidence may be due to increasing and Genomes/Gene Ontology functional enrichments. The smoking rate and air pollution (2). Furthermore, LUAD is common genes that are up and downregulated were selected diagnosed at late stages (stage III and IV), when the cancer for prognostic analysis using RNAseq data in The Cancer has spread to nearby tissues and metastasis has occurred (3). Genome Atlas. Differential expression analysis was performed As well as overdue diagnosis that leads to delayed treatment, with 164 samples in GSE10072 and GSE7670 datasets. A total the failure of prognostic evaluation also contributes to the low of 484 DEGs that were present in GSE10072 and GSE7670 survival rate of LUAD (4,5). Therefore, there remains to be datasets were screened, including secreted phosphopro- an urgent requirement for effective biomarkers for prognosis, tein 1 (SPP1) that was highly expressed and DEGs ficolin 3, where the outcome of patients with LUAD can be evaluated in advanced glycosylation end‑product specific receptor (AGER), time to provide adjuvant therapy. transmembrane protein 100 that were lowly expressed in Due to cancer largely being a genetic disease, the latest tumor tissues. These four key genes were subsequently verified approaches to identify genes as biomarkers are based on using an independent dataset, GSE19804. The gene expression microarray technology. Oncogenomic analysis has the ability model was consistent with GSE10072 and GSE7670 data- to generate a wealth of data, which identifies the complex gene sets. The dysregulation of highly expressed SPP1 and lowly expression patterns in cancer (6,7). These gene expression expressed AGER significantly reduced the median survival patterns, including point mutations, structural variants at the time of patients with LUAD. These findings suggest that SPP1 DNA level and changes at the epigenetic level, are frequently and AGER are risk factors for LUAD, and these two genes may studied to identify the association with the occurrence, devel- be utilized in the prognostic evaluation of patients with LUAD. opment or the survival time of patients with cancer (8,9). A Additionally, the key genes and functional enrichments may number of studies have identified specific genes that function provide a reference for investigating the molecular expression as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for several types of mechanisms underlying LUAD. cancer, including in LUAD (10-12). Additionally, gene expres- sion profiling by microarray technology has been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying a number of other diseases as well (13). The reliability of biomarker identification relies on not only the analysis methods but also the database (14). The Cancer Correspondence to: Dr Weiguo Zhang, Henan Key Laboratory Genome Atlas (TCGA) provides comprehensive data on the of Cancer Epigenetics, Department of Oncology Surgery, Cancer molecular basis of various types of cancer (15). Significant gene Institute and College of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated patterns observed in one or several independent databases may Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, 24 Jinghua Road, Jianxi, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China also act in a similar genetic subtype of cancer (16). This may also E‑mail: [email protected] be the case for different types of cancer. However, researchers must have the ability to evaluate and determine if this common Key words: lung adenocarcinoma, differentially expressed genes, pattern affects clinical phenotypes, including survival by using functional analysis, prognostic biomarker survival or clustering analysis with another independent dataset. In the present study, the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, including secreted phospho- protein 1 (SPP1) with high expression and ficolin 3 (FCN3), ZHANG et al: PROGNOSTIC BIOMARKERS FOR LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA 7029 advanced glycosylation end‑product specific receptor (AGER; of the selected samples was analyzed. A correlation chart of RAGE), transmembrane protein 100 (TMEM100) demon- all the samples was obtained using Pearson's correlation coef- strating low expression in tumor tissues. These four key genes ficient (22). (SPP1, FCN3, AGER and TMEM100) were verified using an additional dataset. The gene expression model was consistent Screening of DEGs. The DEGs of the samples between tumor with the two previous datasets that were analyzed. The dysreg- and normal samples were identified using the limma package ulation of highly expressed SPP1 and lowly expressed AGER in R (http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/limma. significantly reduced the median survival time of patients with html) (23). The threshold used is as follows: (fold change, logFC) LUAD. These two genes were verified and indicated stable log2>1 and P<0.05. Then, the differential expression of these significance as risk factors for LUAD. This discovery enables genes was visualized in a Venn diagram, ʻVolcano plotsʼ or these prognostic marker genes to be utilized in the evaluation of heatmaps were generated using ggplot2 in R (24). patients with LUAD. Additionally, the key genes and functional enrichments may provide reference to investigate the molecular Functional analysis of DEGs. To further understand the expression mechanism underlying LUAD. potential pathways that these DEGs may participate in or regulate, functional analysis was performed in The Database Materials and methods for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) (25). All DEGs were firstly annotated using the Data source. Gene expression profiling of th ree individual data- functional annotation tool and then analyzed for enriched sets for microarray analysis [GSE19804 (17), GSE10072 (18) pathways in Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia and GSE7670 (19)] were downloaded from Gene Expression of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) terms. For every functional Omnibus (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). There were item, DAVID calculated the P-value of the enrichment and 120 samples in GSE19804, including 60 LUAD tissues and false discovery rate using Benjamini correction. The threshold 60 normal tissues. GSE10072 consisted of 107 samples for significantly enriched pathways was P<0.05. (49 tumor samples and 58 normal tissues). GSE7670 contained 54 samples in total (27 tumor tissues and 27 normal lung Verification analysis. The common up- and down-regulated tissues). Datasets GSE10072 and GSE7670 were employed for genes were selected from the top DEGs in two individual the identification of DEGs on the Affymetrix Gene Chip™ datasets (GSE7670 and GSE10072). To evaluate the expres- Human Genome U133A arrayplatform (Affymetrix; Thermo sion of these candidate DEGs for the prognosis of patients Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). GSE19804 was with LUAD, an independent dataset GSE19804 containing used to verify the significance of selected DEGs. This verifica- 120 samples (60 tumor tissues and 60 normal tissues) was tion was based on Affymetrix Gene Chip Human Genome U133 analyzed using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0. Plus 2.0 (Affymetrix; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Finally, the prognostic analysis of the selected genes was performed Prognostic and statistical analysis. Survival analysis was with the gene expression data and follow-ups of patients with performed by using SPSS version 24 (26,27) to investigate the LUAD by using RNAseq (Illumina HiSeq 2500; Illumina, prognostic impact of selected DEGs on patients with LUAD. Inc., San Diego CA, USA) in TCGA (https://cancergenome. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. nih.gov/). Significance analysis was performed using Kaplan‑Meier analysis with the log-rank test. Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test Quality control. The quality assessment of the Affymetrix was used with a significance level of P<0.05. All statistical Gene Chip datasets was performed using the affyPLM package analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism (GraphPad in R software (version 3.6; https://www.r-project.org) (20). In Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). The P-value of the enrich- the present analysis, the linear modeling procedures were ment and false discovery rate was obtained using Benjamini applied at a probe-level. The Relative Log Expression (RLE) correlation. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Variation in FCN1 Affects Biosynthesis of Ficolin-1 and Is Associated With
    Genes and Immunity (2012) 13, 515–522 & 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 1466-4879/12 www.nature.com/gene ORIGINAL ARTICLE Variation in FCN1 affects biosynthesis of ficolin-1 and is associated with outcome of systemic inflammation L Munthe-Fog1, T Hummelshoj1, C Honore´ 1, ME Moller1, MO Skjoedt1, I Palsgaard1, N Borregaard2, HO Madsen1 and P Garred1 Ficolin-1 is a recognition molecule of the lectin complement pathway. The ficolin-1 gene FCN1 is polymorphic, but the functional and clinical consequences are unknown.The concentration of ficolin-1 in plasma and FCN1 polymorphisms in positions À 1981 (rs2989727), À 791 (rs28909068), À 542 (rs10120023), À 271 (rs28909976), À 144 (rs10117466) and þ 7918 (rs1071583) were determined in 100 healthy individuals. FCN1 expression by isolated monocytes and granulocytes and ficolin-1 levels in monocyte culture supernatants were assessed in 21 FCN1-genotyped individuals. FCN1 polymorphisms were determined in a cohort of 251 patients with systemic inflammation. High ficolin-1 plasma levels were significantly associated with the minor alleles in position À 542 and À 144. These alleles were also significantly associated with high FCN1 mRNA expression. The level of ficolin-1 in culture supernatants was significantly higher in individuals homozygous for the minor alleles at positions À 542 and À 144. Homozygosity for these alleles was significantly associated with fatal outcome in patients with systemic inflammation. None of the other investigated polymorphisms were associated with FCN1 and ficolin-1 expression, concentration or disease outcome. Functional polymorphic sites in the promoter region of FCN1 regulate both the expression and synthesis of ficolin-1 and are associated with outcome in severe inflammation.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosomal Aberrations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Norwegian and Sudanese Populations by Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization
    825-843 12/9/08 15:31 Page 825 ONCOLOGY REPORTS 20: 825-843, 2008 825 Chromosomal aberrations in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas in Norwegian and Sudanese populations by array comparative genomic hybridization ERIC ROMAN1,2, LEONARDO A. MEZA-ZEPEDA3, STINE H. KRESSE3, OLA MYKLEBOST3,4, ENDRE N. VASSTRAND2 and SALAH O. IBRAHIM1,2 1Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91; 2Department of Oral Sciences - Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen; 3Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Montebello, 0310 Oslo; 4Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway Received January 30, 2008; Accepted April 29, 2008 DOI: 10.3892/or_00000080 Abstract. We used microarray-based comparative genomic logical parameters showed little correlation, suggesting an hybridization to explore genome-wide profiles of chromosomal occurrence of gains/losses regardless of ethnic differences and aberrations in 26 samples of head and neck cancers compared clinicopathological status between the patients from the two to their pair-wise normal controls. The samples were obtained countries. Our findings indicate the existence of common from Sudanese (n=11) and Norwegian (n=15) patients. The gene-specific amplifications/deletions in these tumors, findings were correlated with clinicopathological variables. regardless of the source of the samples or attributed We identified the amplification of 41 common chromosomal carcinogenic risk factors. regions (harboring 149 candidate genes) and the deletion of 22 (28 candidate genes). Predominant chromosomal alterations Introduction that were observed included high-level amplification at 1q21 (harboring the S100A gene family) and 11q22 (including Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including several MMP family members).
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table 1: Adhesion Genes Data Set
    Supplementary Table 1: Adhesion genes data set PROBE Entrez Gene ID Celera Gene ID Gene_Symbol Gene_Name 160832 1 hCG201364.3 A1BG alpha-1-B glycoprotein 223658 1 hCG201364.3 A1BG alpha-1-B glycoprotein 212988 102 hCG40040.3 ADAM10 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 133411 4185 hCG28232.2 ADAM11 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 11 110695 8038 hCG40937.4 ADAM12 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (meltrin alpha) 195222 8038 hCG40937.4 ADAM12 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (meltrin alpha) 165344 8751 hCG20021.3 ADAM15 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 15 (metargidin) 189065 6868 null ADAM17 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (tumor necrosis factor, alpha, converting enzyme) 108119 8728 hCG15398.4 ADAM19 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 19 (meltrin beta) 117763 8748 hCG20675.3 ADAM20 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 20 126448 8747 hCG1785634.2 ADAM21 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 21 208981 8747 hCG1785634.2|hCG2042897 ADAM21 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 21 180903 53616 hCG17212.4 ADAM22 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 22 177272 8745 hCG1811623.1 ADAM23 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23 102384 10863 hCG1818505.1 ADAM28 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 28 119968 11086 hCG1786734.2 ADAM29 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 29 205542 11085 hCG1997196.1 ADAM30 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 30 148417 80332 hCG39255.4 ADAM33 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 33 140492 8756 hCG1789002.2 ADAM7 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 7 122603 101 hCG1816947.1 ADAM8 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 8 183965 8754 hCG1996391 ADAM9 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 9 (meltrin gamma) 129974 27299 hCG15447.3 ADAMDEC1 ADAM-like,
    [Show full text]
  • Human Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to Find Them
    biomolecules Review Human Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to Review HumanFind Them Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to FindCláudia ThemD. Raposo 1,*, André B. Canelas 2 and M. Teresa Barros 1 1, 2 1 Cláudia D. Raposo * , Andr1 é LAQVB. Canelas‐Requimte,and Department M. Teresa of Chemistry, Barros NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829‐516 Caparica, Portugal; [email protected] 12 GlanbiaLAQV-Requimte,‐AgriChemWhey, Department Lisheen of Chemistry, Mine, Killoran, NOVA Moyne, School E41 of ScienceR622 Co. and Tipperary, Technology, Ireland; canelas‐ [email protected] NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; [email protected] 2* Correspondence:Glanbia-AgriChemWhey, [email protected]; Lisheen Mine, Tel.: Killoran, +351‐212948550 Moyne, E41 R622 Tipperary, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-212948550 Abstract: Lectins are a class of proteins responsible for several biological roles such as cell‐cell in‐ Abstract:teractions,Lectins signaling are pathways, a class of and proteins several responsible innate immune for several responses biological against roles pathogens. such as Since cell-cell lec‐ interactions,tins are able signalingto bind to pathways, carbohydrates, and several they can innate be a immuneviable target responses for targeted against drug pathogens. delivery Since sys‐ lectinstems. In are fact, able several to bind lectins to carbohydrates, were approved they by canFood be and a viable Drug targetAdministration for targeted for drugthat purpose. delivery systems.Information In fact, about several specific lectins carbohydrate were approved recognition by Food by andlectin Drug receptors Administration was gathered for that herein, purpose. plus Informationthe specific organs about specific where those carbohydrate lectins can recognition be found by within lectin the receptors human was body.
    [Show full text]
  • Positive Selection at the Protein Network Periphery: Evaluation in Terms of Structural Constraints and Cellular Context
    Positive selection at the protein network periphery: Evaluation in terms of structural constraints and cellular context Philip M. Kim*†, Jan O. Korbel*†, and Mark B. Gerstein*†‡§ *Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Computer Science, and §Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 Communicated by Donald M. Engelman, Yale University, New Haven, CT, October 26, 2007 (received for review February 4, 2007) Because of recent advances in genotyping and sequencing, human Single base pair changes drift through the population after their genetic variation and adaptive evolution in the primate lineage emergence and are visible as single-nucleotide polymorphisms have become major research foci. Here, we examine the relation- (SNPs) before becoming fixed as substitutions. A popular method ship between genetic signatures of adaptive evolution and net- to scan for positive selection is comparing the ratio of nonsynony- work topology. We find a striking tendency of proteins that have mous to synonymous substitutions (known as the dN/dS ratio) with been under positive selection (as compared with the chimpanzee) respect to another species, such as the chimpanzee (3). Fuelled by to be located at the periphery of the interaction network. Our the emergence of large-scale sequence and SNP genotyping data, results are based on the analysis of two types of genome evolution, a number of studies have reported signs of recent adaptation for both in terms of intra- and interspecies variation. First, we looked genes or larger regions in the human genome (6–11). at single-nucleotide polymorphisms and their fixed variants, sin- In addition the spectrum of variation in the human genome goes gle-nucleotide differences in the human genome relative to the beyond SNPs: in particular, large-scale structural variants (i.e., kb chimpanzee.
    [Show full text]
  • FCN3 Sirna (Human)
    For research purposes only, not for human use Product Data Sheet FCN3 siRNA (Human) Catalog # Source Reactivity Applications CRH5618 Synthetic H RNAi Description siRNA to inhibit FCN3 expression using RNA interference Specificity FCN3 siRNA (Human) is a target-specific 19-23 nt siRNA oligo duplexes designed to knock down gene expression. Form Lyophilized powder Gene Symbol FCN3 Alternative Names FCNH; HAKA1; Ficolin-3; Collagen/fibrinogen domain-containing lectin 3 p35; Collagen/fibrinogen domain-containing protein 3; Hakata antigen Entrez Gene 8547 (Human) SwissProt O75636 (Human) Purity > 97% Quality Control Oligonucleotide synthesis is monitored base by base through trityl analysis to ensure appropriate coupling efficiency. The oligo is subsequently purified by affinity-solid phase extraction. The annealed RNA duplex is further analyzed by mass spectrometry to verify the exact composition of the duplex. Each lot is compared to the previous lot by mass spectrometry to ensure maximum lot-to-lot consistency. Components We offers pre-designed sets of 3 different target-specific siRNA oligo duplexes of human FCN3 gene. Each vial contains 5 nmol of lyophilized siRNA. The duplexes can be transfected individually or pooled together to achieve knockdown of the target gene, which is most commonly assessed by qPCR or western blot. Our siRNA oligos are also chemically modified (2’-OMe) at no extra charge for increased stability and enhanced knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Application key: E- ELISA, WB- Western blot, IH- Immunohistochemistry, IF-
    [Show full text]
  • Template Kitchen Appxv9-65508 1..30
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Seroconversion stages COVID19 into distinct pathophysiological states Matthew D Galbraith1,2, Kohl T Kinning1, Kelly D Sullivan1,3, Ryan Baxter4, Paula Araya1, Kimberly R Jordan4, Seth Russell5, Keith P Smith1, Ross E Granrath1, Jessica R Shaw1, Monika Dzieciatkowska6, Tusharkanti Ghosh7, Andrew A Monte8, Angelo D’Alessandro6, Kirk C Hansen6, Tellen D Benett9, Elena WY Hsieh4,10, Joaquı´n M Espinosa1,2* 1Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States; 2Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States; 3Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States; 4Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States; 5Data Science to Patient Value, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States; 6Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States; 7Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, United States; 8Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States; 9Department of Pediatrics, Sections of Informatics and Data Science and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States; 10Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States *For correspondence: Abstract COVID19 is a heterogeneous medical condition involving diverse underlying [email protected] pathophysiological processes including hyperinflammation, endothelial damage, thrombotic microangiopathy, and end-organ damage. Limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms Competing interest: See driving these processes and lack of staging biomarkers hamper the ability to stratify patients for page 23 targeted therapeutics.
    [Show full text]
  • Whole Genome Expression in Hmbl +/+ Mice Examining The
    Whole Genome Expression in Mice Containing a Human Mannose Binding Gene (hMBL): Examining the Immunological Role of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) 3F8 In Attenuating Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injuries By William Brian Gorsuch A Dissertation Submitted to Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey School of Health Related Professions In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Health Informatics Biomedical Informatics Program October 2014 ii TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..........................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... x ABREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of The Problem .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background of the Problem ................................................................................... 2 1.3 Goals, Objectives
    [Show full text]
  • FCN3 Antibody (C-Term) Affinity Purified Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody (Pab) Catalog # Ap12561b
    10320 Camino Santa Fe, Suite G San Diego, CA 92121 Tel: 858.875.1900 Fax: 858.622.0609 FCN3 Antibody (C-term) Affinity Purified Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody (Pab) Catalog # AP12561b Specification FCN3 Antibody (C-term) - Product Information Application WB, IHC-P, FC,E Primary Accession O75636 Other Accession NP_775628.1, NP_003656.2 Reactivity Human Host Rabbit Clonality Polyclonal Isotype Rabbit Ig Calculated MW 32903 Antigen Region 214-243 FCN3 Antibody (C-term) - Additional Information Gene ID 8547 Other Names Anti-FCN3 Antibody (C-term) at 1:500 Ficolin-3, Collagen/fibrinogen dilution + Jurkat whole cell lysate domain-containing lectin 3 p35, Lysates/proteins at 20 µg per lane. Collagen/fibrinogen domain-containing Secondary Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG, (H+L), protein 3, Hakata antigen, FCN3, FCNH, Peroxidase conjugated at 1/10000 dilution. HAKA1 Predicted band size : 33 kDa Blocking/Dilution buffer: 5% NFDM/TBST. Target/Specificity This FCN3 antibody is generated from rabbits immunized with a KLH conjugated synthetic peptide between 214-243 amino acids from the C-terminal region of human FCN3. Dilution WB~~1:1000 IHC-P~~1:10~50 FC~~1:10~50 Format Purified polyclonal antibody supplied in PBS with 0.09% (W/V) sodium azide. This antibody is purified through a protein A column, followed by peptide affinity FCN3 Antibody (C-term) (Cat. #AP12561b) purification. western blot analysis in K562 cell line lysates (35ug/lane).This demonstrates the FCN3 Storage antibody detected the FCN3 protein (arrow). Maintain refrigerated at 2-8°C for up to 2 weeks. For long term storage store at -20°C in small aliquots to prevent freeze-thaw Page 1/3 10320 Camino Santa Fe, Suite G San Diego, CA 92121 Tel: 858.875.1900 Fax: 858.622.0609 cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Immune System: Conservation and Diversification
    Title The Evolution of the Immune System Conservation and Diversification Page left intentionally blank The Evolution of the Immune System Conservation and Diversification Davide Malagoli Department of Life Sciences Biology Building, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek per- mission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Reporter Gene Assays to Identify Cis Regulatory Differences Between Humans and Chimpanzees
    Copyright Ó 2007 by the Genetics Society of America DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.073429 Using Reporter Gene Assays to Identify cis Regulatory Differences Between Humans and Chimpanzees Adrien Chabot, Ralla A. Shrit, Ran Blekhman and Yoav Gilad1 Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 Manuscript received March 15, 2007 Accepted for publication May 25, 2007 ABSTRACT Most phenotypic differences between human and chimpanzee are likely to result from differences in gene regulation, rather than changes to protein-coding regions. To date, however, only a handful of human–chimpanzee nucleotide differences leading to changes in gene regulation have been identified. To hone in on differences in regulatory elements between human and chimpanzee, we focused on 10 genes that were previously found to be differentially expressed between the two species. We then designed reporter gene assays for the putative human and chimpanzee promoters of the 10 genes. Of seven promoters that we found to be active in human liver cell lines, human and chimpanzee promoters had significantly different activity in four cases, three of which recapitulated the gene expression difference seen in the microarray experiment. For these three genes, we were therefore able to demonstrate that a change in cis influences expression differences between humans and chimpanzees. Moreover, using site- directed mutagenesis on one construct, the promoter for the DDA3 gene, we were able to identify three nucleotides that together lead to a cis regulatory difference between the species. High-throughput appli- cation of this approach can provide a map of regulatory element differences between humans and our close evolutionary relatives.
    [Show full text]
  • FCN3 Antibody
    Ficolin 3 Antibody / FCN3 (F54652) Catalog No. Formulation Size F54652-0.4ML In 1X PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.09% sodium azide 0.4 ml F54652-0.08ML In 1X PBS, pH 7.4, with 0.09% sodium azide 0.08 ml Bulk quote request Availability 1-3 business days Species Reactivity Human Format Purified Clonality Polyclonal (rabbit origin) Isotype Rabbit Ig Purity Antigen affinity purified UniProt O75636 Applications Flow cytometry : 1:25 (1x10e6 cells) Immunohistochemistry (FFPE) : 1:25 Western blot : 1:500-1:2000 Limitations This Ficolin 3 antibody is available for research use only. IHC testing of FFPE human lung tissue with Ficolin 3 antibody. HIER: steam section in pH6 citrate buffer for 20 min and allow to cool prior to staining. Western blot testing of human Jurkat cell lysate with Ficolin 3 antibody. Predicted molecular weight ~33 kDa. Western blot testing of human K562 cell lysate with Ficolin 3 antibody. Predicted molecular weight ~33 kDa. Flow cytometry testing of human K562 cells with Ficolin 3 antibody; Left=isotype control, Right= Ficolin 3 antibody. Description Ficolins are a group of proteins which consist of a collagen-like domain and a fibrinogen-like domain. In human serum, there are two types of ficolins, both of which have lectin activity. The protein encoded by this gene is a thermolabile beta-2-macroglycoprotein found in all human serum and is a member of the ficolin/opsonin p35 lectin family. The protein, which was initially identified based on its reactivity with sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, has been shown to have a calcium-independent lectin activity.
    [Show full text]