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Toward Personalized Treatment in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

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Toward Personalized Treatment in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia | INDOLENT LYMPHOMA:HOW UNDERSTANDING DISEASE BIOLOGY IS INFLUENCING CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING | Toward personalized treatment in Waldenstrom¨ macroglobulinemia Jorge J. Castillo and Steven P. Treon Bing Center for Waldenstrom¨ Macroglobulinemia, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Waldenstrom¨ macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare lymphoma with 1000 to 1500 new patients diagnosed per year in the United States. Patients with WM can experience prolonged survival times, which seem to have increased in the last decade, but relapse is inevitable. The identification of recurrent mutations in the MYD88 and CXCR4 genes has opened avenues of research to better understand and treat patients with WM. These developments are giving way to per- sonalized treatment approaches for these patients, focusing on increasing depth and duration of response alongside lower toxicity rates. In the present document, we review the diagnostic differential, the clinical manifestations, and the pathological and genomic features of patients with WM. We also discuss the safety and efficacy data of alkylating agents, proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with WM. Finally, we propose a genomically driven algorithm for the treatment of WM. The future of therapies for WM appears bright and hopeful, but we should be mindful of the cost-effectiveness and long-term toxicity of novel agents. Diagnostic considerations Learning Objectives The differential diagnosis of WM includes immunoglobulin M (IgM) • To understand recent advances on the biology of Waldenstrom¨ monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; other macroglobulinemia IgM-secreting lymphomas, especially marginal zone lymphoma (MZL); • To review available and investigational agents for the treat- and the rare IgM multiple myeloma (MM). The diagnosis of WM is ment of patients with Waldenstrom¨ macroglobulinemia established by the presence of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma in the • To propose a genomically driven algorithm for the manage- bone marrow and an IgM monoclonal paraproteinemia of any size. ment of patients with Waldenstrom¨ macroglobulinemia The diagnosis of WM can be further secured by detecting the MYD88 L265P gene mutation, either by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction or next-generation sequencing techniques. The Introduction MYD88 mutation can be identified in .90% of patients with WM, , 6 Waldenstrom¨ macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare subtype of non- with a rate of wild-type MYD88 of 10%. About 5% of lym- Hodgkin lymphoma, representing about 1% of all cases of non- phoplasmacytic lymphoma cases can secrete immunoglobulin G or Hodgkin lymphoma.1 According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, immunoglobulin A, free light chains, be biclonal, or be nonsecretory. fi and End Results database, approximately 1000 to 1500 new cases of MYD88 L265 mutations have also been identi ed in these cases, WM are diagnosed every year in the United States.2 Although the but they are not considered WM. The absence of MYD88 L265P gene survival in a large proportion of patients with WM can be measured mutations does not rule out WM, and a few WM patients can have 7 in decades,3,4 WM remains incurable with current treatment op- non-L265P MYD88 mutations. IgM monoclonal gammopathy of tions. Alkylating agents, nucleoside analogs, monoclonal anti- undetermined significance typically does not show an abnormal lym- 8 bodies, proteasome inhibitors, and Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) phoplasmacytic infiltrate in the bone marrow. MZL can secrete IgM 6 inhibitors can be used to treat patients with symptomatic WM.5 and can carry the MYD88 L265P gene mutation. MZL should be In the present article, we review the diagnostic criteria, clini- suspected if lymphadenopathy and/or splenomegaly is a prominent copathological features, and treatment options for WM in the clinical feature. In the bone marrow biopsy, the presence of mast cells light of recent developments on the genomic profiling of WM. can help direct our suspicion toward WM instead of MZL.9 Finally, IgM We also provide our approach to the treatment of WM, ac- MM cells typically express cyclin D1, and t(11;14) can be identified by knowledging that the recommendations provided are based on fluorescence in situ hybridization cytogenetic studies.10 In addition, IgM the limited available prospective and retrospective data, as well MM can present with lytic bone lesions and renal dysfunction, which are as our clinical experience. rare in WM. MYD88 mutations have not been identified in IgM MM. Conflict-of-interest disclosure: J.J.C. has received research funds and honoraria from Abbvie, Gilead, Janssen, Millennium, and Pharmacyclics. S.P.T. has received research funds and honoraria from Janssen and Pharmacyclics. Off-label drug use: Cyclophosphamide, bendamustine, bortezomib, carfilzomib, ixazomib, rituximab, ofatumumab, thalidomide, lenalidomide, everolimus, and idelalisib are not approved drugs by the US Food and Drug Administration or European Medicines Agency for the treatment of WM. Hematology 2017 365 Table 1. Current criteria for initiation of treatment in patients with WM and in MYD88 L265P mutated cases, all compartments carry the MYD88 L265P gene mutation.6 A common cytogenetic abnormality Hemoglobin #10 g/dL on basis of disease , m associated with WM is del6q, which is observed in up to half of the Platelet count 100 K/ L on basis of disease 20 Constitutional symptoms in setting of disease progression patients. However, it does not have a diagnostic or prognostic Symptomatic hyperviscosity value. Other less common cytogenetic abnormalities, such as del13q, 20 Moderate/severe peripheral neuropathy del11q, and trisomy 4, do not appear to have clinical significance. Symptomatic extramedullary disease (lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, renal involvement, pleural effusions, Bing-Neel The identification of the MYD88 L265P gene mutation in .90% of syndrome, etc) patients has been a major development in WM, because it can have Symptomatic cryoglobulins, cold agglutinins, amyloidosis diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications.21-25 MYD88 is a toll-like receptor, which undergoes homodimerization upon acti- vation. In WM, the mutated MYD88 is constitutively activated.26 Clinical features and indications for treatment The MYD88 homodimer serves as the base for assembly of the In about half of the patients, the diagnosis of WM is made in- Myddosome, which includes IRAK1/4 and BTK, among others.27 cidentally, because patients can be asymptomatic. In asymptomatic The activation of IRAK1/4 and BTK can independently generate patients, watchful waiting is the appropriate course of action. In pa- downstream activation of NF-kB, promoting cell survival and tients with symptomatic disease, treatment is indicated to improve the downregulating apoptosis. The MYD88 L265P mutation can be patient’s quality of life. The most common clinical manifestation of identified by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction techniques WM is anemia, which can be seen in 75% of patients with symp- with a high sensitivity.28 Mutations in the CXCR4 gene, similar tomatic WM. Anemia can be due to bone marrow replacement by to the ones congenitally seen in patients with warts, hypogamma- 11 WM, hemolysis, and iron-deficiency anemia. Other common causes globulinemia, infection, and myelokathexis syndrome, have been of anemia should also be sought and evaluated appropriately. These detected in 40% of patients with WM.29 In WM patients, mutated include iron, cobalamin, or folate deficiency and renal or thyroid CXCR4 results in loss of regulatory serines, allowing the g-protein- dysfunction. Peripheral neuropathy is seen in about 20% of patients coupled receptor to remain intact and CXCR4 not to internalize. with WM. IgM-mediated neuropathy typically is distal, is sensory, and The fully active CXCR4 signals through g-protein and b-arrestins, has demyelinating features, although in some cases axonal processes resulting in activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, AKT, mitogen- 12 can be associated. Anti–myelin-associated glycoprotein and anti- activated protein kinases, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase GM1 antibodies can be identified in about half of patients with de- 1/2 and providing an alternative pathway for cellular activation and myelinating disease. Other common causes of neuropathy should also survival.27 More than 30 CXCR4 mutations have been identified be investigated, including diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, amyloidosis, and can be frameshift or nonsense. Given the heterogeneity of 11,12 HIV infection, and Lyme disease. Symptomatic hyperviscosity CXCR4 mutations, these are best detected by means of Sanger se- 13 due to high serum IgM levels affects 15% of patients with WM. quencing or next-generation sequencing techniques, which can rep- Symptomatic hyperviscosity should be suspected in patients with resent an obstacle to wide clinical use in the community. In addition, serum IgM .3000 mg/dL. Symptoms include recurrent nosebleeds, a low burden of disease in the marrow can decrease the sensitivity headaches, blurred vision, or mentation changes without other po- of the test, increasing the rate of false-negative results. Clinically, tential explanation. Funduscopic examination should be pursued to patients with CXCR4 mutations seem to have lower rates of identify patients with silent hyperviscosity, which can be manifested lymphadenopathy and higher levels of serum IgM. CXCR4 muta- by engorgement, increased
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