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The Future of Walnut–Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan and the Status of the Iconic Endangered Apple Malus Niedzwetzkyana

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The Future of Walnut–Fruit Forests in Kyrgyzstan and the Status of the Iconic Endangered Apple Malus Niedzwetzkyana The future of walnut–fruit forests in Kyrgyzstan and the status of the iconic Endangered apple Malus niedzwetzkyana B RETT W ILSON,MORENA M ILLS,MAKSIM K ULIKOV and C OLIN C LUBBE Abstract Forest ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and pro- Keywords Apple, firewood collection, Kyrgyzstan, live- vide valuable ecosystem services, but are declining world- stock grazing, Malus niedzwetzkyana, species distribution wide. Malus niedzwetzkyana, an Endangered wild relative modelling, walnut–fruit forest, wild relative of domesticated apples, is an important component of the Supplementary material for this article is available at walnut–fruit forests of Central Asia. Its iconic pink blossom https://doi.org/./S and genetic properties give it special cultural and scientific significance, but livestock grazing and firewood collection threaten its survival. The conservation of the species and its native forest ecosystem is critical and urgent. This Introduction study provides information on the ecology and population orest ecosystems support biodiversity and provide of M. niedzwetzkyana and the threats affecting its habitat, essential services to people (FAO, ). Estimates improving our understanding of its distribution and pro- F suggest that forests contain . % of all terrestrial plant posing measures to reduce threats. We collected ecological and animal species (Secretariat of the Convention on data and assessed population structure and threats at four Biological Diversity, ), but many forest ecosystems are forest sites in southern Kyrgyzstan. We mapped indivi- declining and becoming more degraded as a result of duals, creating the largest known dataset for this species. We increasing human disturbance (Hosonuma et al., ). developed species distribution models for M. niedzwetzkya- These threats continue to intensify as the human population na to identify climatically suitable regions and potential grows and more people inhabit biodiverse areas (Fisher & areas for restoration. Sary-Chelek Biosphere Reserve con- Christopher, ). tained the largest expanse of pristine forest and the most The walnut–fruit forests of Central Asia have declined stable M. niedzwetzkyana population, followed by Kara- dramatically in the last years; only –% of their original Alma Forestry Unit. Forests in the Gava Forestry Unit and area remains (Djanibekov et al., ). They occur at alti- Dashman Reserve were most extensively damaged by tudes of –, m (Hemery & Popov, ) in the foot- humans and livestock. The wild apple’s favoured habitat hills of the Tian-Shan mountain range, within the Central was south-west facing slopes with a gradient , ° and a Asian biodiversity hotspot (Critical Ecosystem Partnership relatively open canopy. Overall, the study population was Fund, ). These forests play an important environmental vulnerable to extinction with limited regeneration poten- and cultural role in this region, providing ecosystem ser- tial. We recommend short-term population enhancement vices, including soil protection and water regulation, and re- through planting projects and increased protection of indi- sources for wildlife and local communities (Cantarello et al., viduals in pristine sites. Community-based conservation in- ). The largest remaining area of walnut–fruit forest is in itiatives should be prioritized in extensively damaged sites, Kyrgyzstan (Epple, ), the most forested country in and larger-scale reforestation of these forests needs to be Central Asia (Djanibekov et al., ). However, over the considered. past years the forest area has been greatly reduced, dri- ven by the economic recession following Kyrgyzstan’s inde- pendence. Rural communities rely increasingly on natural BRETT WILSON* (Corresponding author) Imperial College London, London, UK resources and agricultural practices, leading to expansion E-mail [email protected] of agricultural areas, increased grazing pressure, and unsus- MORENA MILLS Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood tainable exploitation of forest products (Borchardt & Dorre, Park, UK ). MAKSIM KULIKOV† CEN Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Today % of the country’s population live in rural areas Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (Djanibekov et al., ) and % live below the poverty line COLIN CLUBBE Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK (Fisher & Christopher, ). Firewood collection and live- *Currently at: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, stock grazing are the greatest immediate threats to the forest Cambridge, UK. E-mail [email protected] – †Formerly at: Fauna & Flora International, Bishkek, Republic of Kyrgyzstan ecosystem, with Kyrgyz households collecting m of Received March . Revision requested May . firewood per year and livestock generally allowed to graze Accepted September . First published online March . without restrictions in the forest (Djanibekov et al., ). Oryx, 2019, 53(3), 415–423 © 2019 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605318001230 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.14, on 25 Sep 2021 at 02:47:54, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605318001230 416 B. Wilson et al. Many regions have implemented management strategies Study area to achieve sustainable use of forest resources (Kyrgyz – Government et al., ; Fisher et al., ). However, in We conducted fieldwork during May June in many forest tracts these management and protection rules four sites within the Jalal-Abad region: Sary-Chelek Bio- are not adhered to (Orozumbekov et al., ), leading to sphere Reserve (Sary-Chelek), Dashman Reserve (Dashman), extensive environmental damage (Hemery & Popov, ; Kara-Alma Forestry Unit (Kara-Alma), and Gava Forestry Herold, ). Unit (Gava). These sites are also the focus of Fauna & ’ Our study focuses on the Endangered Malus niedzwetz- Flora International s (FFI) regional conservation work for kyana, a close, but rarer, relative of Malus sieversii, which is the Global Trees Campaign, and FFI has established strong thought to be the ancestor of most domesticated apples working relationships with local rangers. We chose smaller (Cornille et al., ). Both species are exploited heavily fieldwork areas within each site, to focus our research efforts for their fruit and firewood (Morgan & Richards, ). on forested areas (Fig. ). Anthocyanin pigments give the blossom of Malus niedz- wetzkyana a distinctive pink colour, making this species Methods easily distinguishable from other trees in these forests and giving it an iconic status with local people. The fruit is dis- Species distribution modelling tinctively red both inside and out because it also contains these pigments in its skin and flesh. Anthocyanins are fla- We selected the maximum entropy model, Maxent v. .. vonoid compounds whose antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, (Phillips et al., ), as suitable for modelling the distribu- and anti-inflammatory properties confer extensive health tion of M. niedzwetzkyana because it is highly accurate with benefits (Bagchi et al., ; Boyer & Liu, ; Konczak small sample sizes (Elith et al., ; Qin et al., ), can be & Zhang, ). This species could therefore be an impor- run with presence-only data (Phillips et al., ), and is tant genetic resource that could lead to the development widely used in conservation science (Trisurat et al., ; of red-fleshed cultivars with benefits for human health Liang et al., ). We obtained occurrence records from (Sekido et al., ) whilst also retaining genetic diversity the Bioresurs project, which thoroughly sampled the wal- (Velasco et al., ). nut–fruit forests of the Jalal-Abad region (Cantarello et al., Only a few small, isolated populations of M. niedzwetzkya- ; Orozumbekov et al., ), providing location na are extant, making this species exceptionally vulnerable points for M. niedzwetzkyana. to extinction, with the largest known population recorded Initially, we considered environmental variables as po- in the Jalal-Abad region of Kyrgyzstan (Cantarello et al., tential indicators of the distribution of M. niedzwetzkyana. ; Orozumbekov et al., ). This area is the primary These variables are widely recognized as factors that affect focus of conservation efforts to maintain walnut–fruit forest plant distributions and have been effective in determining ecosystems in general and M. niedzwetzkyana in particular. the distribution of species in a similar threatened situation However, many conservation actions currently lack a clear to that of M. niedzwetzkyana (Kumar & Stohlgren, ). scientific basis. In this study we develop an evidence-based We obtained bioclimatic variables and elevation data at approach to the conservation of this species, supporting the second resolution (c. km ) from WorldClim (Hijmans growing movement for data-driven conservation initiatives et al., ). We generated slope and aspect raster files from (Sutherland et al., ). the elevation data, with the QGIS . terrain analysis tool We used species distribution modelling to identify (QGIS Development Team, ). A global land cover file climatically suitable areas for M. niedzwetzkyana across (GlobCover) was also included (Arino et al., ). Kyrgyzstan and to determine fieldwork locations. We de- We tested multicollinearity between all variables by cal- vised a threat assessment to provide insight into which of culating a Pearson correlation coefficient matrix. A correl- these climatically suitable sites
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