Cornish Reefs Aged by the National Trust

St. Michael’s Mount is the most striking land mark of Mount’s Bay with its prominent medieval cas- tle. Only accessible at low water on foot via a cobbled causeway or by boat, it is the home of St. Aubyn family and is now man- Cornish Reefs aged by the National Trust. RIGHT: Detail of Strawberry Global diving travel has become increasingly easy over the anemone (Actina fragacea) last decade or so, providing easy access to a growing number of tropical and exotic destinations. So, for many divers resid- ing in cooler climates or new to the sport, it is tempting to look only towards these warm distant destinations and perhaps ignore the wealth of marine life on their own doorstep. Text and photos by Mark Webster

RIGHT TO LEFT: Limacia clavigera nudibranch feeding on red sea lettuce sea weed; Plumose anemones (Metridium senile) carpet a reef wall near Land’s End; A diver explores a deep gulley decorated with soft corals (Alcyonium digitatum) at Logan’s Rock

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Although I have the opportunity power of the Atlantic on the north to travel regularly to warmer cli- coast. The rugged topography of mates, this never discourages me the peninsula extends far out to sea, from diving as often as I can in my forming reefs, pinnacles and shoals cooler, but no less spectacular, teaming with life. home waters around the south west You can dive a deep wreck in the peninsula of Cornwall in the United morning, a spectacular sheer drop- Kingdom. The south west peninsula off in the afternoon, and explore and county of Cornwall is physically shoreline gullies and tunnels in the remote from the remainder of the evening, or after dark. All this makes British Isles and also has a rich history the area popular with both diving full of myth, legend, smuggling and and marine life enthusiasts seeking illicit ship wrecking. Industry is sparse the variety this coastline provides. It in this area, which boasts spectacu- is also popular with the family diver lar countryside, and as a conse- who wishes to mix his or her sport quence, it is one of the UK’s most with exploring the attractions on popular tourist destinations offering land, some lazy days on the beach- both a slower pace of life, a mild es, and the occasional foray under climate and miles of unspoiled coast the waves. line and secluded beaches. The rugged granite of the penin- The Gulf Stream sula juts out into the Atlantic and has The Gulf Stream divides round the a striking contrast between its two coasts. There are calm sleepy inlets, coves and fish- ing villages on the south coast, while there are dra- matic towering cliffs and the

CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT: There is excellent snorkeling all around the coast – here a snorkeller explores the reef at Pendennis Point, Falmouth Bay; Yachts at anchor in the harbour at Penzance; Juvenile cuttle fish (Sepia officinalis) are com- monly found in late summer in the shallow water eel grass beds; cies of nudibranchs (this Polycera quad- The plankton blooms of late spring bring rilineata) that congregate to breed; Kelp the basking sharks (Cetorhinus max- (Laminaria sp) covers the tops of many imus) which can reach 8-10m in length; of the shallow water reefs and provides Springtime sees the arrival of many spe- a habitat for numerous marine species 32 X-RAY MAG : 23 : 2008 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY EDUCATION PROFILES PORTFOLIO CLASSIFIED SW_postR8Aug17_50% 8/21/07 12:04 PM Page 1

in length and weigh up to seven tonnes. They remain THE TRUTH WILL SURFACE rare in UK waters and despite being a protected species are consistently under threat from human activities in the marine environment.

Lauren Davis, Seaquest Basking Shark Project volun- teer says: “Our seas are so poorly protected compared to the land; hopefully these You'll never look at sharks surveys will provide decision the same way again. makers with the data neces- sary to give basking sharks and other marine wildlife the protection that is urgently needed.”

Lauren continues: “Seeing a basking shark moving majes- tically through the calm water is truly a wonderful New Cornish basking shark surveys sight, and one which you will never forget. If you are over 16 and interested in spend- Cornwall Wildlife Trust (CWT) is call- During the Seawatch SW survey last ing some time sitting on the ing for volunteers to help them survey year, six species of cetacean (whale, cliffs recording basking sharks basking sharks off Cornwall this sum- dolphin and porpoise) were seen, and other marine life, join mer as part of their new BBC Wildlife including a fin whale, the second big- Cornwall Wildlife Trust and Fund-supported Seaquest Basking gest whale next to the blue whale. Seawatch SW this summer.” Shark Project. CWT is joining forces Huge pods of up to 400 common dol- Previous experience is useful with SeaWatch SW to carry out sur- phins were encountered and a mas- but not essential as training veys from the coast in order to collect sive 460 basking sharks were recorded can be provided. For more vital data on basking sharks and other during one day alone! This survey information on how to get marine wildlife. highlights the importance of Cornish involved, contact Lauren waters for supporting an abundance Davis on 07979736661. During 2007, SeaWatch SW surveys of marine wildlife. recorded an astonishing 656 basking Go to www.seawatch-sw.org sharks from mid-July to the begin- Basking sharks were recorded almost and 2007 annual report for ning of October from Gwennap daily off Gwennap Head during last more information. ■ Head, West Cornwall. Russell Wynn, year’s survey. SeaWatch SW co-ordinator says: “The results of this survey are starting to help These gentle giants are regular visitors us understand a lot more about bask- to the Cornish coast, but very little is ing sharks off Cornwall and identify the understood about the status of their areas that are important for them. This population or about their behaviour. COMING SOON data will be useful in influencing the The basking shark is the UK’s biggest SHARKWATER PRODUCTIONS AND DIATRIBE PICTURES PRESENT A FILM BY ROB STEWART MUSIC BY JEFF RONA DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY ROB STEWART UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY ROB STEWART AND DAVID HANNAN development of a network of Marine wild visitor and the second largest EDITING MICHAEL CLARK RIK MORDEN JEREMY STUART EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS SANDRA CAMPBELL ALEXANDRA STEWART BRIAN STEWART WRITTEN DIRECTED AND PRODUCED BY ROB STEWART Protected Areas around Cornwall, fish in the world. Harmless to humans, FEATURING MUSIC FROM MOBY NINA SIMONE ALI FARKA TOURE THE RIDERLESS GEOFFREY ORYEMA APHEX TWIN AND PORTISHEAD which the Finding Sanctuary project is eating only plankton sifted from the WWW.SHARKWATER.COM TM & © 2006 SHARKWATER PRODUCTIONS INC. currently working towards.” ocean, they can grow up to 12 metres PRINTED IN CANADA

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CLOCKWISE FROM ABOVE: There are numerous species of colourful sponges like this breadcrumb sponge (Halichondria panacea) that give the reefs a tropical feel; Local fishermen are great characters - there are many small coves and harbours around the coast that support traditional fishing methods from tiny cove boats; One of the most colourful reef fish to be seen in the inquisitive male Cuckoo wrasse (Labrus bimicula- tus); Colourful sea urchins (Echinus esculentus) make great abstract macro subjects

peninsula on its path north. The warm- life enthusiast busy for months! er, clearer waters it carries propa- The South Western Approaches gates a diversity of indigenous and have been one of the visiting marine life not generally found world’s busiest shipping elsewhere around the UK’s coastline. lanes for hundreds of John Dory (Zeus faber) The headlands and offshore reefs years, and Cornwall Zues faber are bombarded by nutrients born has been the first land- John Dory (Zues faber) is also or 4 years old by releasing sperm by the strong tides on both coasts fall and the site of trag- known as St Pierre. Easily identified and eggs into the water usually feeding a multitude of species of edy for many mariners. by its large dark spot on its flank during the winter months. anemones, soft and stony corals and Armada ships, East used to warn off predators, the The top predator in its habitat, invertebrate life. These organisms are Indiamen, liners, mer- John Dory is an edible deep-sea the John Dory usually stalks its prey, surprisingly colourful and can give an chant convoy shipping fish with a laterally compressed then shoots out a tube in its mouth almost tropical feel to many dives as from both World Wars olive-yellow body -- which makes it to capture food such as sardines, one swims among gorgonian fan cor- have all met their fate a poor swimmer -- with microscop- squid and cuttlefish. They are als, Ross coral, cup corals and walls along this coastline. ic, sharp scales and long spines on preyed upon by sharks such as the of brilliantly hued plumose and jewel The two most the dorsal fin. The fish can grow up dusky shark. anemones. infamous reefs, the to a maximum size of 65cm and It is thought that the name John Fish life is profuse with shoals of bass Manacles and the Runnel Stone, 3kg in weight. Dory stems from the French dorée and mackerel, reef dwelling wrasse, located on the south coast are John Dory live in the for gilded, or the French jaune for flatfish, blennies, scorpion fish, tope, responsible for more than 200 record- Mediterranean Sea, the Indian yellow, or is associated with the sharks and occasional foreign visitors ed losses between them. There are Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. hero of an old ballad of the same from warmer southern waters. Spring literally hundreds of documented They can be found on the coast name. Jules Verne said that the and early summer brings the basking losses, with many still awaiting dis- of Australia, South East Asia, the name came from an allusion to St. sharks, which have been increasing covery either by chance or through coasts of Japan, South West Africa, Peter, Janitore, the door-keeper number year by year, and in late sum- dedicated research. Recent years and off the coasts of Europe. or gate-keeper of Heaven, who mer groups of grey Atlantic trigger fish have seen no less than three expedi- Normally solitary creatures, they brought the fish at God’s com- are common. If one is lucky, sun fish tions seeking the infamous Merchant live near the seabed, in depths of mand and that the dark spot on and even leather back turtles can be Royal, the richest wreck in UK waters, 5 to 360 meters. They live about 12 the back of the fish is St. Peter’s seen. The variety is almost endless and lost in the deep somewhere between years and reproduce at around 3 thumbprint. ■ source: wikipedia.org will keep a photographer or marine Lands End and the Scilly Isles.

34 X-RAY MAG : 23 : 2008 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY EDUCATION PROFILES PORTFOLIO CLASSIFIED travel Cornwall These river systems were ‘drowned’ at the end of the last ice age by a com- bination of sinking land and rising sea levels. The Fal in particular offers quite dramatic profiles underwater from the shal- low drowned flood plains to the remnants of the original river valley, which penetrates far inland and The area is a wreck retains depths of up to 35m diver’s paradise. There are (110ft). many classic dives, which The industrial revolution can be easily located with and expansion early this the help of many publica- century once threatened tions, or guidance from the these habitats with care- local diving centres and less waste disposal from clubs. copper and tin mining and china clay extraction. Habitat variety Fortunately, recent dec- There are a variety of ades have propagated marine habitats to explore a more educated and around this coastline, each enlightened appreciation waters, there are sweeping of which has unique fea- of the damage caused by beds of maerl, a form of tures to offer. On the south pollution. Now, strict con- encrusting algae that forms coast of the peninsula are trols and marine reserves little coral-like clusters. the three lush river valleys have returned many areas The fauna of these maerl of the Helford, Fowey and to their former glory. beds is very rich with many the Fal, which form the In the shallow waters of species of fish, crusta- third largest natural deep the Fal, Helford and Mounts ceans, worms and mol- water anchorage in the Bay are the most northern luscs hiding amongst the concentrations delicate branches. In the of eel grass that upper reaches of the Fal is so common in estuary are thriving beds Mediterranean. of wild oysters, which now CLOCKWISE FROM ABOVE: This habitat can only be fished com- A diver jumps from a local dive boat; is an attrac- mercially by hand from Traditional gaff rigged sailing boats tive breeding licensed punts. are regularly seen around the coast; ground for A topknot flat fish(Zeugopterus punc- all manner of Inshore reefs tatus) is one of the stranger looking marine life. The coastal topography reef residents; The largest jellyfish found in Cornish waters is the Rhizostoma During the varies dramatically from jellyfish (Rhizostoma octopus) which spring months, sheltered bays and coves can appear in large numbers during clusters of eggs to sheer cliffs that plunge the summer months; A diver gazes will often be straight into the sea. They at a dense bed of jewels anemones world. The tidal estuaries found at the base of the have in common the same (Corynactis viridis) on the Raglan’s pin- of these rivers are rich in eel grass leaves left by fish, rich marine life, which nacle in the Manacles Reef; A thorn- marine life and are often nudibranchs, squid and inhabits both the littoral back ray (Raja clavata) rests teeming with juvenile fish. cuttlefish. In slightly deeper zone and the shallow reefs, on a gravel seabed

35 X-RAY MAG : 23 : 2008 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY EDUCATION PROFILES PORTFOLIO CLASSIFIED travel Cornwall dwells are many coves where in deep squadrons of juvenile and water. adult cuttlefish can be The sur- found shoaling together rounding ranging in size from 5cm shallow to 30cm all displaying their seabed is amazing camouflage skills. home to all sorts of Offshore reefs bottom The geology of this area dwelling has produced many spec- fish, crus- tacular offshore reefs that and gullies to a depth of taceans, tube worms and rise steeply from the sea- 10m. Whereas, on deeper anemones. In the spring bed, each one slightly dif- reefs further offshore and summer months, there ferent and offering often where waters are clearer, kelp can be found grow- ing as deep as 18m (60ft). The reefs are often dis- sected by deep cuts and gullies and steps and ledges, which are excit- ing to explore. Even in the shallows, where many rock faces are exposed to tidal current, filter feeding gullies and caves. and lettuce sea weeds, soft coral Alcyonium digi- During the winter which offer protection to tatum (locally known as months, these inshore juveniles, and so are a Dead Men’s Fingers), jewel areas are often lashed favourite hunting ground anemones and sponges by severe storms swept in for small shoals of Pollack, will all thrive. from the Atlantic. But as grey mullet, and lone John These areas are home spring arrives, the waters Dory that prey on the to many varieties of fish become calmer, and the newly hatched fish and including Pollack, bass, annual cycle of life com- plankton. ballan and corkwing mences once more. As with many other wrasse, cheeky cuckoo During the summer, the temperate sea areas, wrasse, who peer right into shallows are full of beds there are kelp forests to your mask or camera port, of boot lace, Jap weed explore inshore. The kelp and more unusual species here does not reach the such as red gurnard and proportions of the giant red mullet. In late spring species of the Californian and early summer, you will CLOCKWISE FROM ABOVE: The largest anemone is the Plumose coast, but it is equally pro- find many species of fish (Metridium senile) which is found on exposed reefs where they feed lific and provides a wide tending their egg clusters. in the strong currents; There are two species of soft coral in Cornish range of habitats amongst These are normally the waters – these are ‘Red Fingers’ (Alcyoninium glomeratum) that grow its fronds, stypes and hold- males guarding the nurs- in large colonies wherever there is a tidal flow; The male cuckoo wrasse fasts. ery for perhaps 3-4 weeks is perhaps the boldest on the reef. He will often approach within a few The depth to which the and include butter fish, centimetres to challenge his reflection in your mask or camera port; The striking looking male Lumsucker (Cyclopterus lumpus) appears from kelp extends will vary with shannies, tom pot blen- deep water in early spring for a short time to tend his mate’s eggs until topography and water nies, corkwing wrasse and they hatch; There are numerous quaint seaside cottages with equally clarity. Generally, it clings the weird looking lump- quaint names to be found in the coastal villages to the top of the rocks sucker, which normally

36 X-RAY MAG : 23 : 2008 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY EDUCATION PROFILES PORTFOLIO CLASSIFIED LEFT: The Tompot blenny (Parablennius gattorugine) has to be the cutest looking reef resident found on almost every shallow coastal reef; INSET CENTER: There are several species of plume and fan worms to be found on the reef. The detail Cornwall travel of Bispira volutacornis makes an interesting macro shot south, in an area that is open conditions. These ingredients to Atlantic oceanic conditions, and the swift currents are per- and so, there is often a deep fect for a dense proliferation of and powerful swell running here invertebrate marine life, which (locally known as ground sea). in turn attracts fish who enjoy Planning to dive here means the shelter the reef provides, waiting for the best tides and whilst others are tidal feeders, weather conditions as even in or perhaps dwell in the sand. good weather there can be a Kelp sea weed is able to swell of 1-2m withstand to contend the strong with, which currents can be felt with their as deep as sturdy hold- 20m. Local fast roots knowledge is and growth essential as can extend the tides are down to vicious and between sometimes 15 and 18 unpredicta- metres in ble, and the places, due weather can to the water change very quickly. But under clarity, and in turn provides the right conditions, the Stone shelter and habitat for more is one of the most spectacular sedentary marine life. Cowries, dives in the area. topshells, and clingfish are In this area close to Land’s common on the kelp holdfasts, End, there are no river out-falls and there is normally an abun- to upset the visibility, and the dance of spider crabs and pipe bright yellow heavy granite fish picking their way amongst sand settles quickly after stormy the kelp stypes. Several varie-

challenging diving. used to break the surface until Close to the end of the the last vessel to be wrecked peninsula, where Lands End here, the City of Westminster in TOP RIGHT: Snakelock anemones (Anemonia viridis) will set- reaches out into the often wild 1923, struck and broke it away. tle almost anywhere – here this juvenile clings to the blades waters of the Atlantic, is the The edge of the reef area is of eel grass. ABOVE INSET: The tiny Leach’s spider crab lives in infamous Runnel Stone, which is now marked by a buoy, within symbiosis with the Snakelock anemone (Anemonia viridis) just reputed to have wrecked more sight of Lands End and the like many tropical species. LEFT: The Cornish coastline is distin- guished by the numerous deserted bays and coves with clear than 27 ships. The Runnel Stone Longships reef lighthouse to the water – a great temptation to explore with a snorkel or SCUBA

37 X-RAY MAG : 23 : 2008 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY EDUCATION PROFILES PORTFOLIO CLASSIFIED LEFT TO RIGHT: The com- mon lobster (Homarus gammarus) is unmistaka- Cornwall ble with its bright blue liv- travel ery; The tiny squat lobster (Galathea strigosa) has a dazzling blue and orange colour pattern; The com- mon prawn (Palaemon serratus) is almost com- pletely transparent and is often found in large groups in cracks and crevices on the reef; The spider crab (Maja squina- do) is found in a number of different habitats and will often climb the reef in search of food

on them, shoals of mack- particularly erel, bass and in late spring, pollock, which when they are show little fear reproducing. of divers. Remaining In amongst space on the rocks of the the rock sur- Runnel Stone face is mostly are the remains occupied by of the numer- soft corals ous wrecks, (Alcyonium which, in some digitatum or cases, are so Dead Men’s close or over- Fingers), tuni- lapping, that cates and it is difficult to masses of tell when one is feather stars swimming from ties of sponge are common, and and brittle one wreck to the first signs of jewel and daisy stars. another. anemones can be found in as lit- Exploring the shallow walls at Finds include tle as three metres of depth. the reef top reveals numerous ship’s fittings, Below the kelp line, there are nooks, crannies and ledges that cargo items swathes of pastel-hued plumose are home to crabs, squat lobsters, and muni- anemones extended to sift nutri- prawns blennies and shannies, tions—although ents from the current. In amongst most of which are both inquisi- these should be them are daisy and dahlia anem- tive and co-operative for the left well alone. ones and fields of jewel anemo- camera. It is sometimes difficult British law dic- nes in almost every colour one to pick the best photographic tates that any can imagine—from vivid yellows tool, as there are so many macro recovered items the possibility of an encounter can be very hard work! produce some amazing visibility to deep purples, reds and orang- and wide angle subjects—the must be declared to the Receiver with a massive basking shark or Diving is possible all year round, and balmy conditions between es. These are interspersed with image opportunities are endless. of Wrecks. squadrons of huge Rhysostoma but naturally, winter diving can the storms. The season also has an clusters of delicate pink oaten Inshore reef species are also seen The visibility here is generally jelly fish. be more of a lottery due to the effect on the water temperature, pipe hydroids reaching out to in the shallows—scorpion fish and very good, with 20m not uncom- Snorkelling with a huge basking frequently stormy conditions. with the coldest months being grasp nutrients from the current. the Corkwing wrasse, which can mon, and up to 30m on calm shark is an awesome experience Summertime is therefore the best February and March after the sea Inspecting these hydroids be found busy building its nest cold winter days. The plankton not to be missed, but divers need time to plan a diving expedition has cooled during the autumn closely often reveals two or three in the kelp early in the summer. bloom in late spring/early summer to get into training, as keeping when the weather is more pre- and winter. Underwater tem- species of nudibranch feeding It is common to encounter large will reduce this but will also bring up, particularly with a camera, dictable, but winter diving can peratures can range from 14-16°C

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ABOVE: When you are not div- ing make sure to take some time to explore the attrac- tive coastal vil- Almost every beach has a fringing reef which is easily explored with basic lages and hamlets. snorkeling equipment. LEFT: The tiny jewel anemone (Corynactis viridis) is BELOW: There are one of the most colourful species on the reef and a great macro subject. several species of RIGHT INSET: The spiny starfish (Marthasterias glacialis) has an intricate pat- scorpion fish to be tern and texture when viewed in close up found on the reefs. This one is the long during the summer, although sur- can change quickly, especially spined sea scorpion face temperatures often reach on the north coast and towards (Taurulus bubalis) 20-22ºC, to a chillier 8-10ºC dur- Land’s End. Dives should not ing the coldest winter months. be planned without complete details of tides and weather Be safe, get local advice forecasts and the benefit of Cornwall’s waters offer so much local advice, which is freely to the visiting diver but should available from the Coast Guard around 1000 BC, and its use be treated with respect even and the diving centres, in order gradually declined until the late on high summer days when the to keep one’s visit memorable for 1890s, when English became water may resemble a sheet of the right reasons. Alternatively, the dominant language. There you can choose to dive with one are various groups who strive to of the many day boats, or live preserve the language for future aboard boats, which operate generations. within this area, and leave the Although referred to as a planning to a skipper who deals county in England, Cornwall is in with these waters on a daily fact a Duchy, which is a territory basis. ruled by a Duke. The first Duke of Diving in temperate waters can Cornwall was Edward, the Black be challenging, but in the right Prince, son of Edward III. The cur- LEFT: This species of conditions, can be the equal of rent Duke of Cornwall is Prince cowrie (Simnia patula) some tropical locations. It is very Charles. During the Middle Ages is only found on the much worth the effort. there was a succession of rebel- gorgonian Enicella lions and even an invasion by verrucosa on deep water glass. Sadly, there have been a History the Spanish at Mounts Bay in reefs and is very difficult number of diver fatalities here, The name “Cornwall” originates 1595. During the Civil War of to find due to its camou- flage; RIGHT INSET: This and many could have been from two words in the Cornish the 1600s, there were several tiny juvenile hermit crab avoided with a little forward language: Cornovii, meaning hill major battles fought in Cornwall. (Pagurus bernahadus) is planning and local knowledge. dwellers, and Waelas, meaning Thereafter, life became relative- walking the tightrope of The tides can be very strong strangers. This language arrived ly peaceful. a single blade of eel grass in many areas, and the weather with the Celts from Europe The area was largely agricul-

39 X-RAY MAG : 23 : 2008 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY EDUCATION PROFILES PORTFOLIO CLASSIFIED travel Cornwall tural, with some mining for copper and tin dating back to ancient Roman times. Cornwall played a big part in the industrial revolu- tion in the 1700s and1800s. Several revolutionary steam engines were developed for the mining indus- try by Cornishmen. This led to Cornwall being one of the world’s largest suppliers of tin world wide for more than 100 years. Mining began a decline by the middle of the 20th century and virtually stopped in the 1980s, although there are still attempts to revive some mines as the price of tin and copper increase on world markets.

Myth & legend There are many myths and leg- ends interwoven into the history of the area. Certainly, the Cornish believe that King Arthur and his knights of the round table were Cornishmen. This story is centred on the remains of the castle at Tintagel, and all the places in the legend of King Arthur are to be found here, from where he was

Boscastle

Tintagel Launceston Port Isaac

Padstow ABOVE: A diver photo- graphs a group of snakelock Bedruthan Steps Liskeard anemones (Anemonia viridis) Bodwin Newquay on a reef in Falmouth Bay. Saltash Looe RIGHT: Map of the county of Torpoint Cornwal, United Kingdom. Fowey TOP RIGHT: Some villages Polperro Some parts of the rugged coastline are only accessible by boat for diving but make spectacular views on coastal walks. The and hamlets are right on the Mevagissey Portreath Cornish coastline is littered with numerous shipwrecks driven ashore during winter gales. The Tater Du light house warns ship- water’s edge and still sup- Godrevy Truro St. Ives Redruth ping of the treacherous Bucks Reef close to Lamorna Cove port communities of fisher- Carn Brea Zennor Camborne Veryan men, although tourism is now Rottalack Falmouth the mainstay of the Cornish Marazion Flushing born to where he had his last battle, of Cornwall has been commercial but it has its spectacular scenery Penzance Rinsey economy Helston and even where he obtained the fishing, but this is now also in decline and the best climate in the UK. Newlyn Prussia Cove Porthleven sword, Excalibur, from the anvil to due to over fishing throughout Eu- Therefore, tourism is now the main- Lands Mousehole End Mullion Coverack the lake where it was returned. rope and the strict EU catch quotas. stay of the Cornish economy. ■ Cove Kynance Cadgwith One of the remaining industries So now Cornwall has little industry, Cove The Lizard 40 X-RAY MAG : 23 : 2008 EDITORIAL FEATURES TRAVEL NEWS EQUIPMENT BOOKS SCIENCE & ECOLOGY EDUCATION PROFILES PORTFOLIO CLASSIFIED