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The Years That Are Past on Thomas Hardy—By PN FURBANK

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The Years That Are Past on Thomas Hardy—By PN FURBANK 66 Special Book Section: Literature & Criticism the pluralist criticism that uses Marxist insights thinks Wuthering Heights the best of all, and Jane (the rest of us) might simply be a matter of where Eyre the best of Charlotte's. Mine, as it happens, we hang the labels. Certainly Mr Eagleton has are not. Villetteseems to me by far the finest Bronte social understandings to offer, but many of his novel, and I have a very lukewarm admiration for best points, such as his feel for the authenticity of Wuthering Heights; further, I think Anne is the prose of Villette as opposed to the contrived notably underrated. Turning to Mr Eagleton's rhetorical flights of Shirley, or his analysis of arguments from this vantage point of disagree- sexual complexities linking Lucy, Dr John and ment, I am struck by how ingenious they are, Ginevra, are more or less totally independent of and how utterly unconvincing. the Marxism. All Charlotte's novels, I would argue, reveal a His general point is that Charlotte Bronte dangerous "residue" of potentially uncontrollable explores the inter-relations between bourgeoisie emotion; and the success of a particular work and aristocracy, this social contrast appearing in depends in part on how effectively this is handled. her book in the form of a triadic structure, in In Villette he finds a "maladjustment" between which the protagonist is torn between a Romantic- this emotion and the form of the narrative: radical and an autocratic conservative. This is "Lucy's intense world is partly severed from the quite a good description of the structure of Jane 'objective' narrative, sealed and guarded in a Eyre (Jane-Rochester-Rivers), but it is hard to realm of quiet desperation." Jane Eyre on the see the contrast between Rochester and Rivers in other hand "gives us a brilliantly realised study class terms. Shirley on the other hand is clearly a of an alienated consciousness which remains novel that deals with social conflict, but in that nervously alert to actual events and places." case the triadic structure is less clear-cut. One As a description of how the two books differ, this would expect (this is of course the kind of plural- is admirable; but the value-judgment could so ist remark Mr Eagleton objects to) that his easily be reversed. Jane Eyre provides plenty of method would yield more when applied to Shirley plot to correspond to and justify the heroine's than to the other novels, and in a way this is so. anxieties and sufferings, and the result is a Gothic True, his observation that the major protagonist thriller; Villette makes it clear that Lucy warps of the raid on the mill, the working class, is and distorts the world around her, and the result distinguished primarily by its absence is obvious is a brilliant study of a neurotic heroine. If there to any modern reader of Shirley, and has dis- was more "appropriate action" there would be appointed hundreds who have picked it up as a less of Lucy's obsessed sensibility. novel about the Luddites; but his discussion of Shirley herself ("Shirley's 'radicalism' is less a There will never be agreement on the merits matter of doctrine than of style") relates her of the Bronte novels, because it is so difficult to impact in the novel to the social forces she find the right criteria. Whatever their literary embodies—just the sort of insight Mr Eagleton merits, competence is not one of them: and the constantly promises and seldom produces. very fact that Jane Eyre has a carefully elaborated plot may be as much a point against it as in its favour. We read them for their intensity and their INALLY, A FEW WORDS about value-judgments. emotional need. "I can read a great deal of her F Mr Eagleton is bold enough to tackle the life as I fancy in her book": Thackeray was question, to ask which Bronte novels are the best, condescending to her as a woman, but he knew and thenrelate the answer to his social interpreta- that he was paying a tribute to her power. For tions. His preferences are in fact orthodox: he all the clumsiness, that power is still alive today. The Years That Are Past On Thomas Hardy—By P. N. FURBANK 1 HIS BIOGRAPHY comes at the right moment, Robert Gittings: it is scholarly, perceptive and T when quite a heap of materials have accumu- judicious, altogether skilful and professional. He lated for a life of Thomas Hardy, and a legend or has made many discoveries of his own, including two has seeded and sprouted around them. The one or two startling ones; and he has sifted the book, too, has the virtues you might expect from recent work of others with an expert sense of relevance and admirable powers of logical 1 inference. Altogether, there is a lot that is new in Ytung Thomas Hardy. By ROBERT GITTINGS. Heinemann, £4.95. this book. Robert Gittings says (I don't remember PRODUCED 2005 BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED Special Book Section: Literature & Criticism 67 seeing it suggested elsewhere) that the notion that Emma was hereditarily insane was put into Hardy's head by his second wife, to protect him Language and Style Series from the pain of believing what Emma had General Editor: Stephen Ullmann written about him in her diary. It is convincingly argued, and the plot sounds just like life. Again, Robert Gittings convinces us, there is a clue to Style and Structure The Well-Beloved in the fact that, over the years, in Literature Hardy fell in love with no less than three of his Sparks cousins—no doubt searching, like Jocelyn Essays in the New Stylistics Pierston in the novel, for the same family features Edited by ROGER FOWLER (his mother's? his own?). And another example of Gittings's method and shrewdness is his This book contains essays by international demonstration that Hardy's account, in the Life, experts in literary stylistics. It aims to present of his dealings with Tinsley the publisher was up-to-date views, both theoretical and fictitious, an attempt to improve on boring practical, on a variety of topics in literary criticism and poetics—in particular, on actuality. Thus, there is no doubt, the biography issues raised by the conjunction of literary is a most solid achievement. And if this rest of theory, linguistics and structuralism. this review is, to some extent, an attack, it is an In recent years, American and British attack on a most intelligent and rewarding book. linguistics, and French structuralism, have The nub of the attack is that nowhere in the promised to revitalize literary studies. The book, so far as I can remember, does Robert new stylistics is founded on a basically Gittings actually say anything nice about anthropological premise, that literature is a Thomas Hardy—about Hardy the man, I mean; cultural institution which may be under- for he shows a proper warmth about the novels stood by analysis according to the methods and poems. I am probably exaggerating, but that of the social sciences. Among these sciences, linguistics is the most developed and the is the impression it leaves. The words "fair- most sophisticated. minded" spring to one's lips, for Robert Gittings is no hagiographer and does not mince words CONTENTS about Hardy's shortcomings. Hardy, he says, Introduction: The New Stylistics was timid and morbidly sensitive, he was secretive Roger Fowler and devious, he was a sado-masochist and, for 1. The Strategy of Fusion: Dylan Thomas's long, emotionally immature; he was, in addition, Syntax a snob, keeping his humble connections dark Donald C. Freeman from his fashionable friends and eventually 2. The Self-Reflexive Artefact: The Func- disowning them. The judgments are passed tion of Mimesis in an Approach to a coolly and without animus and are not intended Theory of Value for Literature to make Hardy out a villain. They are truly £. L. Epstein "fair-minded", except that—and it is puzzling 3. Language and the Reader: Shakes- —there is nothing in the other pan of the scales. peare's Sonnet 73 I puzzle as to the reason for this. It could be, Roger Fowler simply, that Hardy was not a very nice man. 4. Defining Narrative Units Only I feel that I would have liked him; though Jonathan Culler it is very true I would not wish to have been 5. Analytic and Synthetic Approaches to Narrative Structure: Sherlock Holmes married to him. Going to the other extreme in and 'The Sussex Vampire' explanation, it could be the old problem afflicting L. M. O'Toole biographies of writers: that the activities we 6. Story, Character, Setting and Narrative admire writers for are, in the nature of things, Modes in Gald6s's E/amigo Manso conducted unseen, so that, though the writers may John Rutherford be heroes or saints in their art, they will show up 7. The Structure of Narrative Transmission poorly against a St Francis or Garibaldi, whose Seymour Chatman activities we witness. There is another general explanation one might £6.00 net 0 631 15640 2 invoke. Most men in the public eye devote their Metric Demy 8vo/vii+262 pp days and nights to concealing their faults; authors, on the other hand, spend their time BASIL BLACKWELL writing about them. Who does not know that Dickens was a hypocrite and Proust a snob? PUBLISHER • OXFORD Their biographers are rather severe on the sub- PRODUCED 2005 BY UNZ.ORG ELECTRONIC REPRODUCTION PROHIBITED 68 Special Book Section: Literature & Criticism ject, but the tip was given them by Dickens and talent, best employed with settings and people he Proust themselves.
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