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Evaluating and Comparing Descendants of Stallions from the Dark Ronald Line in Czech Warmblood Breeding According to Basic Body Measurements

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Evaluating and Comparing Descendants of Stallions from the Dark Ronald Line in Czech Warmblood Breeding According to Basic Body Measurements 11 1RYHPEHU 2020, Brno, Czech Republic Evaluating and comparing descendants of stallions from the Dark Ronald line in Czech Warmblood breeding according to basic body measurements Zuzana Kubikova, Iva Jiskrova, Barbora Kubistova Department of Animal Breeding Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno CZECH REPUBLIC [email protected] Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the Dark Ronald stallion line in the breeding of the Czech Warmblood. To evaluate the importance of the line, the offspring of stallions authorized to act as stud horses in the breeding of the Czech Warmblood were used. The values of the basic body measurements of their offspring (SHW, THW, ChC and CBC) were used to evaluate the quality of the stallions. A total of 6 breeding stallions were compared: two representatives of the Holsteiner horse (2765 CASSILIUS, 2666 PORTER), one Russian Holsteiner (2782 BALLAST), one Slovak Warmblood (794 CORSÁR), one Dutch Warmblood (2745 OSCAR) and one representative of the Zweibrücker breed (662 CARBIDO). The group for comparison consisted of 284 offspring of the Czech Warmblood breed from these sires. Evaluation by the GLM model detected statistically significant differences between the basic body measurements of the individual groups of offspring. The influence of the dams on the basic body measurements of offspring was taken into account by a graphical comparison of the massiveness and boniness indices. It was found that the stallion 2782 BALLAST significantly affects the massiveness of his offspring, but the dam has a greater influence on boniness than the sire. Furthermore, it was found that mares are statistically significantly more massive than stallions, but that they have a smaller cannon bone circumference. It was found that the progeny of 2666 PORTER is the most balanced, while in other stallions it is highly variable, and the greatest, statistically significant influence of the sire can be observed in the stallion 2782 BALLAST. Key Words: stallion, offspring, line, Czech Warmblood INTRODUCTION The main trend in contemporary horse breeding is the production of high-quality athletes capable of the best possible performance. Breeders One of the main assessment criteria in horse breeding is sporting performance, and individual breeders’ associations try to respond to this demand in their breeding programmes (Czech Warmblood Horse Association 2017). The right choice of horses for breeding is therefore extremely important. Cross-breeding is used to correct the traits of certain breeds. This phenomenon can be seen relatively frequently in warmblood breeding, since the use of English Thoroughbred stud horses to increase constitutional hardness is common. Unfortunately, however, this refinement also entails a negative aspect: the lightening of the frame, which is definitely not desirable for a sport horse (Dušek 2011). Sobotková and Oravcová (2014) state that the Czech Warmblood should be a noble, sound and easy-to-ride horse which is suitable for all FEI equestrian disciplines due to its character, temperament, stride and elastic movement and good health. At the same time, however, it should be suitable for recreational and carriage riding. An adult Czech Warmblood horse has a medium build with good lines, a solid foundation and no apparent defects or diseases of a genetic nature. The breed standard gives the range for stick height at withers as 161−167 cm for mares and 162−170 cm for stallions (Czech Warmblood Horse Breeders Association 2017). According to Dušek (2011), the variability of conformation in the Czech Warmblood has been affected by the relatively short period of improvement and the use of a large number of breeds. The aim of the current breeders’ association 116 11 1RYHPEHU 2020, Brno, Czech Republic should therefore be to place greater emphasis on the conformation of breeding stock. Individuals for breeding should be free of exterior defects, have a strong constitution and be in good health. Saastamoinen and Barrey (2000) say that the conformation plays an important role in the breeding programme of Horse Breeders Association to achieve better soundness and locomotion and thus, in practical selection, individuals with serious weaknesses and conformational defects should be culled. Dark Ronald was an English Thoroughbred stallion who was sold to the German stud in 1913 (Eurodressage 2020). Peters (2005) reports that Dark Ronald was a good racer but had far greater significance as a stud horse. Although he only physically stood in England and Germany, his influence has been global and he has influenced the breeding of many warmblood breeds. Dark Ronald was sired by Bay Ronald and was the founder of one of the two Thoroughbred lines which have long dominated warmblood breeding in Germany. His Thoroughbred sons Son-in-Law and Dark Legend went on to play an important role in the pedigrees of showjumpers throughout Europe and North America (Birdsall 2017). According to Peters (2005), Dark Ronald had good conformation and a powerful frame, was well-muscled and was fairly low at the withers, which became typical of this line. MATERIAL AND METHODS The underlying database was created from data provided on the website of the Association of Czech Warmblood Breeders. Six stud horses classified within the Dark Ronald line were selected and the relevant data on the stud horses and their offspring were collected. The database contains a total of 284 descendants, with the following data being recorded for each of them: name, year of birth, year of measuring, sex, sire’s data, and body measurements: stick height at withers (SHW), tape height at withers (THW), chest circumference (ChC) and cannon bone circumference (CBC). The database of descendants was created in the programme Microsoft Office Excel 2010. The data acquired were then statistically processed using the GLM linear model in the statistical programme Statistica. Each stud horse was assigned an internal identification number from 1 to 6 solely for the purposes of statistical processing. The effect of the sire, year of birth and sex on the values of the basic body measurements was observed. It was also necessary to separate sex numerically into groups 1 (stallions and geldings) and 2 (mares). In addition, hippometric indices were calculated: a massiveness index and a boniness index for offspring, sires and dams. The indices were subsequently graphically processed, compared and evaluated. Distribution of stud horses 1) 2765 CASSILIUS 2) 2782 BALLAST 3) 662 CARBIDO 4) 794 CORSÁR 5) 2666 PORTER 6) 2745 OSCAR Model equation: yijk = μ + pi + qj + rk +eijk where: yijk is the observed effect (SHW, THW, ChC and CBC) μ is the total average of the set pi is the fixed effect of the i-th group of sires (i = 1,…, 6) qj is the fixed effect of the j-th year of birth (j = 1,…, 20) rk is the fixed effect of the k-th sex (k = 1,2) eijk is the random effect Based on the results of the general linear model, the differences between values were established by subsequent testing using the Scheffe method. The test was conducted at a significance level of P ≤ 0.01. 117 11 1RYHPEHU 2020, Brno, Czech Republic Hippometric indices Formula for the massiveness index: * 100 ChC SWH Formula for the boniness index: * 100 CBC SWH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 Results of statistical significance of variance analysis by GLM Body Sire Year of birth Sex measurement SHW - * - ChC ** - ** CBC - - * Evaluation by the GLM model in Table 1 revealed high statistical significance of the observed effects of sire and sex for the basic body measurement of chest circumference. Another two statistically significant effects were noted with tape height at withers and cannon bone circumference. A highly significant influence of the sire could only be proven statistically in the case of chest circumference. This confirms that the transfer of sires’ phenotypic traits to offspring exhibits a degree of heritability, but according to these results it primarily affects massiveness. The effect of the year of birth emerged as statistically significant for the attribute SHW. This result can be explained by the fact that more descendants with an above-average stick height at withers were born in one of the year groups. The highly significant statistical result for the effect of sex on chest circumference can be rated very positively since the conformation of stallions and mares should be different. When assessing the influence of sex on cannon bone circumference, a statistically significant effect was recorded. Cannon bone circumference is an important breed attribute subject to Czech Warmblood standards. That is why the assessment and observation of this measurement is extremely important, as it indicates the strength of the skeleton, which is highly desirable. At present it is essential that stud horses with the ability to pass on a powerful frame to their offspring are included in breeding, as the influence of a wide range of different breeds in Czech Warmblood breeding has resulted in it becoming lighter, which is definitely undesirable for the breed. It can therefore be said that the importance of observing this attribute has been confirmed and statistically proven. Results of effect of sires on chest circumference Table 2 Results of comparison of stud horses according to offspring ChC by Scheffe testing No. of Average Name 662 Carbido 2666 Porter 2745 Oscar offspring ChC 2765 Cassilius 53 191.02 cm - - - 2782 Ballast 72 195.08 cm * * * 662 Carbido 50 190.44 cm - - - 794 Corsár 37 190.95 cm - - - 2666 Porter 50 189.58 cm - - - 2745 Oscar 22 188.68 cm - - - The evaluation by Scheffe subsequent testing in Table 2 showed that offspring by the stud horse 2782 Ballast have a statistically significantly higher chest circumference than offspring by the stallions 662 Carbido, 2666 Porter and 2745 Oscar. According to the average values, it can be stated that the group of offspring by 2782 Ballast achieves the highest value from the whole assessed set, with a difference of 6.4 cm compared to the group by 2745 Oscar, which has the lowest average group value.
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