DOCSLIB.ORG

Encapsulation of Risperidone by Methylated Β-Cyclodextrins: Physicochemical and Molecular Modeling Studies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Encapsulation of Risperidone by Methylated Β-Cyclodextrins: Physicochemical and Molecular Modeling Studies molecules Article Encapsulation of Risperidone by Methylated β-Cyclodextrins: Physicochemical and Molecular Modeling Studies 1,2 3 1,2, 1,2 Laura Sbârcea , Ionut, -Mihai Tănase , Adriana Ledet, i * , Denisa Cîrcioban , Gabriela Vlase 4, Paul Barvinschi 5, Marinela Miclău 6, Renata-Maria Văru¸t 7, 8 1,2,3 Cristina Trandafirescu and Ionut, Ledet, i 1 Department of Pharmacy I, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babe¸s”University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (I.L.) 2 Advanced Instrumental Screening Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania 3 Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 6 Vasile Parvan Blvd, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] 4 Research Centre for Thermal Analysis in Environmental Problems, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi Street, 300115 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, 4 Vasile Parvan Blvd, 300223 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] 6 National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, 144 Dr. A. Păunescu-Podeanu Street, 300587 Timisoara, Romania; [email protected] 7 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 2–4 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania; [email protected] 8 Department of Pharmacy II, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babe¸s”University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; trandafi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editors: Tivadar Feczkó and László Biczók Received: 9 November 2020; Accepted: 1 December 2020; Published: 3 December 2020 Abstract: Risperidone (RSP) is an atypical antipsychotic drug which acts as a potent antagonist of serotonin-2 (5TH2) and dopamine-2 (D2) receptors in the brain; it is used to treat schizophrenia, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and irritability associated with autism. It is a poorly water soluble benzoxazole derivative with high lipophilicity. Supramolecular adducts between drug substance and two methylated β-cyclodextrins, namely heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β- cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD) were obtained in order to enhance RSP solubility and improve its biopharmaceutical profile. The inclusion complexes were evaluated by means of thermoanalytical methods (TG—thermogravimetry/DTG—derivative thermogravimetry/HF—heat flow), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), universal-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (UATR-FTIR), UV spectroscopy and saturation solubility studies. Job’s method was employed for the determination of the stoichiometry of the inclusion complexes, which was found to be 2:1 for both guest–host systems. Molecular modeling studies were carried out for an in-depth characterization of the interaction between drug substance and cyclodextrins (CDs). The physicochemical properties of the supramolecular systems differ from those of RSP, demonstrating the inclusion complex formation between drug and CDs. The RSP solubility was enhanced as a result of drug encapsulation in the CDs cavity, the higher increase being obtained with DM-β-CD as host; the guest–host system RSP/DM-β-CD can thus be a starting point for further research in developing new formulations containing RSP, with enhanced bioavailability. Molecules 2020, 25, 5694; doi:10.3390/molecules25235694 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2020, 25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 Molecules 2020, 25, 5694 2 of 15 Keywords: risperidone; cyclodextrins; molecular encapsulation; inclusion complex; solubility Keywords: risperidone; cyclodextrins; molecular encapsulation; inclusion complex; solubility 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Cyclodextrins (CDs) are macrocyclic molecules that have been extensively used in the last decadeCyclodextrins in the pharmaceutical (CDs) are macrocyclic field, cosmetics, molecules food, that have textile, been separation extensively science used in theand last chemical decade industries.in the pharmaceutical They contain field, six, cosmetics, seven or eight food, D-glucopyranose textile, separation units science (α, and β and chemical γ-cyclodextrin) industries. linked They incontain α (1–4) six, to seven form or a eight hollow, D-glucopyranose truncated-cone-shape units (α, structureβ and γ-cyclodextrin) with hydrophilic linked outer in α (1–4)surface to formand hydrophobica hollow, truncated-cone-shape internal cavity. This structure particular with structure hydrophilic is responsible outer surface for CDs and property hydrophobic of establishing internal specificcavity. Thisinteraction particular with structure a variety isof responsibledrug molecules; for CDs guest–host property inclusion of establishing complexes specific are thus interaction formed bywith trapping a variety the of drug drug into molecules; CD cavity guest–host [1–5]. Mole inclusioncular encapsulation complexes are of thusbioactive formed compounds by trapping in the CDsdrug has into achieved CD cavity pharmaceutical [1–5]. Molecular relevance encapsulation since ofthe bioactive physical, compounds chemical inand the biopharmaceutical CDs has achieved characteristicspharmaceutical of relevance guest molecules since the are physical, remarkably chemical improved. and biopharmaceutical CD inclusion complexes characteristics can increase of guest the solubilitymolecules of are insoluble remarkably drug improved. molecules CD and inclusion the antioxidant complexes properties, can increase can the improve solubility the of insolublechemical stability,drug molecules the biological and the activity antioxidant and the properties, bioavailab canility improveof guest substances, the chemical may stability, reduce/eliminate the biological the unpleasantactivity and smell the bioavailability and taste, may of guest prevent substances, drug–excipient may reduce or /eliminatedrug–drug the interactions unpleasant [6–15]. smell and β- cyclodextrintaste, may prevent (β-CD) drug–excipient is the most frequently or drug–drug used in interactions the pharmaceutical [6–15]. β field-cyclodextrin due to its (β availability,-CD) is the appropriatemost frequently internal used cavity in the pharmaceuticalsize for an important field due number to its availability, of drug appropriatesubstances and internal economic cavity advantages.size for an important β-CD is also number non-toxic, of drug biodegradable, substances and but economic it has a limited advantages. aqueousβ-CD solubility is also [2,4,16]. non-toxic, In orderbiodegradable, to enhance but its itsolubility, has a limited CD derivatives aqueous solubility have been [2 ,developed,4,16]. In order among to enhance them methylated its solubility, β-CDs CD [17,18].derivatives have been developed, among them methylated β-CDs [17,18]. Risperidone (abbreviated(abbreviated RSP RSP in thisin paper),this paper),3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl]- 3-[2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1- yl]ethyl]-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido [1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one [1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one(Figure (Figure1) is an 1) atypical is an atypical antipsychotic antipsychotic drug, drug,belonging belonging to the class to the of pyridopyrimidinesclass of pyridopyrimidines used in treating used schizophrenia,in treating schizophrenia, behavioral and behavioral psychological and psychologicalsymptoms of dementiasymptoms and of dementia irritability and associated irritability with associated autism [with19,20 autism]. It is [19,20]. a potent It inhibitoris a potent of inhibitorserotonin-2 of serotonin-2 (5TH2) and (5 dopamine-2TH2) and dopamine-2 (D2) receptors (D2) receptors in the brain. in the brain. RSP belongs RSP belongs to class to class II in II the in theBiopharmaceutics Biopharmaceutics Classification Classification System System (BCS); (BCS); it is it practically is practically insoluble insoluble in water in water and exhibitsand exhibits high highlipophilicity lipophilicity (log (logP of P 3.49) of 3.49) [19 ,[19,21,22].21,22]. RSP RSP presents presents the the ability ability to to form form polymorphs polymorphs [[19],19], thatthat can possess different different solubility, dissolution rates, affecting affecting thus the biopharmaceutical profile profile of drug substance [23]. [23]. O N O F N N N Figure 1. StructuralStructural formula of risperidone (RSP). Among the the different different strategies strategies aiming aiming at atimprov improvinging the the solubility solubility of drug of drug substances substances withwith low solubilitylow solubility and andhigh high permeability, permeability, inclusion inclusion complexation complexation with with CDs CDs is isa avaluable valuable approach approach [23]. [23]. Encapsulation of of RSP RSP in in CDs CDs has has been been mentioned mentioned in the in theseveral several papers; papers; inclusion inclusion complexes complexes of drug of withdrug β with-CD βand-CD hydroxypropyl- and hydroxypropyl-β-CD β(HP--CDβ (HP--CD)β -CD)have havebeen beeninvestigated investigated and andformulated formulated for parenteralfor parenteral administration administration and nasal and nasalapplication application [24,25], [24 solid,25], dispersion solid dispersion of risperidone of risperidone with methyl- with βmethyl--cyclodextrinβ-cyclodextrin
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ©[2010] Diana Y. Lee ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    ©[2010] Diana Y. Lee ALL RIGHTS RESERVED EFFECTS OF DRYING METHODS ON THE STABILITY OF 2,4-DECADIENAL ENCAPSULATED IN AN O/W NANOEMULSION By DIANA Y. LEE A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Science Graduate Program in Food Science Written under the direction of Qingrong Huang and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey [May, 2010] ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Effects of drying methods on the stability of 2,4-decadienal encapsulated in an o/w nanoemulsion By DIANA Y. LEE Thesis Director: Qingrong Huang The flavor industry has utilized many encapsulation methods in order to provide customers with stable flavors that maintain their integrity during various processing procedures. Savory flavors in particular have a unique hurdle to overcome, as they are subject to extreme temperature abuse, such as frying, baking, sautéing, and boiling. Highly sensitive compounds such as 2,4-Decadienal, that provide distinct characteristics to savory foods such as french fries and chicken, are particularly susceptible to change during these processes. Using oil in water nanoemulstions of diameters between 20-800 nanometers as well as various drying methods to encapsulate volatile compounds have been an exciting avenue for flavor encapsulation. The present research will focus on the stability of 2,4- Decadienal using oil in water nanoparticles of medium chain triglycerides (Neobee) in addition to multilayer encapsulation; spray drying and freeze drying. ii A slurry of 2,4-decadienal, maltodextrin, gum, Neobee and water were homogenized via high speed at 13,500 rpm and high pressure under 1500 bar to create a stable nanoemulsion.
    [Show full text]
  • Encapsulation of Gases in Powder Solid Matrices and Their Applications: a Review
    ÔØ ÅÒÙ×Ö ÔØ Encapsulation of gases in powder solid matrices and their applications: a review Thao M. Ho, Tony Howes, Bhesh R. Bhandari PII: S0032-5910(14)00265-4 DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.03.054 Reference: PTEC 10142 To appear in: Powder Technology Received date: 4 December 2013 Revised date: 18 March 2014 Accepted date: 21 March 2014 Please cite this article as: Thao M. Ho, Tony Howes, Bhesh R. Bhandari, Encapsulation of gases in powder solid matrices and their applications: a review, Powder Technology (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.03.054 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Encapsulation of gases in powder solid matrices and their applications: a review Thao M. Hoa, Tony Howes b, Bhesh R. Bhandaria * a School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia b School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia * Corresponding author. Address: School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. Tel.: +61 7 33469192; fax: +61 7 33651177. E-mail address: [email protected] (B.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Properties of Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Possessing Hydrophilic Terminal Group
    Polymer Journal, Vol.34, No. 10, pp 755—760 (2002) Synthesis and Properties of Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Possessing Hydrophilic Terminal Group † Kyung-Mee KIM, Mitsutoshi JIKEI, and Masa-aki KAKIMOTO Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152–8552, Japan (Received May 13, 2002; Accepted August 26, 2002) ABSTRACT: The amphiphilic hyperbranched poly(dimethylsiloxane) (HPDMS) bearing dimethylamine groups on the terminal position was synthesized and characterized. The obtained polymer exhibited low viscosity, and good solu- bility in ether, THF, and acidic aqueous solution. In the acidic aqueous polymer solution, UV-vis absorption and photo luminescence of water-insoluble chromic compounds such as diphenylhexatriene were measured in order to investigate solvating power of hyperbranched poly(dimethylsiloxane)s. It has turned out from the UV absorbance data that a HPDMS solubilized about five molecules of 1,6-diphenylhexatriene. KEY WORDS Amphiphilc Polymer / Hyperbranched Polymer / PDMS / Poly(dimethylsiloxane) / Hydrophilic / Hydrophobic / It is well known that silicon-based polymers, partic- of hyperbranched poly(dimethylsiloxane)s (HPDMSs) ularly polysiloxanes, have unique properties that lead from a novel AB2 type monomer, bis(dimethyl- to a wide range of applications in coatings, adhesives, diethylaminosiloxy)methylsiloxydimethylsilanol.24 cosmetics, and surfactants.1–3 Thus, the preparation The HPDMS end-capped with dimethylphenylsilanol of their hyperbranched
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Encapsulation in Kinetically Trapped, Hydrogen-Bonded Pyrogallolarene Hexamers
    University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 6-1-2014 Molecular Encapsulation in Kinetically Trapped, Hydrogen-Bonded Pyrogallolarene Hexamers Jennifer Christine Chapin Lake University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Chapin Lake, Jennifer Christine, "Molecular Encapsulation in Kinetically Trapped, Hydrogen-Bonded Pyrogallolarene Hexamers" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 120. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/120 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. MOLECULAR ENCAPSULATION IN KINETICALLY TRAPPED, HYDROGEN-BONDED PYROGALLOLARENE HEXAMERS __________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________ by Jennifer Christine Chapin Lake June 2014 Advisor: Byron W. Purse ©Copyright by Jennifer Christine Chapin Lake 2014 All Rights Reserved Author: Jennifer Christine Chapin Lake Title: MOLECULAR ENCAPSULATION IN KINETICALLY TRAPPED, HYDROGEN-BONDED PYROGALLOLARENE HEXAMERS Advisor: Byron W. Purse Degree Date: June 2014 Abstract Pyrogallolarene and resorcinarene hexamers are hydrogen-bonded capsules that self-assemble in the solid state and can be studied in gaseous and solution phases. Guest loading within pyrogallolarene hexamers in solution has primarily been comprised of solvent molecules with some tertiary amines. A novel solvent-free method for loading guests into the interior of the hexamer has been shown to be effective for encapsulation of a variety of molecules.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyclodextrins As Drug Carrier Molecule: a Review
    Sci Pharm www.scipharm.at Review Open Access Cyclodextrins as Drug Carrier Molecule: A Review ARUN RASHEED *, ASHOK KUMAR C. K., SRAVANTHI V. V. N. S. S. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Sri Sainath Nagar, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India-517502 * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (R. Arun) Sci Pharm. 2008; 76: 567–598 doi:10.3797/scipharm.0808-05 Published: November 1st 2008 Received: August 5th 2008 Accepted: October 31st 2008 This article is available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.0808-05 © Arun et al; licensee Österreichische Apotheker-Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H., Vienna, Austria. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The cyclodextrins have a wide range of applications in different areas of drug delivery and pharmaceutical industry due to their complexation ability and other versatile characteristics. The most common pharmaceutical application of cyclodextrin is to enhance the solubility, stability, safety and bioavailability of drug molecules. The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize some of the findings and applications of cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives in different areas of drug delivery. This article highlights the molecular structure, properties like complexation, solubility etc. of cyclodextrins and focuses on its use for parenteral, oral, ophthalmic and nasal drug delivery. Other routes including dermal, rectal, sublingual and pulmonary delivery are also briefly addressed. The objective of this contribution is to focus on the potential use of chemically modified cyclodextrins as high-performance drug carriers in drug delivery systems with emphasis on the more recent developments.
    [Show full text]
  • Photocontrolled Self-Assembly of a Fluorescent Anthracene at Nano- and Microscales Christiaan J.F
    Photocontrolled self-assembly of a fluorescent anthracene at nano- and microscales Christiaan J.F. de Vet To cite this version: Christiaan J.F. de Vet. Photocontrolled self-assembly of a fluorescent anthracene at nano- and mi- croscales. Organic chemistry. Université de Bordeaux, 2016. English. NNT : 2016BORD0333. tel-02003479 HAL Id: tel-02003479 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02003479 Submitted on 1 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES CHIMIQUES SPÉCIALITÉ CHIMIE ORGANIQUE Christiaan J.F. de Vet Auto-assemblage d'un anthracène fluorescent aux échelles nano- et micrométriques par photoréaction contrôlée Photocontrolled self-assembly of a fluorescent anthracene at nano- and microscales Sous la direction de: Prof. André DEL GUERZO Soutenue le 9 Décembre 2016 Membres du jury : Mme. ISHOW, Elena Professeur, Univ. de Nantes Rapporteur M. SOPPERA, Olivier Directeur de recherche, Univ. de Haute Alsace Rapporteur M. BARTHELEMY, Philippe Professeur, Univ. de Bordeaux Président M. DEL GUERZO, André Professeur, Univ. de Bordeaux Directeur Voor ome Ad… Remerciements These three years have been an interesting experience which did not only consist of dealing with the challenges of scientific research, but also a change of culture and language.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Encapsulation
    REVIEWS Molecular Encapsulation Fraser Hof, Stephen L. Craig, Colin Nuckolls, and Julius Rebek, Jr.* Dedicated to Ivar Ugi Louis Kahn, architect of the Salk nents. This review is about molecular ble–an expression of the molecule×s Institute in La Jolla, said[1] ™even a aggregates of a certain sort, namely, desire to be something more than it common, ordinary brick wants to be those that assemble and more or less is–results from instructions engi- something more than it is.∫ Suppose completely surround other molecules. neered into the molecules during their that were also true of molecules. We Taking part in this intimacy imparts creation. know that they can and do aggregate; unique properties to the participants, they give complex structures, and by and new functions emerge from the Keywords: host ± guest systems ¥ mo- doing so they acquire new properties– aggregate as a whole. For the most lecular capsules ¥ molecular recogni- functions that may not be apparent part, we emphasize self-complementa- tion ¥ self-assembly from a study of the individual compo- ry structures. Their ability to assem- 1. Introduction reaction templates were devised[17] and more complex systems were contrived. This is engineering (or is it art?)[18] at the In the 1980s, most of the publications on molecular molecular level.[19] It did not matter that these systems weren×t recognition dealt with the selectivity of synthetic receptors particularly efficient, what mattered was that they improved and the energetics of intermolecular forces, and were confined the understanding of three-component systems. for the most part to bimolecular systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Architectures in Cavitand Chemistry: Shaping Molecular Inner Space
    Novel Architectures in Cavitand Chemistry: Shaping Molecular Inner Space DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Keith Robert Hermann Graduate Program in Chemistry The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Professor Jovica D. Badjić, Advisor Professor T.V. RajanBabu Professor Psaras L. McGrier Copyright by Keith Robert Hermann 2014 Abstract As long as chemists have marveled at the specificity of interactions in enzymes, nucleic acids, and other biological motifs that contain an inner cavity, there has been much desire to construct molecules that mimic these in function. Inspired by work performed by Charles J. Pederson on crown ethers, Donald J. Cram conducted seminal research into the construction and the host-guest interactions of a number of molecular architectures, specifically with his work on carcerands and hemicarcerands. Since Cram’s early work, the field of cavitand chemistry has taken off, providing endless examples in architecture capable of enclosing the space around a guest molecule. Some common examples of artificial hosts are cryptophanes, cucurbit[n]urils, and calixaranes. Function and application vary as much as structure, and range from stabilizing reactive intermediates and probing fundamental questions in physical organic chemistry, to drug delivery and chiral separations. Meanwhile, in the Badjić Group, the development of cavitands functionalized with dynamic apertures, or gates, has allowed us to probe fundamental questions in the kinetics of encapsulation. These studies, however, have relied upon a single C3v symmetric host. As a result, the group has taken on the challenge of constructing new architectures giving consideration toward the inner space geometry to allow for installation of “gate” moieties onto these architectures.
    [Show full text]
  • Shear-Induced Microporous Nanocomposite Epoxy Thermosets (Minet) Molla Hasan, Yogin Patel, Arielle R
    Shear-Induced Microporous Nanocomposite Epoxy Thermosets (MiNET) Molla Hasan, Yogin Patel, Arielle R. Gamboa, Michael J. Grzenda, Valeria Saro-Cortes, Vivek Mhatre, Jonathan P. Singer Abstract To create microporous nanocomposite epoxy thermosets (MiNET), a mixing pathway is demonstrated in which a bicontinuous emulsion gel (bijel) like viscous fluid is kinetically trapped by high shear mixing of immiscible liquids, surfactant, and nanoparticles. The MiNETs are prepared from common ingredients, that are widely employed in industry, including epoxy resin, vegetable oil, epoxidized soybean oil, and different types of nanoparticles such as silica, activated carbon, alumina, and zinc oxide. MiNETs prepared by the presented route are processed at ambient conditions and exhibit low shrinkage (less than 2%). Furthermore, they are suitable to erect macro- to microscale structures with high precision and various porosity. The interconnected porous architecture of MiNET is even preserved in microscale features and thus ensures the mass transport in microstructures. With facile processability and tunability of pore sizes in a wide range (~100 nm to few microns), the proposed route overcomes the two major roadblocks – difficulty in fabrication and large domain size (on the order of 5µm or larger) – of bijel-like materials to apply in catalysis, energy storage, and molecular encapsulation. Introduction: Porous materials with tunable surface to volume ratio and chemistry have numerous applications, including tissue engineering,[1] catalysis,[2] smart filtering,[3, 4], fuel cells,[5] and sensors.[6, 7] These materials are also essential to unlock the physics of mass transport phenomena in porous media.[7, 8] To synthesize the porous materials in the aforementioned applications and studies, numerous methods have been developed, for example metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), sol-gel, particles sintering, and emulsion templating.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Sample Preparation Approaches for Separation Science
    molecules Modern Sample Preparation Approaches for Separation Science Edited by Nuno Neng Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Molecules www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Modern Sample Preparation Approaches for Separation Science Modern Sample Preparation Approaches for Separation Science Special Issue Editor Nuno Neng MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Nuno Neng Universidade de Lisboa Portugal Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is areprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules/ special issues/modern sample separation) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-411-2 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-412-9 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Modern Sample Preparation Approaches for Separation Science” .......... ix Ruiqin Zhu, Ying Dong, Xiangyang Cai and Chuixiu Huang Determination of Barbiturates in Biological Specimens by Flat Membrane-Based Liquid-Phase Microextraction and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Reprinted from: molecules 2019, 24, 1494, doi:10.3390/molecules24081494 .............
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent 19 (11) Patent Number: 5,321,014 Janz Et Al
    III US005321 014A United States Patent 19 (11) Patent Number: 5,321,014 Janz et al. (45. Date of Patent: Jun. 14, 1994 (54) MOLECULAR ENCAPSULATION AND 4,834,985 5/1989 Elger et al...................... 424/488 DELVERY OF ALKENES ALKYNES AND 4,956,351 9/1990 Mesens et al. ........................ 514/58 LONG CHAINALKANES, TO LIVING 5,007,966 4/1991 Hedges et al. ..... ... 514/58 5,019,563 5/1991 Hunter et al. .. 536/03 MAMMALIAN CELLS 5,070,081 12/1991 Majid et al......... ... 514/58 (75) Inventors: Siegfried Janz, Bethesda; Emily 5,079,000 1/1992 Takahashi et al., ... 514/58 Shacter, Kensington, both of Md. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 73) Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Department of 53-10153158-21602 2/19829/1978 JapanE. Health and Human Services, 62-120344 6/1987 Japan. Washington, D.C. 1-287094; 11/1989 Japan . (21) Appl. No.:v Vy 723,2409 2090738 7/1982 United Kingdom . ila. Primary Examiner-Ronald W. Griffin (22 Filed: Jun. 28, 1991 Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Susan S. Rucker 51 Int. Cl. ...................... C12Q 1/02; A61K 31/715 (52 U.S.C. ...................................... 5/S8,536/103. 57 ABSTRACT 435/29 A complex of a cyclodextrin and an alkane, alkene, 58) Field of Search .......................... 514/58; 536/103; alkyne, aromatic compound, etc. can be prepared ac 435/29 cording to the method of the present invention. These (56) References Cited complexes can be delivered to prokaryotic and eukary otic cells, tissues, and organs in vitro and in vivo. In this U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmetotextile As Innovation in the Production of Protective Clothing Udk 677.027.625:687.17 Received: 2010-05-24 Accepted: 2011-03-23
    ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER SIGURNOST 53 (2) 103 - 108 (2011) D. Kisilak, M. Lajnšček, D. Golob, B. Vončina* COSMETOTEXTILE AS INNOVATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING UDK 677.027.625:687.17 RECEIVED: 2010-05-24 ACCEPTED: 2011-03-23 SUMMARY: A cosmetotextile is a textile article containing a substance or a preparation that is released over time on different superficial parts of the human body, notably on skin, and clai- ming special properties such as cleaning, perfuming, changing appearance, protecting, keeping in good condition or correcting of body odours and therefore very convenient to use for protec- tive clothing. Cosmetic preparations are usually in liquid form so it is necessary to encapsulate them. A cosmetotextile is a textile product which combines a cosmetic preparation, a textile and a linking agent. Because cosmetic preparations are usually in liquid form they need to be encap- sulated before applying on textiles. Man-made encapsulation can be divided into two groups: microencapsulation and molecular encapsulation. Microencapsulation is described as a process of enclosing micron-size particles of solids or droplets of liquids or gasses in an inert shell, whi- ch in turn isolates and protects them from the external environment. Molecular encapsulation involves all intermolecular interactions where covalent bonds are not established between the interacting species. The majority of these interactions are of the host-guest type. In our research we grafted molecular capsules onto various textile materials using a polyfuncti- onal reagent. We prepared textile materials with additional functionality: with increased adsor- ption capacity and delayed release of volatile active compounds. Some results of research work within the INO-09 project are presented.
    [Show full text]