Validation of the Dynamic Wake Meandering Model with Respect To
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Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Review Gravity-Based Foundations in the Offshore Wind Sector M. Dolores Esteban *, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez and Vicente Negro Research Group on Marine, Coastal and Port Environment and other Sensitive Areas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (J.-S.L.-G.); [email protected] (V.N.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 December 2018; Accepted: 24 January 2019; Published: 12 March 2019 Abstract: In recent years, the offshore wind industry has seen an important boost that is expected to continue in the coming years. In order for the offshore wind industry to achieve adequate development, it is essential to solve some existing uncertainties, some of which relate to foundations. These foundations are important for this type of project. As foundations represent approximately 35% of the total cost of an offshore wind project, it is essential that they receive special attention. There are different types of foundations that are used in the offshore wind industry. The most common types are steel monopiles, gravity-based structures (GBS), tripods, and jackets. However, there are some other types, such as suction caissons, tripiles, etc. For high water depths, the alternative to the previously mentioned foundations is the use of floating supports. Some offshore wind installations currently in operation have GBS-type foundations (also known as GBF: Gravity-based foundation). Although this typology has not been widely used until now, there is research that has highlighted its advantages over other types of foundation for both small and large water depth sites. There are no doubts over the importance of GBS. -
The Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm
The Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm A Popular Initiative 1 Middelgrunden Offshore Wind Farm Number of turbines............. 20 x 2 MW Installed Power.................... 40 MW Hub height......................... 64 metres Rotor diameter................... 76 metres Total height........................ 102 metres Foundation depth................ 4 to 8 metres Foundation weight (dry)........ 1,800 tonnes Wind speed at 50-m height... 7.2 m/s Expected production............ 100 GWh/y Production 2002................. 100 GWh (wind 97% of normal) Park efficiency.................... 93% Construction year................ 2000 Investment......................... 48 mill. EUR Kastrup Airport The Middelgrunden Wind Farm is situated a few kilometres away from the centre of Copenhagen. The offshore turbines are connected by cable to the transformer at the Amager power plant 3.5 km away. Kongedybet Hollænderdybet Middelgrunden Saltholm Flak 2 From Idea to Reality The idea of the Middelgrunden wind project was born in a group of visionary people in Copenhagen already in 1993. However it took seven years and a lot of work before the first cooperatively owned offshore wind farm became a reality. Today the 40 MW wind farm with twenty modern 2 MW wind turbines developed by the Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Cooperative and Copenhagen Energy Wind is producing electricity for more than 40,000 households in Copenhagen. In 1996 the local association Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office took the initiative of forming a working group for placing turbines on the Middelgrunden shoal and a proposal with 27 turbines was presented to the public. At that time the Danish Energy Authority had mapped the Middelgrunden shoal as a potential site for wind development, but it was not given high priority by the civil servants and the power utility. -
Structure, Equipment and Systems for Offshore Wind Farms on the OCS
Structure, Equipment and Systems for Offshore Wind Farms on the OCS Part 2 of 2 Parts - Commentary pal Author, Houston, Texas Houston, Texas pal Author, Project No. 633, Contract M09PC00015 Prepared for: Minerals Management Service Department of the Interior Dr. Malcolm Sharples, Princi This draft report has not been reviewed by the Minerals Management Service, nor has it been approved for publication. Approval, when given, does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Offshore : Risk & Technology Consulting Inc. December 2009 MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE CONTRACT Structure, Equipment and Systems for Offshore Wind on the OCS - Commentary 2 MMS Order No. M09PC00015 Structure, Equipment and Systems: Commentary Front Page Acknowledgement– Kuhn M. (2001), Dynamics and design optimisation of OWECS, Institute for Wind Energy, Delft Univ. of Technology TABLE OF CONTENTS Authors’ Note, Disclaimer and Invitation:.......................................................................... 5 1.0 OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................... 6 MMS and Alternative Energy Regulation .................................................................... 10 1.1 Existing Standards and Guidance Overview..................................................... 13 1.2 Country Requirements. .................................................................................... -
Final Info Packet
INTERNATIONAL OFFSHORE WIND POLICY FORUM DELEGATE INFORMATION PACKET SEPTEMBER 8 - 10, 2015 THE INTERNATIONAL OFFSHORE WIND POLICY FORUM FOR MASSACHUSETTS ELECTED OFFICIALS TABLE OF CONTENTS SEPTEMBER 8 - 10, 2015 INTERNATIONAL OFFSHORE WIND POLICY FORUM Itinerary 4 Policy Forum Participants 7 Massachusetts Elected Officials 8 Company and Speaker Profiles 14 Copenhagen 20 Brande 21 Aarhus 22 Grenaa 23 Logistical Overview 24 Hotel Overview 24 Medical Insurance 24 Climate 25 Electronics 25 Mobile Devices 26 Currency & Finances 27 Emergency Contacts & Safety 27 ITINERARY SEPTEMBER 8 - 10, 2015 INTERNATIONAL OFFSHORE WIND POLICY FORUM MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 2015 Travel to Copenhagen Dress: Casual Boston to Copenhagen Travel Arrangements TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 2015 Arrive in Copenhagen - Introductions & Welcome Dress: Business Casual NOON Arrival, Copenhagen 4:45PM Meet in hotel lobby and walk to welcome reception 5:00PM Welcome Reception Location: US Ambassador’s residence, Charlottenlund Speakers RUFUS GIFFORD US Ambassador MARTIN BÆK Climate and Energy Ministry MEMBER OF MA DELEGATION STEPHANIE MCLELLAN, Ph.D. Special Initiative on Offshore Wind, University of Deleware 7:30PM Dinner Location: Skovshoved Hotel Address: Strandvejen 267, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark Phone: +45 39 64 00 28 NIGHT Accomodation: Skovshoved Hotel Address: Strandvejen 267, 2920 Charlottenlund, Denmark Phone: +45 39 64 00 28 4 ITINERARY PAGE 2 OF 3 WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 2015 Travel to Grenaa & Aarhus - Offshore Wind Farm Tour and Facility Tour Dress: Casual 6:55AM -
The World´S Largest Off-Shore Windfarm, Middelgrunden 40 Mw
WORLD SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DAY 2001 WELS, AUSTRIA THE WORLD´S LARGEST OFF-SHORE WINDFARM, MIDDELGRUNDEN 40 MW Jens H. Larsen Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office (CEEO) ABSTRACT The Middelgrunden project is an offshore wind farm with a rated power capacity of 40 MW. The project consisting of 20 wind turbines at each 2 MW, is situated just 2 km outside the Copenhagen harbor on shallow water (3-5 meters deep). The wind farm is owned fifty/fifty by a wind energy cooperative and the Copenhagen Utility. This article summarizes the experiences from the planning of the project, and draws the perspectives for the future development of offshore wind power in Europe. Key words: windturbine cooperative, economic, offshore, foundation, environment, public awareness, renewable. The author is one of the promoter of the project and has been responsible for the preinvestigations and is now the projectleader for the windturbine cooperative. INTRODUCTION Today more than 100,000 Danish families are members of wind energy cooperatives and such owners have installed 86% of all Danish wind turbines. Until recently, the cooperatives were a very important and dominant factor in the development of the Danish wind energy sector (see figure 1). Since then, single person ownership has by far superseded the importance of the cooperatives. In the coming years the utilities are expected to play an increasing role in the establishment of large-scale offshore wind farms. The program of the Danish utilities alone has a total power of 750 MW within the next 8 years (The Offshore Wind-farm Working Group, 1997; Svenson et. -
Danish Energy Policy and Middelgrunden Off-Shore Wind Farm
DanishDanish energyenergy policypolicy andand MiddelgrundenMiddelgrunden OffOff--shoreshore WindWind FarmFarm Jens H. M. Larsen, M.Sc. Copenhagen Environment and Energy Office Energysavings Local information and implementation DanishDanish NetworkNetwork ofof EnergycentersEnergycenters Energyservice Energyservice Offices: 13 People: 50 DanishDanish EnergyEnergy PolicyPolicy z Danish olie in 1972 and oliecrisis in 1973 z Energyplans in year 76, 81, 90, z Year 1996 (Energy 21) z Green majority in parliment 1980-2000 z New libral goverment in 2001 DanishDanish EnergyEnergy PolicyPolicy -- updateupdate z Liberal Energy Market z Electricity Saving Fund, labelling ect. z Energy savings in buildings, new regulation z 2 % energy saving pr. year z 2 new offshore windfarms z Retrofit of 350 MW new wind on land NewNew DanishDanish WindWind PolicyPolicy No new capacity 2003-2006 Low expectations for new capacity after 2007 Market + Added price (Max 0.049 euro/ kWh) From Centralized to Decentralized CHP DK annual consumption 32 TWh Centralized production in the mid 80’s Decentralized production of today Transmission system in Denmark Two autonomy systems. Connection to Norway, Germany and Sweden Annual consumption 32 TWh COCO2--EmissionEmission andand EconomicEconomic GrowthGrowth 130 120 GDP fixed prices 110 CO2-emissions 100 Gross energy consumption 90 80 1988 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 Explanatory factors: 1) Renewable energy, 2) Energy savings, 3) Combined Heat Power EmissionEmission ofof danishdanish greenhousegreenhouse gasgas Production Cost -
80% Power from Wind in Denmark by 2030
WIND POWER OPPORTUNITIES IN DENMARK 80% Power from Wind in Denmark by 2030 [email protected] www.investindk.com 1 AGENDA . Offshore wind power trends . Denmark – a global hub for windpower . NEW ENERGY AGREEMENT . BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN DENMARK 4 TRENDS . GROWING GLOBAL MARKET . RECORD LOW SUBSIDIES . LARGER TURBINES . CONSOLIDATION IN THE VALUE CHAIN . NEW PLAYERS 3 MARKET TRENDS IN EUROPE 18.5 GW CAPACITY END OF 2018 . EUROPE: . Wind Europe Scenario 2016 = 70 to 100 GW Capacity in 2030 4 North Sea POTENTIAL – 70 to 150 GW CAPACITY BY 2040 Power Hub Island Very Large potential in Danish Part Source: Energinet and Northseawindpowerhub.eu 5 BALTIC SEA potential – 9.5 GW CAPACITY by 2030 and 35GW BY 2050 Country BIG 2030 Additional Further Upside 2030 2045 before 2050 Denmark 1,696 648 2,000 4,344 Germany 3,305 204 1,000 4,509 Sweden 472 6,048 4,500 11,020 Finland 616 0 1,500 2,116 Poland 2,232 3,076 2,000 7,308 Estonia 900 0 1,000 1,900 Lithuania 300 1,548 500 2,348 Latvia 0 0 1,500 1,500 Total 9,521 11,524 14,000 35,045 Source: Baltic InteGrid, BVG 6 Why denmark • Denmark is the global centre for wind turbine business and technology development – onshore and offshore • Favorable framework conditions with supportive and stable political climate • Growing market with many business opportunities • Access to the entire wind energy supply chain • Excellent facilities for R&D and testing • Large talent base due to 40 years of experience 7 NEW Energy AGREEMENT . -
Danish Offshore Wind Key Environmental Issues
danish offshore wind Key Environmental Issues dong energy vattenfall danish energy authority danish forest and nature agency danish offshore wind Key Environmental Issues dong energy vattenfall danish energy authority danish forest and nature agency Danish Off shore Wind – Key Environmental Issues Published by DONG Energy, Vattenfall, Th e Danish Energy Authority and Th e Danish Forest and Nature Agency November 2006 Copy editor: Photo credits: Operate A/S Cover Wind Turbine: Nysted Off shore Wind Farm Advisors: Cod: Jens Christensen The Environmental Group consisting of: Grey Seal: Svend Tougaard Jette Kjær, Vattenfall Hermit Crab: Maks Klaustrup Jesper Kyed Larsen, Vattenfall Common Eider: Daniel Bergmann Charlotte Boesen, DONG Energy Horns Rev Off shore Wind Farm: Christian B. Hvidt Henriette Hassing Corlin, DONG Energy Steff en Andersen , DONG Energy Following page Steff en Nielsen, Th e Danish Energy Authority Horns Rev Off shore Wind Farm: Christian B. Hvidt Danish Forest and Anne Grethe Ragborg, Th e Danish Forest and Nature Agency Nature Agency Karen M. Christensen, Th e Danish Forest and Nature Agency Chapter 1 opening page Nysted Off shore Wind Farm: Christian B. Hvidt Future activities suggested by the authors in this publication does not necessarily refl ect the policy recommendations of the publishers. Chapter 2 opening page Nysted Off shore Wind Farm: Nysted Off shore Wind Farm Language review: Textwise Chapter 3 opening page Nysted Off shore Wind Farm: Nysted Off shore Wind Farm Layout: Operate A/S Chapter 4 opening page Common mussels: Maks Klaustrup Printed by: Prinfo Holbæk-Hedehusene Chapter 5 opening page Fishing by Nysted Off shore Wind Farm: Christian B. -
Application of an Offshore Wind Farm Layout Optimization Methodology at Middelgrunden Wind Farm
Ocean Engineering 139 (2017) 287–297 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ocean Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oceaneng ff Application of an o shore wind farm layout optimization methodology at MARK Middelgrunden wind farm ⁎ Ajit C. Pillaia,b,c, , John Chicka,d, Mahdi Khorasanchia,e, Sami Barbouchib, Lars Johanninga,c a Industrial Doctorate Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK b EDF Energy R & D UK Centre, London, UK c Renewable Energy Group, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK d Institute for Energy Systems, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK e Department of Naval Architecture, Ocean, and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: This article explores the application of a wind farm layout evaluation function and layout optimization Offshore wind farm layout optimization framework to Middelgrunden wind farm in Denmark. This framework has been built considering the interests of Levelized cost of energy wind farm developers in order to aid in the planning of future offshore wind farms using the UK Round 3 wind Genetic algorithm farms as a point of reference to calibrate the model. The present work applies the developed evaluation tool to Particle swarm estimate the cost, energy production, and the levelized cost of energy for the existing as-built layout at Middelgrunden wind farm Middelgrunden wind farm; comparing these against the cost and energy production reported by the wind farm operator. From here, new layouts have then been designed using either a genetic algorithm or a particle swarm optimizer. -
Danish Wind Co-Ops Can Show Us the Way by Russ Christianson
Danish Wind Co-ops Can Show Us the Way By Russ Christianson It was hard to make out the usually prominent downtown skyline. Even the CN Tower was barely visible through the smoggy haze clogging the lakeshore. As my family and I arrived at Pearson Airport, having been away for most of the month of June in Denmark and France, we were greeted by one of the worst air quality days in Toronto’s history. Our arrival to the gridlock in Toronto was a stark contrast to strolling the pedestrian and bicycle friendly streets of Copenhagen, Denmark’s largest city. With a population over one million, it’s about half the size of the pre-amalgamated City of Toronto. And while Torontonians struggle to breath the air, the people of Copenhagen (and thousands of tourists) enjoy a very people- friendly atmosphere. In contrast to North America, bicycles, pedestrians, and ultra- modern public transit systems rule over the private automobile. The Dane’s emphasis on non-polluting individual and public transportation is not Middelgrunden: The latest and largest wind power the only reason for cleaner air in their major co-operative in Denmark, just off the coast of city. After the first oil crisis in 1973, the Copenhagen. More than seven thousand members own this 40 MW offshore wind park together with local Danes began a grassroots movement that utilities. It was inaugurated in May 2001. shifted their national energy priorities. At the time, Denmark was almost completely dependent on foreign oil for heating, transportation and electricity generation. Like many countries, they faced a fork in the road, and with characteristic intelligence and pragmatism, they chose conservation and renewable energy, and left the nuclear option behind. -
Enercon 1.5MW Turbine Nacelle
2/2/2015 WT Major Components Turbine Design II Andrew Kusiak Intelligent Systems Laboratory 2139 Seamans Center The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 52242 - 1527 [email protected] Tel: 319-335-5934 Fax: 319-335-5669 http://user.engineering.uiowa.edu/~ankusiak/ Sterzinger and Svrcek, NREP, 2004 The University of Iowa Intelligent Systems Laboratory The University of Iowa Intelligent Systems Laboratory Nacelle: Enercon 1.5MW Nacelle: GE 1.5 MW Turbine Turbine GE Turbine Information GE 1.5 MW Turbine: http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/15mw/index.htm GE 2.5 MW Turbine: http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/2xmw/index.htm GE 3.6 MW Turbine: http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/36mw/index.htm The University of Iowa T. Ackerman (2005), p.16 Intelligent Systems Laboratory The University of Iowa Intelligent Systems Laboratory 1 2/2/2015 Nacelle Components of Nacelle: Vestas 3 MW Turbine Condition Monitoring Systems AWEA, E. Smith, SKF The University of Iowa T. Ackerman (2005), p.17 Intelligent Systems Laboratory The University of Iowa Intelligent Systems Laboratory Drive Train Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines: Lift What makes the rotor turn? Lift The answer is obvious - the wind Difference in pressure created by the speed difference http://www.world-wind-energy.info/ The University of Iowa Intelligent Systems Laboratory The University of Iowa Intelligent Systems Laboratory 2 2/2/2015 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines: Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines: Lift Stall Stall Principles from airplanes and helicopters, with Stall = the lift from the low pressure on a few other turbine-related principles, e.g.: the upper surface of the wing disappears . -
Offshore Wind Farms
Offshore Statistics January 2009 Belgium N° of Water Distance to Project Location Capacity Turbines depth(m) shore (km) Online WT manufacturer IN OPERATION Thornton Bank phase 1 Off Zeebrugge 30 6 12 to 27 27 to 30 2008 Repower PLANNED 2015 Belwind Off Zeebrugge 330 - - - 2010 Vestas Thornton Bank phase 2 Off Zeebrugge 90 - - - 2010 Repower Thornton Bank phase 3 Off Zeebrugge 180 - - - 2012 Repower Eldepasco phase 1 Off Zeebrugge 72 - - - 2012 - Eldepasco phase 2 Off Zeebrugge 144 - - - 2014 - North of Bligh Bank Off Zeebrugge 600 - - - 2015 Blue H TOTAL 1,416 Denmark N° of Water Distance to Project Location Capacity Turbines depth(m) shore (km) Online WT manufacturer IN OPERATION Vindeby NW of Vindeby, Lolland 4.95 11 2,5 to 5 2,5 1991 Bonus Tunø Knob Off Aarhus, Kattegat Sea 5 10 0,8 to 4 6 1995 Vestas Middelgrunden Oresund, E of Copenhagen 40 20 5 to 10 2 to 3 2001 Bonus Horns Rev 1 Blåvandshuk, Baltic Sea 160 80 6 to 14 14 to 17 2002 Vestas Nysted Rødsand, Lolland 165.6 72 6 to 10 6 to 10 2003 Siemens Samsø Paludans Flak, S of Samsø 23 4 11 to 18 3,5 2003 Bonus Frederikshavn Frederikshavn Harbour 10.6 4 3 0,8 2003 Vestas, Bonus, Nordex TOTAL 409.15 UNDER CONSTRUCTION Sprøgø N of Sprogo 21 7 6 to 16 0,5 2009 - Avedøre Off Avedøre 7.2 2 2 0.025 2009 - Frederikshavn Frederikshavn Harbour 12 2 15 to 20 4,5 2010 - (Test site) Horns Rev 2 Blåvandshuk, Baltic Sea 209 91 9 to 17 30 2010 Siemens Rødsand 2 Off Rødsand, Lolland 200 89 5 to 15 23 2010 TOTAL 449.2 PLANNED 2015 Djursland-Anholt Between Djursland and Anholt 400 - - - 2012 - Grenaa