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Passive Sampling of Groundwater Wells for Determination of Water Chemistry Passive Sampling of Groundwater Wells for Determination of Water Chemistry Chapter 8 of Section D. Water Quality Book 1. Collection of Water Data by Direct Measurement Techniques and Methods 1–D8 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey A B C D E F H G Cover. (A) Figure 15 from report, AGI Sample Module®. Photograph from Mark Arnold, Amplified Geophysical Imaging, LLC. (B) Figure 11A from report, an EON Products, Inc. Dual Membrane (DM) sampler®. Photograph by Bradley P. Varhol, EON Products, Inc. (C) Figure 7B from report a 2.5-inch-diameter regenerated cellulose dialysis membrane sampler with external supports after assembly. Photograph by Thomas E. Imbrigiotta, U.S. Geological Survey. (D) Figure 17A from report, A downhole semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD) sampler. Photograph and diagram by David A. Alvarez, U.S. Geological Survey. (E) A series of nylon screen samplers retrieved from a profile of the water column of a well showing capped bottles and the removed tops. The variation of iron-staining on the removed tops indicates stratified flow with different redox conditions occurs under ambient flow conditions in the well. Photograph by Philip T. Harte, U.S. Geological Survey. (F) Figure 5A from report, a polyethylene diffusion bag sampler. Photograph by Bradley P. Varhol, EON Products, Inc. (G) Figure 9 from report, a rigid porous polyethylene sampler, without protective mesh and with protective mesh, in a water-filled tube for shipment. Photographs by Leslie Venegas, ALS Global. (H) Figure 13A from report, QED Environmental Systems, Inc. Snap Sampler® with volatile organic compound bottle (40-milliliter vial). Photograph by Sanford Britt, QED Environmental Systems, Inc. Passive Sampling of Groundwater Wells for Determination of Water Chemistry By Thomas E. Imbrigiotta and Philip T. Harte Chapter 8 of Section D. Water Quality Book 1. Collection of Water Data by Direct Measurement Techniques and Methods 1–D8 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DAVID BERNHARDT, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey James F. Reilly II, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2020 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Imbrigiotta, T.E., and Harte, P.T., 2020, Passive sampling of groundwater wells for determination of water chemistry: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, chap. 8, section D, book 1, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tm1d8. ISSN 2328-7055 (online) iii Contents 1.0 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................1 2.0 Overview of Groundwater Sampling ....................................................................................................2 2.1 Purge Methods ................................................................................................................................2 2.1.1 Three-Well-Volume Purge .................................................................................................2 2.1.2 Low-Flow Purge ..................................................................................................................3 2.1.3 Field Physical and Chemical Characteristics Stabilization ..........................................3 2.2 Passive Sampling ............................................................................................................................3 3.0 Theory and Principles of Passive Sampling ........................................................................................4 3.1 Kinetic and Equilibrium Sampling Regimes ................................................................................4 3.2 Diffusive Chemical Exchange .......................................................................................................5 3.3 Well Communication and Hydraulics ..........................................................................................6 3.4 Sampler Materials and Constituents Sampled ..........................................................................6 3.5 Equilibration and Exposure Time ..................................................................................................7 3.6 Common Advantages and Limitations of Passive Samplers ...................................................7 3.6.1 Advantages ..........................................................................................................................7 3.6.2 Limitations ............................................................................................................................9 4.0 Types of Passive Samplers .....................................................................................................................9 4.1 Polyethylene Diffusion Bag (PDB) Sampler .............................................................................10 4.1.1 Description and Operation ..............................................................................................10 4.1.2 Advantages and Limitations ............................................................................................11 4.2 Regenerated Cellulose Dialysis Membrane (RCDM) Sampler ..............................................11 4.2.1 Description and Operation ..............................................................................................13 4.2.2 Advantages and Limitations ............................................................................................15 4.3 Rigid Porous Polyethylene (RPP) Sampler ...............................................................................15 4.3.1 Description and Operation ..............................................................................................15 4.3.2 Advantages and Limitations ............................................................................................16 4.4 Nylon Screen (NS) Sampler ........................................................................................................16 4.4.1 Description and Operation ..............................................................................................16 4.4.2 Advantages and Limitations ............................................................................................16 4.5 EON Dual Membrane (DM) Sampler® ......................................................................................17 4.5.1 Description and Operation ..............................................................................................17 4.5.2 Advantages and Limitations ............................................................................................19 4.6 QED Snap Sampler® ....................................................................................................................19 4.6.1 Description and Operation ..............................................................................................19 4.6.2 Advantages and Limitations ............................................................................................20 4.7 AGI Sample Module® ..................................................................................................................21 4.7.1 Description and Operation ..............................................................................................21 4.7.2 Advantages and Limitations ............................................................................................22 4.8 Semi-Permeable Membrane Device (SPMD) Samplers ........................................................22 4.8.1 Description and Operation ..............................................................................................22 4.8.2 Advantages and Limitations ............................................................................................22 4.9 Other Equilibrium-Membrane-Type Samplers ........................................................................22 4.10 Other Accumulation-Type Samplers ........................................................................................23 iv 5.0 Considerations Prior to Use of Passive Diffusion Samplers ...........................................................24 5.1 Data-Quality Objectives ...............................................................................................................24 5.2 Hydraulic and Chemical Equilibration .......................................................................................24 5.3 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Well Considerations .......................................................................24 5.3.1 Geologic Formation ..........................................................................................................24 5.3.2 Age of the Well ..................................................................................................................25 5.3.3 Monitoring History ............................................................................................................25
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