DOCSLIB.ORG

Living Being's Finished Arrangement of DNA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Living Being's Finished Arrangement of DNA e in G net ts ic n E e n g m i e n c e e n r a i v n d g A ISSN: 2169-0111 Advancements in Genetic Engineering Editorial Living Being's Finished Arrangement of DNA Bahman Hosseini* Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran INTRODUCTION MS2 coat protein work, deciding the total nucleotide-succession of bacteriophage MS2-RNA (whose genome encodes only four Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science zeroing in on qualities in 3569 base sets [bp]) and Simian infection 40 out of the construction, work, advancement, planning, and altering of 1976 and 1978, individually. genomes. A genome is a living being's finished arrangement of DNA, including the entirety of its qualities. Rather than Notwithstanding his fundamental work on the amino corrosive hereditary qualities, which alludes to the investigation of arrangement of insulin, Frederick Sanger and his associates individual qualities and their parts in legacy, genomics focuses assumed a vital part in the advancement of DNA sequencing on the aggregate portrayal and evaluation of the entirety of a life strategies that empowered the foundation of thorough genome form's qualities, their interrelations and effect on the creature. sequencing projects. In 1975, he and Alan Coulson distributed a Qualities may coordinate the creation of proteins with the help sequencing methodology utilizing DNA polymerase with of chemicals and courier atoms. Thusly, proteins make up body radiolabelled nucleotides that he called the Plus and Minus designs, for example, organs and tissues just as control synthetic strategy. This elaborate two firmly related strategies that created responses and convey signals between cells. Genomics likewise short oligonucleotides with characterized 3' ends. These could be includes the sequencing and investigation of genomes through fractionated by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel (called employments of high throughput DNA sequencing and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and imagined utilizing bioinformatics to gather and break down the capacity and autoradiography. The technique could succession up to 80 construction of whole genomes. Advances in genomics have set nucleotides in one go and was a major improvement, yet was still off an insurgency in revelation based examination and relentless. By and by, in 1977 his gathering had the option to frameworks science to work with comprehension of even the succession the vast majority of the 5,386 nucleotides of the φ most intricate natural frameworks like the cerebrum. The field single-abandoned bacteriophage X174, finishing the primary likewise incorporates investigations of intragenomic (inside the completely sequenced DNA-based genome. The refinement of genome) marvels like epistasis (impact of one quality on the Plus and Minus strategy brought about the chain-end, or another), pleiotropy (one quality influencing more than one Sanger technique (see beneath), which shaped the premise of the attribute), heterosis (crossover force), and different associations procedures of DNA sequencing, genome planning, information among loci and alleles inside the genome. Following Rosalind stockpiling, and bioinformatics investigation most generally Franklin's affirmation of the helical construction of DNA, James utilized in the accompanying 25 years of examination. Around D. Watson and Francis Crick's distribution of the construction the same time Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam of Harvard of DNA in 1953 and Fred Sanger's distribution of the Amino University freely fostered the Maxam-Gilbert technique corrosive grouping of insulin in 1955, nucleic corrosive (otherwise called the synthetic strategy) for DNA sequencing, sequencing turned into a significant objective of early sub-atomic including the special cleavage of DNA at known bases, a less scientists. In 1964, Robert W. Holley and associates distributed effective strategy. Generally, sequencing was done in sequencing the first nucleic corrosive grouping at any point decided, the focuses, unified offices (going from huge free foundations, for ribonucleotide arrangement of alanine move RNA. Broadening example, Joint Genome Institute which arrangement many this work, Marshall Nirenberg and Philip Leder uncovered the terabases a year, to neighborhood sub-atomic science center trio idea of the hereditary code and had the option to decide the offices) which contain research labs with the exorbitant arrangements of 54 out of 64 codons in their examinations. In instrumentation and specialized help important. As sequencing 1972, Walter Fiers and his group at the Laboratory of Molecular innovation keeps on improving, notwithstanding, another age of Biology of the University of (Ghent, Belgium) were quick to powerful quick turnaround bench top sequencers has come decide the arrangement of a quality: the quality for extremely close to the normal scholarly research center. All in all, Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein. Fiers' gathering developed their genome sequencing approaches fall into two general *Correspondence to: Bahman Hosseini, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, P.O. Box: 165, Urmia, Iran; E-mail: [email protected] Received Date: June 02, 2021; Accepted Date: June 17, 2021; Published Date: June 25, 2021 Citation: Hosseini B (2021) Living Being's Finished Arrangement of DNA. Advac Genet Eng 10: e003. Copyright: ©2021 Hosseini B, This is an open- access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Advac Genet Eng, Vol.10 Iss.3 No:e003 1 Hosseini classifications, shotgun and high-throughput (or future) throughput sequencing is planned to bring down the expense of sequencing. The popularity for minimal expense sequencing has DNA sequencing past what is conceivable with standard color driven the improvement of high-throughput sequencing eliminator techniques. In super high-throughput sequencing, advances that parallelize the sequencing interaction, delivering upwards of 500,000 sequencing-by-blend activities might be run thousands or millions of groupings immediately. High- in equal. Advac Genet Eng, Vol.10 Iss.3 No:e003 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animals Volume 1
    Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animals Volume 1 Series Editor: Chittaranjan Kole Wayne Hunter, Chittaranjan Kole (Editors) Genome Mapping and Genomics in Arthropods With 25 Illustrations, 3 in Color 123 Way n e Hu n t e r Chittaranjan Kole USDA, ARS, United States Department of Genetics & Biochemistry Horticultural Research Laboratory Clemson University 2001 South Rock Road Clemson, SC 29634 Fort Pierce, FL 34945 USA USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-3-540-73832-9 e-ISBN 978-3-540-73833-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-73833-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007934674 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permissions for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com Preface to the Series The deciphering of the sequence of a gene for the first time, the gene for bacterio- phage MS2 coat protein to be specific, by Walter Fiers and his coworkers in 1972 marked the beginning of a new era in genetics, popularly known as the genomics era.
    [Show full text]
  • Clark, Kyle.Pdf
    SEQUENCING FIELD ISOLATES OF ILTV by Kyle Clark A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Animal Science with Distinction. Spring 2010 Copyright 2010 Kyle Clark All Rights Reserved Sequencing Field Isolates of ILTV by Kyle Clark Approved: ________________________________________________ Calvin Keeler, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: ________________________________________________ Carl Schmidt, Ph.D. Committee member from the Department of Animal and Food Sciences Approved:_________________________________________________ Nicole Donofrio, Ph.D. Committee member from the Board of Senior Thesis Readers Approved:__________________________________________________ Ismat Shah, Ph.D. Chair of the University Committee on Student and Faculty Honors ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Bruce Kingham for his support and sequencing assistance. I would also like to thank Cynthea Boettger for her continued assistance and instruction throughout my research. Finally, I wish to thank the University of Delaware Undergraduate Research office for their grant to further support my research. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Human Genetics 1990–2009
    Portfolio Review Human Genetics 1990–2009 June 2010 Acknowledgements The Wellcome Trust would like to thank the many people who generously gave up their time to participate in this review. The project was led by Liz Allen, Michael Dunn and Claire Vaughan. Key input and support was provided by Dave Carr, Kevin Dolby, Audrey Duncanson, Katherine Littler, Suzi Morris, Annie Sanderson and Jo Scott (landscaping analysis), and Lois Reynolds and Tilli Tansey (Wellcome Trust Expert Group). We also would like to thank David Lynn for his ongoing support to the review. The views expressed in this report are those of the Wellcome Trust project team – drawing on the evidence compiled during the review. We are indebted to the independent Expert Group, who were pivotal in providing the assessments of the Wellcome Trust’s role in supporting human genetics and have informed ‘our’ speculations for the future. Finally, we would like to thank Professor Francis Collins, who provided valuable input to the development of the timelines. The Wellcome Trust is a charity registered in England and Wales, no. 210183. Contents Acknowledgements 2 Overview and key findings 4 Landmarks in human genetics 6 1. Introduction and background 8 2. Human genetics research: the global research landscape 9 2.1 Human genetics publication output: 1989–2008 10 3. Looking back: the Wellcome Trust and human genetics 14 3.1 Building research capacity and infrastructure 14 3.1.1 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute (WTSI) 15 3.1.2 Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics 15 3.1.3 Collaborations, consortia and partnerships 16 3.1.4 Research resources and data 16 3.2 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries 17 3.3 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries: within the field of human genetics 18 3.4 Advancing knowledge and making discoveries: beyond the field of human genetics – ‘ripple’ effects 19 Case studies 22 4.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Sequencing Link: DNA Sequencing
    DNA Sequencing link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing DNA sequencing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The term DNA sequencing encompasses biochemical methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a DNA oligonucleotide. The sequence of DNA constitutes the heritable genetic information in nuclei, plasmids, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that forms the basis for the developmental programs of all living organisms. Determining the DNA sequence is therefore useful in basic research studying fundamental biological processes, as well as in applied fields such as diagnostic or forensic research. The advent of DNA sequencing has significantly accelerated biological research and discovery. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern DNA sequencing technology has been instrumental in the large-scale sequencing of the human genome, in the Human Genome Project. Related projects, often by scientific collaboration across continents, have generated the complete DNA sequences of many animal, plant, and microbial genomes. DNA Sequence Trace Contents [hide] 1 Early methods 2 Maxam-Gilbert sequencing 3 Chain-termination methods o 3.1 Dye-terminator sequencing o 3.2 Challenges o 3.3 Automation and sample preparation 4 Large-scale sequencing strategies 5 New sequencing methods o 5.1 High-throughput sequencing o 5.2 Other sequencing technologies 6 Major landmarks in DNA sequencing 7 See also 8 Citations 9 External links [edit] Early methods For thirty years, a large proportion of DNA sequencing has been carried out with the chain- termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1975.[1][2] Prior to the development of rapid DNA sequencing methods in the early 1970s by Sanger in England and Walter Gilbert and Allan Maxam at Harvard,[3][4] a number of laborious methods were used.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacogenomics: the Right Drug to the Right Person
    Elmer Press Review J Clin Med Res • 2009;1(4):191-194 Pharmacogenomics: The Right Drug to the Right Person Aneesh T Pa, b, Sonal Sekhar Ma, Asha Josea, Lekshmi Chandrana, Subin Mary Zachariaha is a complex trait that is influenced by many different genes. Abstract Without knowing all of the genes involved in drug response, scientists have found it difficult to develop genetic tests that Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmacology which could predict a person’s response to a particular drug [1]. deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in Once scientists discovered that people’s genes show small patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide poly- variations (or changes) in their nucleotide (DNA base) con- morphisms with a drug’s efficacy or toxicity. It aims to develop tent, all of that changed: genetic testing for predicting drug rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the pa- response is now possible. Pharmacogenomics combines tra- tient’s genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal ad- ditional pharmaceutical sciences such as biochemistry with verse effects. Such approaches promise the advent of ‘personalized medicine’, in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for annotated knowledge of genes, proteins, and single nucle- each individual’s unique genetic makeup. Pharmacogenomics is the otide polymorphisms. The most common variations in the whole genome application of pharmacogenetics, which examines human genome are called single nucleotide polymorphisms the single gene interactions with drugs. (SNPs). There is estimated to be approximately 11 million SNPs in the human population, with an average of one every 1,300 base pairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Kate Fitzgerald
    In This Issue: 2019 Young Investigator Awardees pgs. 3-8 Italian COVID-19 Storms pg. 11 In Memorium pgs. 12-15 New Member Mini-Bios pgs. 17-19 Spotlight: Women in Science pgs. 21-23 Cytokines 2020 pgs. 24-27 Si g n THE INTERNATIONALa CYTOKINEl & INTERFERONs SOCIETY+­­­ NEWSLETTER APRIL 2020 I VOLUME 8 I NO. 1 A NOTE FROM THE ICIS PRESIDENT Kate Fitzgerald I write this note as all of us reach a new norm of working “remotely”. I want to extend my sincere appreciation to all members of the ICIS community around the globe who have stepped up to meet the unique and unforeseen challenges of this time. The precautions that have been implemented at all of our institutions and companies, in accordance with local and national public health guidance, will no doubt help mitigate the spread of COVID-19. We should remain firmly committed to physical distancing to make us all safer. We stand with our Italian, Spanish and New York colleagues in particular, who are facing very difficult times right now and hope things will improve there soon. It’s hard to understate the importance of the scientific enterprise and the work we as cytokine and interferon biologists do in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our past and current efforts to understand the host response to viruses and other pathogens and the importance of IFN and cytokines in controlling infection and the immune response to vaccines could not be more important than it is now. Understanding cytokine and interferon biology is fundamental to human health and disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Burchgene ISSUE 01
    URCH ENE BSemestral magazine of Genetics andG Bioengineering Department ISSUE 01/MAY 2016 FORENSIC GENETICS ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE NEUROSCIENCE GENE THERAPY Genetics for CSI Question??? A Love Story Disease treatment? Great introduction in forensic Is Alzheimer’s in your genes? Scientist from Harvard about Problems and Prospects of genetics on crime scene p.8 p.20 neuroscience and genetics p.16 Gene Therapy p.18 LEARN NEW THINGS ABOUT HISTORY OF GENETICS 2 History of Genetics Genetics is more than a “laboratory science”; unlike some other areas of science, because genetics has a direct impact on soci- ety. So what is genetics? We heard a lot of times that genetics is the scien- tific study of heredity, but like all defi- nitions, this leaves a lot unsaid. To be more specific, what geneticists do is study how traits (such as eye color and hair color) and diseases (such as cys- tic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia) are » p.8 passed from generation to generation . » p.18 BurchGene magazine Broaden your horizons Dear colleagues, students, respected professors, collabora- Executive editors: tors and respected readers. It is a great pleasure and honour to Ahmed Osmanović present to you the first ever student magazine „Burch Gene“, Adnan Fojnica here at our department for Genetics and Bioengineering. Editorial board: Finally, “Burch Gene” magazine saw the daylight. Our goal Prof. Dr. Damir Marjanović was to introduce students, professors and the public to the basic Prof. Dr. Mirsada Hukić ideas behind genetics and bioengineering. Introduce them with Assist. Prof. Dr. Almir Badnjević definitions, concepts, applications and benefits these branches Assist.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES in GENOMICS – a REVIEW IJCRR Section: Healthcare Sci
    Review Article BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES IN GENOMICS – A REVIEW IJCRR Section: Healthcare Sci. Journal Impact Factor Raphael John Ogbe1, Dickson O. Ochalefu2, Olumide B. Olaniru3 4.016 1Deparent of Physiolog, Pharacolog and Biochemist, College of Veterinar Medicine, Universit of Agicultre, P.M.B. 2373, Makurdi, Benue state, Nigeria; 2Deparent of Biochemist, College of Health Sciences, Benue State Universit, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; 3Deparent of Chemical Patholog, Jos Universit Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. ABSTRACT Summary Genomics is a discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA technology, DNA sequencing methods and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble and analyze the function and structure of genome, the complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organ- ism. Bioinformatics is an inter-disciplinary scientific field that develops methods for storing, retrieving, organizing and analyzing biological data. The advances in bioinformatics have in turn made considerable impact on the development and improvements of genomics technologies such as shot-gun sequencing and high-throughput sequencing methods. The various genomics tech- nologies are used for DNA and genome sequencing, assembly and annotations, which have several applications in medicine, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, research etc. These genomics technologies aided by bioinformatics have contrib- uted to the successful completion of whole organism genome analysis, from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In fact, the assembly of the human genome is one of the greatest achievements of bioinformatics. Key Words: Annotation, Assembly, Biotechnology, DNA sequence, Genome analysis INTRODUCTION ships between genotype and observed phenotype, thereby allowing a system-wide analysis from genome to phenome Genomic technologies are generating an extraordinary vol- [35]. Among the current research lines are the following: ume of information never before achieved in the history of 1).
    [Show full text]
  • It Is a Long Way to GM Agriculture
    PP62-FrontMatter ARI 20 April 2011 14:6 by Universidad Nacional de la Plata on 05/30/11. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011.62:1-23. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org PP62CH01-vanMontagu ARI 4 April 2011 16:10 It Is a Long Way to GM Agriculture Marc Van Montagu Institute of Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011. 62:1–23 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Agrobacterium, crown gall, Ti plasmid, T-DNA, opines, vir genes, February 11, 2011 T-DNA binary vector, plant genetic engineering, plant genetic The Annual Review of Plant Biology is online at modification, GM plants, GMO plant.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103906 When we discovered that crown gall induction on plants by Agrobac- Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. terium tumefaciens is a natural event of genetic engineering, we were con- All rights reserved vinced that this was the dawn of a new era for plant science. Now, more 1543-5008/11/0602-0001$20.00 than 30 years later, I remain overawed by how far and how rapidly we progressed with our knowledge of the molecular basis of plant growth, development, stress resistance, flowering, and ecological adaptation, by Universidad Nacional de la Plata on 05/30/11. For personal use only. thanks to the gene engineering technology. I am impressed, but also Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011.62:1-23.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Tumor-Inducing Principle to Plant Biotechnology and Its Importance for Society GEERT ANGENON1*, MIEKE VAN LIJSEBETTENS2,3 and MARC VAN MONTAGU2,3,4
    Int. J. Dev. Biol. 57: 453-460 (2013) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.130295ga www.intjdevbiol.com From the tumor-inducing principle to plant biotechnology and its importance for society GEERT ANGENON1*, MIEKE VAN LIJSEBETTENS2,3 and MARC VAN MONTAGU2,3,4 1Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, 2Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, 3Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Gent and 4Institute of Plant Biotechnology Outreach (IPBO), Gent, Belgium ABSTRACT This dialogue was held between the Guest Editors of the Special Issue on “Plant Transgenesis” of the Int. J. Dev. Biol. and Marc Van Montagu. Research in the group of Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell in the 1970s was essential to reveal how the phytopathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers DNA to host plants to cause crown gall disease. Knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying gene transfer, subsequently led to the development of plant transgene technology, an indispensable tool in fundamental plant research and plant improve- ment. In the early 1980s, Marc Van Montagu founded a start-up company, Plant Genetic Systems, which successfully developed insect-resistant plants, herbicide-tolerant plants and a hybrid seed production system based on nuclear male sterility. Even before the first transgenic plant had been produced, Marc Van Montagu realized that the less developed countries might benefit most from plant biotechnology and throughout his subsequent career, this remained a focus of his efforts. After becoming emeritus professor, he founded the Institute of Plant Biotechnology Outreach (IPBO), which aims to raise awareness of the major role that plant biotechnology can play in sustainable agricultural systems, especially in less developed countries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Plant Transformation
    1 The 1977 discovery that Agrobacterium tumefaciens inserts a specific piece of DNA into the 2 plant cell genome triggered a race towards the first transgenic plant. This race ended in 3 1983 with four labs publishing their own transgenic plant cell lines. Who won the race? 4 Here’s… 5 A Short History of Plant Transformation 6 Marc Somssich 7 Persson Lab, School of BioSciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia 8 Email: [email protected] ; Twitter: @somssichm 9 10 The Crown Gall Disease (1892 – 1947) 11 The history of plant transformation begins in the late 19th century, when fleshy outgrowths were 12 noticed on crown roots of several different fruit trees1. In 1892 the name ‘crown gall’ was chosen 13 to describe these tumor-like outgrowths1. At the time it was not clear what causes the disease, but 14 Erwin Smith, an agricultural scientist who was interested in bacterial diseases of plants, already 15 then speculated that bacteria could be the cause2,3. This idea that bacteria could infect plants was 16 seen as outrageous by many microbiologists at the time, and when Smith published his review 17 summing up the current state of knowledge in the field in 1896, he was met with fierce 18 opposition2,3. One big opponent to Smith was German microbiologist Alfred Fischer, a highly 19 reputable expert in the field, who published his own ‘Lectures on bacteria’ in 1897, replying to 20 Smith by simply pointing out that bacterial diseases of plants ‘do not exist’4. He then went on to 21 attribute Smith’s findings to contaminations caused by ‘dirty techniques’3.
    [Show full text]
  • It Is a Long Way to GM Agriculture
    PP62-FrontMatter ARI 20 April 2011 14:6 by University of Bern on 08/19/13. For personal use only. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011.62:1-23. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org PP62CH01-vanMontagu ARI 4 April 2011 16:10 It Is a Long Way to GM Agriculture Marc Van Montagu Institute of Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011. 62:1–23 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Agrobacterium, crown gall, Ti plasmid, T-DNA, opines, vir genes, February 11, 2011 T-DNA binary vector, plant genetic engineering, plant genetic The Annual Review of Plant Biology is online at modification, GM plants, GMO plant.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103906 When we discovered that crown gall induction on plants by Agrobac- Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. terium tumefaciens is a natural event of genetic engineering, we were con- All rights reserved vinced that this was the dawn of a new era for plant science. Now, more 1543-5008/11/0602-0001$20.00 than 30 years later, I remain overawed by how far and how rapidly we by University of Bern on 08/19/13. For personal use only. progressed with our knowledge of the molecular basis of plant growth, development, stress resistance, flowering, and ecological adaptation, thanks to the gene engineering technology. I am impressed, but also Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011.62:1-23. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org frustrated by the difficulties of applying this knowledge to improve crops and globally develop a sustainable and improved high-yielding agricul- ture.
    [Show full text]