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Home , Climate of Scotland, Geography of Ireland, Geography of Scotland, Ox Mountains

ENGLISH PROJECT: AND HISTORY OF AND • Explanation • Exercises on the topics • Group presentations • Evaluation LOCATION LOCATION

• Is in the North Atlantic. It is separated from to its east by the North Channel, the , and St George's Channel. • It is separated from the neighbouring island of Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel. • To the west is the northern and to the south is the , which lies between Ireland and Brittany, in . • Is located in the north- west of , between 51° and 56° N, and longitudes 11° and 5° W. • Ireland has a total area of 84,421 km2

• Ireland is the second- largest island of the , the third- largest in Europe, and the twentieth- largest on Earth

• The region was subjected to glacier and periglacial , for which the U-shaped valleys, the and the esker, which are characteristic of the periglacial forms, are common. • The are covered by clays and from the remains of glacial erosion, forming the gentle that characterize the landscape of Irish countryside.

• This structure explains the arrangement of ranges, all of them coastal. The main ones are Macgillycuddy's Reeks, Comeragh Hills, Blackstair , Wicklow Hills, Sperrin Mountains, Bluestack Mountains, Derryveagh Hills, , Nephinbeg Hills, Mountains Twelve Goods and . • In the south there are some mountains a little further from the : the Galtee Mountains, the Silvermines Mountains and Slieve Bloom.

• A ring of coastal mountains surround low at the centre of the island. The highest of these is in , which rises to 1,038 m above . • The most arable land lies in the province of .

• Western areas can be mountainous and rocky with green panoramic views. • The , the island's longest river at 386 km long, rises in in the north west.

• It also emphasizes the shape of the coast, very trimmed. These are and that have been flooded with the rise of sea level since the end of the last glaciation • There are very few beaches, and always very small. The coast, in general, is composed of a long succession of cliffs

• There are large numbers of capes, peninsulas and bays. The most important are the bays of Donegal, Clew, and Liscannor; The estuaries of Shannon, Dingle, and Bantry

Geographic coordinates

Name of seas and separating Ireland from Great Britain Total area Position in the rank of European islands Position in the rank of planet islands Typical periglacial forms

Highest point

Longest River

Main lakes

Main bays

Main cliff

Three mountains Geographic coordinates between latitudes 51° and 56° N, and longitudes 11° and 5° W. Name of seas and straits Atlantic Ocean separating Ireland from Great Celtic Sea St George Channel Britain Irish Sea Total area 84, 421 km2 Position in the rank of European 3 islands Position in the rank of planet 20 islands Typical periglacial forms Drumlin and Esker

Highest point Carraountoohill, 1038 m

Longest River Shannon

Main lake Neagh

Main bays Donegal

Main cliff Moher

Three mountains Wicklow, Bluestack, Blackstair

CLIMATE • The island's lush vegetation, is a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, earns it the sobriquet the Emerald Isle. Overall, Ireland has a mild but changeable with few extremes. • falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east. • The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic , especially in the late autumn and winter months. • These occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas, as well as sometimes snow and hail. • The regions of north and east have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually for the island. • Inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter. • Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing 0 °C (32 °F) at inland weather stations, compared to 10 days at coastal stations. • Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves, most recently in 1995, 2003, 2006 and 2013.

GEOGRAPHY OF scotland LOCATION

OROGRAFHY

Scotland is one of the four constituent countries of the , lying in the northern part of the island of Great Britain, north of .

There are uplands on the south and the north, called and , while the highest mountain range is the with at 1343 meters above sea level, being the highest peak of Scotland and the British Isles.

OROGRAFHY

• The of Scotland was formed by the action of tectonic plates, and subsequent erosion arising from glaciation.

• The major division of Scotland is the Boundary Fault, which separates the land into 'highland' to the north and west, and 'lowland' to the south and east. OROGRAPHY

• There are also numerous bodies of freshwater especially in the Northwest Highlands and the Grampian Mts including Lomond and .

otal Area 78,772 sq km (30,414 sq mi) Highest mountain Ben Nevis 1344m 1309m Other mountains 1296m Largest loch 56 sq km Loch Ness 56 sq km Other lochs 38 sq Km Longest river 193km 172km Other major rivers 171km 156km Islands 800 (130 inhabited) Approximately 10,000km with Coastline 3,900km mainland coast

TEMPERATURES TEMPERATURES

• The is temperate and very changeable, but rarely extreme. Scotland is warmed by the North Atlantic Drift and given the northerly location of the country, experiences much milder conditions than areas on similar latitudes, such as in —where icebergs are a common feature in winter.

• Average temperatures are lower than in the rest of Great Britain, with the coldest ever UK temperature of −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) • Winter maxima average 5.0 to 5.7 °C (41.0 to 42.3 °F), with summer maxima averaging 14.9 to 16.9 °C (58.8 to 62.4 °F) PRECIPITACION PRECIPITACION PRECIPITACION

• Rainfall totals vary widely across Scotland—the western highlands of Scotland are one of the wettest places in the UK with annual rainfall up to 4,577 mm .

• Due to the mountainous topography of the western Highlands, this type of precipitation is orographic in nature. • In comparison, much of eastern Scotland receives less than 870 mm (34.3 in) annually COMPARE a n d CONTRAST

H o w s i m i l a r ?

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H o w d i f f e r e n t ?

I n r e l a t i o n to:

C o n c l u s i o n or interpretation

IRISH HISTORY BEFORE CHRIST • 8000 B.C Mesolithic hunter-gatherers migrate to Ireland • Of these tribes are monuments like megaliths, dolmens and vestiges of the mining of copper and gold.

BEFORE CHRIST

• From the fourth century BC the Celts or from Eastern Europe arrived on the island. • They constituted a population united by the same language and the same culture, but fragmented in a multitude of small kingdoms always at war with each other.

V • , patron of Ireland, concluded the evangelization of the island and proliferated monasteries like Armagh, Iona and Kildare

800

• By the year 800 the Viking invasions occurred. • This people founded and settled in its surroundings, from where they sowed the terror until in 1014 the king of Ireland, Brian Boru, defeated them in the .

1100 - 1500

• In century the Anglo-Normans, under Henry II of England, occupied Dublin and the surrounding region and the great feudal lords divided the territories of the east and center of the island, sowing it of castles and fortified cities, being left The island integrated into the British Crown,

• A strong control that became more rigorous after the rupture of Enrique VIII with Rome. The refusal of the Irish to replace their fervent Catholicism with the new Anglican Church further hardened the English protectorate.

1600 - 1800

• The next two centuries were very hard: in 1650, after a bloody repression, the British dictator Cromwell delivered the to the English settlers. • Finally, in 1800 Ireland joined England and its Parliament dissolved. 1600 - 1800

• A series of poor potato harvests and the obligation to export their agricultural and livestock products to England left the Irish without food resources, giving rise to the which struck the island from 1845 to 1851. • This fact began the emigration Irish to USA.

XX CENTURY

• In 1912, the Parliament passed the law for administrative autonomy of the island, but the beginning of World War I delayed its application, which provoked the discontent of the independence movements ("Sinn Fein") that, in 1916, proclaimed the independence.

• The British army repressed the uprising, but in 1919 the "Sinn Fein" won the elections and promoted the armed struggle until the Treaty of London of 1921, with which Ireland gained independence as a member of the Commonwealth.

• Twenty-six counties became the Free State of Ireland, while the six counties of remain part of the United Kingdom. • There was a split between the IRA (Republican Army of Ireland) led by Tom Barry, and supporters of the agreement, led by Michael Collins. A portion of the population rejected the treaty-sanctioned division, and between 1922 and 1923 the civil war ravaged the island

1949 – 1973

• In 1949 the last constitutional links with the United Kingdom were cut and the was proclaimed, that in 1973 entered the EEC. • He is currently a member of the

MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN IRELAND´S HISTORY

BC

4ºTH CENTURY

5ºTH CENTURY

8ºTH CENTURY

12ºTH CENTURY

14ºTH CENTURY

16ºTH CENTYRY

17ºTH CENTURY

19ºTH CENTURY

1900 - 1950

1950 –TODAY

HISTORY OF SCOTLAND ANCIENT SCOTLAND

• By the 6.000 B.C. small groups of people lived in Scotland by hunting animals and gathering plants for food. • Then about 4,500 BC farming was introduced into Scotland. PICTS AND SCOTS

• The Picts lived in round huts of wood or stone with thatched roofs. • The Picts were very skilled at making jewelry. They also carved pictures on stones.

PICTS AND SCOTS

• Scotland's written history begins with the Romans. The Romans invaded Scotland in 80 AD led by Agricola. They advanced into southern Scotland and then marched into the northeast.. • However in the years after the battle the Romans slowly withdrew and in 123 the Emperor Hadrian began building a wall to keep out the Picts. • Later in the Second century the Romans advanced again and in 140 they built the Antonine Wall from the Clyde to the Forth. However the Romans finally abandoned the Antonine Wall in 196 AD.

PICTS AND SCOTS

• In 367-68 the Picts took part in a great raid upon Roman Britain. • In the 6th century a people from Ireland called the Scots invaded what is now Scotland. They settled in what is now Argyll and founded the kingdom of Dalriada. SCOTLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES

• In 1066 the Normans conquered England. Norman influence was soon felt in Scotland. Nevertheless during the reigns of his three sons Edgar, Alexander I and David I Norman influence in Scotland gradually increased.. SCOTLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES

• In 1295 Edward tried to force the Scots to join him in a war against France. Balliol rebelled and formed an alliance with France. However in 1296 Edward invaded Scotland. Balliol was captured and forced to surrender the throne. SCOTLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES

• However the Scots were not subdued so easily. Many small landowners rose in rebellion led by William Wallace. In 1297 Wallace severely defeated the English at Bridge. • However English won a victory at Falkirk in July 1298. Yet the Scots continued to resist and the English only really controlled the southeast. Yet Wallace was captured in 1305 and executed.

SCOTLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES

• From 1306 Robert the Bruce, who was crowned king of Scotland that year, led resistance. Scottish resistance gradually increased and Edward I died in 1307. Then in 1314 the English were utterly defeated at the Battle of Bannockburn. After the battle was assured. • However it was another 14 years till the English finally recognized Scottish independence by the Treaty of Northampton in 1328. SCOTLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES

• in 1603, on the death of Elizabeth I he became King James I of England as well as King James VI of Scotland. 18th CENTURY

• Scottish merchants saw economic advantages from a union and in 1706 they Scots agreed to open negotiations. The Scots wanted a federal union but the English refused. • However in 1706 a treaty was drawn up. The two nations would share a flag and a parliament. Scotland would keep its own church and its own legal system. • The accepted the treaty of Union in 1707. The United Kingdom came into existence on 1 May 1707. • In the late 18th century the industrial revolution began to transform Scotland. The linen industry and the cotton industry boomed. The iron industry also grew rapidly.

18th CENTURY 18th CENTURY

19th CENTURY

• Furthermore at the end of the 19th century Scottish workers began to form powerful trade unions. • Meanwhile in the mid-19th century railways were built across Scotland. In 1842 a railway was built from to . 20th CENTURY

• Scotland suffered very high unemployment during the 1920s and 1930s. Traditional industries such as shipbuilding, mining, iron and steel were badly affected by depression. • During the 20th century there was a growing nationalist movement in Scotland. Finally in 1999 Scotland gained its own parliament. 21th CENTURY

• Then in 2011 the Scottish Nationalist Party won a majority in the Scottish Parliament. However in a referendum in 2014 a majority of Scots voted against independence. Today the population of Scotland is 5.3 million.