English Project: Geography and History of Ireland And
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ENGLISH PROJECT: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF IRELAND AND SCOTLAND • Explanation • Exercises on the topics • Group presentations • Evaluation GEOGRAPHY OF IRELAND LOCATION LOCATION • Is in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. • It is separated from the neighbouring island of Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel. • To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the Celtic Sea, which lies between Ireland and Brittany, in France. • Is located in the north- west of Europe, between latitudes 51° and 56° N, and longitudes 11° and 5° W. • Ireland has a total area of 84,421 km2 • Ireland is the second- largest island of the British Isles, the third- largest in Europe, and the twentieth- largest on Earth • The region was subjected to glacier and periglacial erosion, for which the U-shaped valleys, the drumlin and the esker, which are characteristic of the periglacial forms, are common. • The limestones are covered by clays and sands from the remains of glacial erosion, forming the gentle hills that characterize the landscape of Irish countryside. • This structure explains the arrangement of mountain ranges, all of them coastal. The main ones are Macgillycuddy's Reeks, Comeragh Hills, Blackstair Mountains, Wicklow Hills, Sperrin Mountains, Bluestack Mountains, Derryveagh Hills, Ox Mountains, Nephinbeg Hills, Mountains Twelve Goods and Maumturks. • In the south there are some mountains a little further from the coast: the Galtee Mountains, the Silvermines Mountains and Slieve Bloom. • A ring of coastal mountains surround low plains at the centre of the island. The highest of these is Carrauntoohil in County Kerry, which rises to 1,038 m above sea level. • The most arable land lies in the province of Leinster. • Western areas can be mountainous and rocky with green panoramic views. • The River Shannon, the island's longest river at 386 km long, rises in County Cavan in the north west. • It also emphasizes the shape of the coast, very trimmed. These are estuaries and fjords that have been flooded with the rise of sea level since the end of the last glaciation • There are very few beaches, and always very small. The coast, in general, is composed of a long succession of cliffs • There are large numbers of capes, peninsulas and bays. The most important are the bays of Donegal, Clew, Galway and Liscannor; The estuaries of Shannon, Dingle, Kenmare and Bantry Geographic coordinates Name of seas and straits separating Ireland from Great Britain Total area Position in the rank of European islands Position in the rank of planet islands Typical periglacial forms Highest point Longest River Main lakes Main bays Main cliff Three mountains Geographic coordinates between latitudes 51° and 56° N, and longitudes 11° and 5° W. Name of seas and straits Atlantic Ocean separating Ireland from Great Celtic Sea St George Channel Britain Irish Sea Total area 84, 421 km2 Position in the rank of European 3 islands Position in the rank of planet 20 islands Typical periglacial forms Drumlin and Esker Highest point Carraountoohill, 1038 m Longest River Shannon Main lake Neagh Main bays Donegal Main cliff Moher Three mountains Wicklow, Bluestack, Blackstair CLIMATE • The island's lush vegetation, is a product of its mild climate and frequent rainfall, earns it the sobriquet the Emerald Isle. Overall, Ireland has a mild but changeable oceanic climate with few extremes. • Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east. • The west tends to be wetter on average and prone to Atlantic storms, especially in the late autumn and winter months. • These occasionally bring destructive winds and higher total rainfall to these areas, as well as sometimes snow and hail. • The regions of north County Galway and east County Mayo have the highest incidents of recorded lightning annually for the island. • Inland areas are warmer in summer and colder in winter. • Usually around 40 days of the year are below freezing 0 °C (32 °F) at inland weather stations, compared to 10 days at coastal stations. • Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves, most recently in 1995, 2003, 2006 and 2013. GEOGRAPHY OF scotland LOCATION OROGRAFHY Scotland is one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, lying in the northern part of the island of Great Britain, north of England. There are uplands on the south and the north, called Southern Uplands and Northwest Highlands, while the highest mountain range is the Grampian Mountains with Ben Nevis at 1343 meters above sea level, being the highest peak of Scotland and the British Isles. OROGRAFHY • The geomorphology of Scotland was formed by the action of tectonic plates, and subsequent erosion arising from glaciation. • The major division of Scotland is the Highland Boundary Fault, which separates the land into 'highland' to the north and west, and 'lowland' to the south and east. OROGRAPHY • There are also numerous bodies of freshwater especially in the Northwest Highlands and the Grampian Mts including Loch Lomond and Loch Ness. otal Area 78,772 sq km (30,414 sq mi) Highest mountain Ben Nevis 1344m Ben Macdui 1309m Other mountains Braeriach 1296m Largest loch Loch Lomond 56 sq km Loch Ness 56 sq km Other lochs Loch Awe 38 sq Km Longest river River Tay 193km River Spey 172km Other major rivers River Clyde 171km River Tweed 156km Islands 800 (130 inhabited) Approximately 10,000km with Coastline 3,900km mainland coast TEMPERATURES TEMPERATURES • The climate of Scotland is temperate and very changeable, but rarely extreme. Scotland is warmed by the North Atlantic Drift and given the northerly location of the country, experiences much milder conditions than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador in Canada—where icebergs are a common feature in winter. • Average temperatures are lower than in the rest of Great Britain, with the coldest ever UK temperature of −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) • Winter maxima average 5.0 to 5.7 °C (41.0 to 42.3 °F), with summer maxima averaging 14.9 to 16.9 °C (58.8 to 62.4 °F) PRECIPITACION PRECIPITACION PRECIPITACION • Rainfall totals vary widely across Scotland—the western highlands of Scotland are one of the wettest places in the UK with annual rainfall up to 4,577 mm . • Due to the mountainous topography of the western Highlands, this type of precipitation is orographic in nature. • In comparison, much of eastern Scotland receives less than 870 mm (34.3 in) annually COMPARE a n d CONTRAST H o w s i m i l a r ? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ H o w d i f f e r e n t ? I n r e l a t i o n to: C o n c l u s i o n or interpretation IRISH HISTORY BEFORE CHRIST • 8000 B.C Mesolithic hunter-gatherers migrate to Ireland • Of these tribes are monuments like megaliths, dolmens and vestiges of the mining of copper and gold. BEFORE CHRIST • From the fourth century BC the Celts or Gaels from Eastern Europe arrived on the island. • They constituted a population united by the same language and the same culture, but fragmented in a multitude of small kingdoms always at war with each other. V • Saint Patrick, patron of Ireland, concluded the evangelization of the island and proliferated monasteries like Armagh, Iona and Kildare 800 • By the year 800 the Viking invasions occurred. • This people founded Dublin and settled in its surroundings, from where they sowed the terror until in 1014 the king of Ireland, Brian Boru, defeated them in the battle of Clontarf. 1100 - 1500 • In the twelfth century the Anglo-Normans, under Henry II of England, occupied Dublin and the surrounding region and the great feudal lords divided the territories of the east and center of the island, sowing it of castles and fortified cities, being left The island integrated into the British Crown, • A strong control that became more rigorous after the rupture of Enrique VIII with Rome. The refusal of the Irish to replace their fervent Catholicism with the new Anglican Church further hardened the English protectorate. 1600 - 1800 • The next two centuries were very hard: in 1650, after a bloody repression, the British dictator Cromwell delivered the Ulster to the English settlers. • Finally, in 1800 Ireland joined England and its Parliament dissolved. 1600 - 1800 • A series of poor potato harvests and the obligation to export their agricultural and livestock products to England left the Irish without food resources, giving rise to the Great Famine which struck the island from 1845 to 1851. • This fact began the emigration Irish to USA. XX CENTURY • In 1912, the London Parliament passed the law for administrative autonomy of the island, but the beginning of World War I delayed its application, which provoked the discontent of the independence movements ("Sinn Fein") that, in 1916, proclaimed the independence. • The British army repressed the uprising, but in 1919 the "Sinn Fein" won the elections and promoted the armed struggle until the Treaty of London of 1921, with which Ireland gained independence as a member of the Commonwealth. • Twenty-six counties became the Free State of Ireland, while the six counties of Northern Ireland remain part of the United Kingdom. • There was a split between the IRA (Republican Army of Ireland) led by Tom Barry, and supporters of the agreement, led by Michael Collins. A portion of the population rejected the treaty-sanctioned division, and between 1922 and 1923 the civil war ravaged the island 1949 – 1973 • In 1949 the last constitutional links with the United Kingdom were cut and the Republic of Ireland was proclaimed, that in 1973 entered the EEC.