Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International

32(7): 100-103, 2020; Article no.JPRI.57270 ISSN: 2456-9119 (Past name: British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Past ISSN: 2231-2919, NLM ID: 101631759)

Capsicum anum L. Derived Phytochemicals against Haemophilus influenzae Causing Bronchitis

Debadatta Nayak 1, Debesh Kumar Hota 1, Tophani Sahu 1, Soumya Jal 1 and Dipankar Bhattacharyay 1,2*

1Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India. 2Go to Market Laboratory, Gram Tarang, Odisha, India.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2020/v32i730516 Editor(s): (1) Prof. Mostafa A. Shalaby, Cairo University, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) Adegbite Adesola Victor, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria. (2) Vinod Kumar Gauttam, IES University, India. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/57270

Received 30 March 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 22 May 2020 Published 24 May 2020

ABSTRACT

Phytochemicals from Capsicum anum L. plant extract are traditionally used to cure bronchitis. Bronchitis is caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that myrcetin and quercetin can effectively deactivate the Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase enzyme thereby interrupting the life cycle of Haemophilus influenza .

Keywords: Phytochemical; Capsicum anum L.; Haemophilus influenzae.

1. INTRODUCTION used for treating various diseases. These plant- based chemical substances are derived from Plants are used as medicine throughout the different parts of plants. The plant extracts show world and are the major resources of medicine antimicrobial action against different [1]. Phytochemicals present in these plants are microorganisms [2]. These medicinal plants play ______

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Nayak et al.; JPRI, 32(7): 100-103, 2020; Article no.JPRI.57270

a key role in human health care. Many people These metabolic cycles are regulated by different rely on the use of traditional medicine [3]. enzymes. Brenda enzyme database was used to Capsicum anum L. belongs to family identify and list different enzymes found in Solanaceae. Capsicum anum L. extract is used Haemophilus influenza bacteria. It has been to cure diseases like bronchitis. The objective of found that palmitoyl-CoA-hydrolase enzyme the study is to identify the phytochemical (protein database code1YLI) is involved in lipid responsible to cure the disease. metabolism (KEGG) and very crucial for the survival of the particular microbe. The enzyme is Capsicum anum contains “phytochemicals like 1, involved in the esterification of fatty acids to form 8-cineole, apigenin, camphene, capsaicin, triglycerides [4]. linalool, luteolin, myrcene, myricetin, quercetin” etc. These phytochemicals might act against 2.2.3 Molecular docking bronchitis. However, there is no such study available. This objective of the study is to identify Molecular docking method has been used to the phytochemical of Capsicum anum capable of identify the phytochemical from the plant extract, curing bronchitis. that acts as a ligand and forms a strong covalent bond with the bacterial protein to successfully 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS inhibit the microbe. The Discovery studio module of Biovia software was used for identifying molecular interaction and perform molecular 2.1 Software Used docking. In this process first, the SDF files for the phytochemicals found in the Capsicum plant Discovery studio module of Biovia software were downloaded from the website [5]. The (Dassault Systems of France) was used for protein database code of the palmitoyl-CoA- analysis. The software utilizes machine learning hydrolase enzyme was identified from the techniques to predict the level of molecular website [6]. The active site of the enzyme was interaction. identified via “receptor cavity” protocol found under "receptor-ligand interaction" menu. 2.2 Methodology Molecular docking was done using the CDOCKER protocol of Biovia software under 2.2.1 List of phytochemicals “receptor-ligand interaction”. The enzyme molecule was treated as the receptor Phytochemicals are produced by plants as molecule and the phytochemical was treated as secondary metabolites to protect them from the ligand. The “-CDOCKER_ENERGY” and“- predators. The potential threats to plants include CDOCKER_INTERACTION_ENERGY” were bacteria, viruses, fungi etc. When these plants or used as indicator for the quality of molecular their parts are consumed by humans these docking. The high positive value of those phytochemicals fight off threats to health. Some indicators presented a good interaction between phytochemicals have been used as poisons and the ligand and the receptor. Thus, the others as traditional medicine. Published works interactions with high values might indicate the showed that Capsicumcontains1,8-cineole, major phytochemical responsible for curing the Apigenin, camphene, capsaicin, linalool, luteolin, disease. myrcene, rutin, β-carotene. It has already been established that Capsicum plant belonging to 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Solanaceae family has the potential to help controlling bronchitis. This work is focused on the -CDOCKER energy was calculated based on the identification of the particular phytochemical internal ligand strain energy and receptor-ligand responsible for inhibiting and controlling of interaction energy. -CDOCKER interaction bronchitis. signifies the energy of the nonbonded interaction that exists between the protein and the ligand. 2.2.2 Enzyme found in Haemophilus The criteria for best interaction was chosen influenzae based on a) high positive value of -CDOCKER energy and b)small difference between - It has been reported that bronchitis can be CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction caused as a result of Haemophilus influenza energy [7,8]. Table 1 shows that palmitoyl- infestation. Various metabolic cycles have been CoAhydrolase-Myricetin interaction has the seen in the bacterial life cycle for its survival. highest positive value of -CDOCKER energy

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Table 1. Results of C docking of phytochemicals with palmitoyl-CoAhydrolase (receptor)

Sl. no Ligand -C DOCKER -C DOCKER Difference Between - C Energy Interaction Energy DOCKER Interaction Energy And - C DOCKER Energy 1 Myricetin 27.0749 29.2435 2.1686 2 Quercetin 25.7857 30.0193 4.2336 3 Luteolin 22.9727 27.648 4.6753 4 Apigenin 21.4293 26.8581 5.4288 5 Capsaicin 17.7672 36.111 18.3438 6 Linalool -10.2877 22.9628 33.2505 7 1,8-cineole -13.8487 13.337 27.1857 8 Myrcene -14.3327 17.1876 31.5203 9 β-carotene Failed Failed Failed

(27.0749) and minimum value of the difference medicinal values to Capsicum against bronchitis (2.1686) between - C DOCKER interaction caused by Haemophilus influenzae . energy and - C DOCKER energy followed by Quercetin. Thus, the results indicated that CONSENT myricetin and quercetin can effectively deactivate the palmitoyl-CoAhydrolase enzyme thereby It is not applicable. interrupting the biological cycle of Haemophilus influenzae . Higher positive values for luteolin ETHICAL APPROVAL indicated that it was the most active ingredient against Haemophilus influenzae . On the other It is not applicable. hand, 1,8-cineole, linalool, myrcene and camphene can deactivate the enzyme to a small COMPETING INTERESTS extent (negative -CDOCKER energy but positive -CDOCKER interaction energy). β-carotene Authors have declared that no competing cannot interact with palmitoyl-CoAhydrolase interests exist. enzyme. Thus, the key phytochemicals preventing bronchitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae are myrcetin and quercetin. REFERENCES

4. CONCLUSIONS 1. Henrich J, Heine S, Norenzayan A. The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral It was previously known that the Capsicum plant and Brain Sciences. 2010;33(2-3):61-83. has medicinal action against bronchitis. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X Bronchitis is caused by Haemophilus influenzae . 2. Hussain I, Ullah R, Ullah R, Khurram M, This study was carried out to provide the Ullah N, Basee A, Khan F, Khattak M, theoretical basis of this observation. Using Zahoor M, Khan J, Khan N. Phytochemical Discovery studio module of Biovia software, analysis of selected medicinal plant. molecular docking operation was performed to African Journal of Biotechnology. 2011;10: identify the phytochemical (1,8-cineole, Apigenin, 7487-7492. capsaicin, linalool, luteolin, myrcene, myricetin 3. Arulselvan P, Karthivashan G, Fakurazi S. and quercetin), which can have significant Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical interaction with the vital enzyme (palmitoyl- Research. 2013;5(7):233-239. CoAhydrolase) of the microbe. It was found that 4. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/me luteolin and apigenin can form a strong bond with sh/68010170 the enzyme successfully inhibiting the metabolic 5. Available: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ cycle of the microbe.1,8-cineole, capsaicin, 6. Available:https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1Y linalool, myrcene, camphene, rutin were found to LI be not much effective in deactivating the enzyme 7. Das D, Das S, Pandey M, Bhattacharyay of the microbe. β-carotene cannot deactivate the D. In silico analysis of phytochemicals from enzyme. Thus, this study could explain that the Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC against presence of luteolin and apigenin provided the Mycobacterium tuberculosis causing

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© 2020 Nayak et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Peer-review history: The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/57270

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