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Twenty Years After the •Œtriesteâ•Š Dive

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Twenty Years After the •Œtriesteâ•Š Dive ARCHIVE PAPER Published in Feb/Mar 1980, Vol. 14, No. 1 Twenty Years After the "Trieste" Dive On January 23, at the Naval Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., the U.S. Navy held a special ceremony in commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of the Bathyscaph Trieste dive. (See reports in the MTS Newsletters for December-January and February.) Dr. Don Walsh, MTS Council Member and Editor of the MTS Journal, was one of the two men who completed the original dive to a record depth of 35,800 feet into the Challenger Deep. The other man, of course, was Jacques Piccard, son of the Swiss physicist and inventor of the Bathyscaph. For those of you in or visiting WaShing- ton, the Bathyscaph will be on permanent display at the Naval Museum. On February 4, the Honorable Paul N. McCloskey, Jr. made the following appeal in the House of Representatives and included in the record Dr. Walsh's own account of the Trieste adventure. Both are reproduced here for the information and interest of our members. - The Managing Editor. Mr. Speaker, last year 53 of our colleagues asked the tion, research during the past several decades has President to dedicate the 1980's as a decade for ocean resulted in the development of new uses and markets resource use and management. It is appropriate that we for marine life Including underutilized species of fish, do so. The oceans are a frontier which have not been marine plants, and other marine organisms. developed to their full potential, and which must be, if we hope to maintain our standard of living and raise the One of the pioneers of basic oceans research is Don standard of living of those who are currently less Walsh, currently director of the Institute for Marine and fortunate than us. Coastal Studies of the University of Southern Califor- nia. Don has spent a lifetime studying the oceans and is Much of the groundwork for this development has been one of this country's experts in their use for commer· done. The 1980's will see the development of the min- cial, scientific, and military purposes. One of Don's erals and petroleum of the deep seabed which was early projects, involving both scientific and military made possible only through the technological advances aspects of oceans research, was his participation In the made in the 1970's. The 1980's will also see intensified bathyscaph Trieste's dive to the bottom of the Marianas fishing efforts which will be subject to management Trench-the deepest known place in the oceans. I am regimes resulting from the imposition of fisheries inserting in the RECORD a copy of Don's account of his management zones and the development of biologically experience which illustrates the depthS that some dedi- sound management practices during the 1970's. In addi- cated people go to learn more about the oceans: VOYAGE TO THE BOnOM OF THE SEA (By Don Walsh) Nearly twenty years ago two men crowded into the depth for the Challenger Deep dive was determined to cramped interior of the United States Navy's Bathy- be 35,800 feet, almost seven miles down. scaph Trieste. They were located at a spot about 300 miles southwest of the island of Guam in the Western But was this bit of exploration two decades ago just an Pacific. More significantly, they were just above the event to gain publicity or did it have a real purpose? And deepest known place in the oceans: the Challenger what Impact is to be seen today from this early pioneer- Deep In the Marianas Trench. ing in deep submergence? Having been Trieste's Navy commander, the co-pilot on the deep dive and the first Nine hours later, when they returned to the surface, they submersible pilot in the Navy, I hope to give some idea brought with them the world's depth record. The ottical of what was done then and what it means today. Summer 2006 Volume 40, Number 2 105 ~ First, It Is Important to have some Idea of the begin· creative and effective engineer. His book, Earth, Sky nings of deep submergence; how the bathyscaph came and Sea Is a delightful account of his scientific adven· to be invented by Professor Auguste Piccard, and how It tures In these three environments. eventualy Joined the United States Navy. Even before his balloon exploits Plccard has thought To set the scene we should go back about fifty years to about applying the concepts of the free balloon to an 1930·1934 when the American zoologist, Professor undersea craft. This would give the desired indepen- WIlliam Beebe was experimenting with his bathysphere dence from surface ship and its cable tether. He began in the waters near Bermuda. Beebe and Engineer Otis the design of the first bathyscaph (this word simply Barton had devised the bathysphere as a means to take means "deep ship") in 1938_However, as the sounds of the scientist's trained mind and eye directly into the war gathered in Europe it became clear that his under· ocean environment. water balloon would have to walt until the return of peace. Beebe's logic was simple. Why deny scientists direct observations simply because the research site was In 1948 Piccard's first bathyscaph, the FNRS-2 (named covered by ocean water? On land biologists and geolo· after the initials of the Belgian foundation that spon- gists made direct observations in the field. But In the sored the project), was test dived. While It performed oceans the marine scientist was forced to lower variOus well as a submersible, it had many deficiencies as a sur- gadgets into the sea to bring up often multllated face craft. Considerable modification was called for samples. These artificial hands and eyes were poor and the FNRS·2 was taken to the French Navy yard at substitutes for direct observation. Toulon for rebuilding. In the early 1950s, prior to com· pletion of the conversion of the FNRS·2, into the new The Beebe bathysphere was simply an iron ball which FNRS-3, the Piccards (since the end of World War II, was fitted with ports for observation and photography. Professor Piccard had his son, Jacques, as his co- An entrance hatch (bolted from the outside!) provided worker on all his bathyscaph projects) left the French access for the two-man crew. The ball was then lowered Navy program. They had been offered the opportunity to by a cable into the sea. Electrical power and communi- build a completely new bathyscaph to be supported by cations with the surface were through a second cable. several sponsors in Italy. The principal sponsor was the City of Trieste. Beebe's classic book Half Mile Down is an eloquent tribute to his imagination and his dedicated team. The In mld-1953 the Bathyscaph Trieste was launched at narrative of their thirty-second dive in August, 1934 to Castellemare di Stabia near Naples. By coincidence the 3,028 feet is as exciting as any epic of exploration. Dr. FrenCh Navy launched FNRS-3 at this same time. The Beebe was the lirst true deep submergence explorer. world now had two bathyscaphs. But the bathysphere had Its limitations. Cable has From 1953 to 1957 the Piccards operated Trieste on a weight and theoretically if you lower enough of it over variety of test and scientific projects in the Mediter- the side it will finally pull apart from its own weight. ranean. However the cost of operating such a complex Oceanographers, well aware of this, use tapered cables piece of scientific equipment made it clear to the Pic- to lower equipment into the deepest parts of the sea. In cards that they would have to find a permanent long. addition, since the bathysphere is attached to the term sponsor for their submersible. mother ship by the cable, any motion of the surface ship results In a similar motion of the ball. Thus if there were In 1957 the United States Navy's Office of Naval eight foot high waves at the surface the ball would also Research (ONR) sponsored a series of scientific dives move up and down eight feet. This would make it very with the Trieste at Capri. This program permitted difficult to do any precision observations close to the American oceanographers from several different disci- seafloor. Finally there is the problem of "cracking the plines (biologists, geologists, acousticians, etc.) to whip" when the motion of the mother ship and the sample the uti Iity of the bathyscaph as a tool for their length of cable are out of phase. If the whip motion is partiCUlar research Interests. At the end of the series severe enough, the ball can be snapped right off the their submitted reports and evaluations were used to end. A better "innerspace ship" was needed. determine whether or no't the Navy would purchase the Trieste and bring it to the United States. Professor Auguste Plccard was a Swiss physicist who was active in the study of cosmic radiation in the 1920s The final evaluations were positive. In 1958 Trieste was and 1930s. Because the Earth's atmosphere shields this purchased and shipped to the Navy Electronics Labora- radiation from space, Professor Piccard became an ac- tory (NEL) at San Diego, California. I joined the project complished alpinist taking his equipment up mountains at NEL in December 1958 and by March was appointed to higher altitudes to reduce this shielding effect. But Officer-in-Charge of the bathyscaph Trieste, a position I this was not enough and he designed a high altitude held until leaving the project three years later.
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