Address Terms Used in Barry Jenkins' the Moonlight Movie

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ADDRESS TERMS USED IN BARRY JENKINS’ THE MOONLIGHT MOVIE; A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

A THESIS

BY:

ANDRE ADHYTAMA

REG. NO. 140705035

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ADDRESS TERMS USED IN BARRY JENKINS’ THE MOONLIGHT MOVIE; A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

A THESIS

ANDRE ADHYTAMA

REG. NO. 140705035

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. Dr. Masdiana Lubis M.Hum. NIP. 1951117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19570626 198303 2 001

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana Sastra examination.

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on 30th January 2019.

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, MS

NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A Ph.D ______

Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S ______

Dr. Deliana, M.Hum. ______

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, ANDRE ADHYTAMA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : August 16th, 2019

i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : ANDRE ADHYTAMA

TITLE OF THESIS : ADDRESS TERMS USED IN BARRY JENKINS’ THE MOONLIGHT MOVIE; A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS

QUALIFICATION : S-1/ SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : August 16th, 2019

ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise God Almighty, for the presence of plenty of mercy and his grace, so that the writer can complete the thesis with the title: Address Terms used in Barry

Jenkins’ The Moonlight Movie; A Sociolinguistic Analysis. Allah will always give us strength as long as we want to put effort in everything.

In completing this thesis, a lot of suggestions, advices, and supports have been contributed by so many people and it is not possible to mention all of them.

First, my deepest appreciation goes to my beloved parents, my mother Elita

Marpaung for the endless love, pray, and support, and my father Iskandar for the phone call every week in order to remind me to keep going and never giving up. Thank you for always supporting my dreams and all of my decisions all this time. And also, thank you for my sisters and my little brother, Adela Paramitha and Bayu Wiranata who have become one of my reasons to work hard, I can not describe how much I love them.

My sincere gratitude to Dr. Deliana, M.Hum., as my thesis supervisor for his patience, advices, and suggestions in guiding me to finish this thesis. Thank you very much for your guidance. And to Dr. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum., as my co supervisor in finishing this thesis, thank you so much for your help.

My gratitude to the Head and the Secretary of English Department, Prof. T.

Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D. and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., and all of the lecturers and staffs of English Department for the facilities provided for my study in this faculty.

iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA And also, thank you to Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S., as my reviewer during proposal seminar and also my examiner. Because of his suggestions and supports, I can make a better thesis, thank you so much, Sir.

I will not forget all of my friends from Senior High School Ikhwanul, Yeny,

Asri, Dina, Ade, Agung, Aidil, Indah, Julia, Memo, Safril, Rafiqi, Fauzi, Datmi, and

Putra, thank you for your supports. And thank you to all my WeCrew members Bilham,

Jeo, Irgi, Bagus, Rian, Riza, Reji, Yori, Reza, Alvi, Riko, Navi, Ramsa, , Dandi, Danu,

Dio, Diki, Petrik, Silah, Arya, and so many others that I can not mention, thank you so much for your concern. And the last but not least to my best friend Bain, Ibnu, Jikri,

Dicky, Nanda, Jawara, Andrew, I hope we can be success in our life, never forget each other and always help your friend in any situations and conditions, and good luck for your thesis also because I believe you all can do it, promise me we are going to graduate together. I love you all.

Medan, August 16th, 2019

Andre Adhytama

Reg. No. 140705035

iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to find out the result of analyzing address term in Moonlight Movie Script written by Barry Jenkins. In this research, the writer uses qualitative research that primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. There are thirty dialogs that represent all the dialogs inside the movie script that represent all the address term. So, the chosen dialogs analized by put them in the table and devided into each part of kind of address term and the social factors that influenced the address term itself. From this research, the writer concludes some findings: It can be found that they are some types of address terms in the script text movie, they are: Using intimacy, using mockery, using respect, using kinship, and using name. And for the social factor, it can be found that they are some social factors which influence the script text movie, they are: Transactional status, race, age, degree of intimacy, family relationship, gender, particular occasion, and social status.

Keywords: Address Terms, Moonlight movie, Script Movie, Sociolinguistic, Sociolinguistic analysis.

v UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk menemukan hasil analisis Address Terms dari naskah film Moonlight yang ditulis oleh Barry Jenkins. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan penelitian kualitatif yang pada dasarnya adalah penelitian berbasis eksplorasi. Penelitian ini digunakan untuk mendapatkan pemahaman tentang alas an, pendapat, dan motivasi yang mendasarinya. Terdapat tiga puluh dialog yang mewakili semua dialog yang terdapat didalam naskah film yang mewakili Address Term yang ada didalam naskah itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, dialog yang dipilih dianalisis dengan meletakkan dialog tersebut dalam tabel dan membagi mereka kedalam masing-masing bagian berdasarkan jenis Address Term dan faktor sosial yang mempengaruhi Address Term itu sendiri. Dari penelitian ini, penulis menyimpulkan beberapa temuan. Dapat ditemukan bahwa terdapat beberapa jenis Address Term didalam teks naskah film, yaitu: Penggunaan Intimacy (keakraban), mockery (ejekan), respect (menghormati), kinship (kekerabatan), dan penggunaan nama. Dan untuk faktor sosial, ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi teks naskah film, yaitu: Status transaksional, ras, usia, tingkat keakraban, hubungan keluarga,jenis kelamin, acara tertentu, dan status sosial.

Kata kunci: Address Terms, Film Moonlight, Naskah film, Sosiolinguistik, Analisis Sosiolinguistik.

vi UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... iii

ABSTRACT ...... v

ABSTRAK ...... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ...... 5

1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 5

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Sociolinguistics ...... 7

2.2 Address Terms ...... 8

2.2.1 Types of Address Terms ...... 10

2.2.1.1 Using Name ...... 10

2.2.1.2 Using Kinship ...... 11

2.2.1.3 Using Intimacy ...... 11

2.2.1.4 Using respect ...... 12

2.2.1.5 Using Mockery ...... 12

2.2.2 Social Factor of Address Terms ...... 13

vii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2.2.1 Particular Occasion ...... 13

2.2.2.2 Social Status ...... 14

2.2.2.3 Gender ...... 14

2.2.2.4 Age ...... 15

2.2.2.5 Family Relationship ...... 16

2.2.2.6 Occupational Hierarchy ...... 16

2.2.2.7 Transactional Status ...... 17

2.2.2.8 Race ...... 18

2.2.2.9 Degree of Intimacy ...... 19

2.4 Speaking Theory ...... 20

2.3 Related Studies ...... 22

CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS METHOD

3.1 Research Design ...... 24

3.2 Data and Sources of Data ...... 25

3.3 Data Collecting Method ...... 25

3.4 Data Analysis Method ...... 26

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Analysis ...... 31

4.2 Findings ...... 52

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ...... 54

5.2 Suggestion ...... 56

REFERENCE...... 57

viii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Every single day, mankind use language to communicate among one

each other. As a member of society, people have their own behavior toward

language. Each of languages shows the social characters of the speaker or

addresses. Furthermore, it shows the relation among them.

Communication is a process of sending and receiving information among

people. Humans communicate with others not only by face-to-face

communication, but also by giving information via the Internet and printed

products such as books and newspapers. Many people believe that the

significance of communication is like the importance of breathing. Indeed,

communication facilitates the spread of knowledge and forms relationships

between people. Communication helps to spread knowledge and information

among people. For example, authors write books to impart knowledge to the

World, and teachers share their experience with their students. Also, friends or

co-workers discuss their ideas with each other, and companies exchange

information with their subsidiaries and customers. Besides, the advent of the

Internet not only allows people to have better access to knowledge and

information in all fields, but also makes it easier and faster to contact with

people around the World. Undoubtedly, the sharing knowledge and information

process cannot function without communication. As a result, companies cannot

operate, and humanity will be drowned in the abyss of ignorance.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Moreover, communication is the foundation of all human relationship. At first, strangers start talking and getting to know each other, and then the relationships are formed when they have more interaction and communication.

Communicating helps people to express their ideas and feelings, and it, at the same time, helps us to understand emotion and thoughts of the others. As a result, we will develop affection or hatred toward other people, and positive or negative relationships will be created.

It is no doubt that communication plays a vital role in human life. It not only helps to facilitate the process of sharing information and knowledge, but also helps people to develop relationships with others. Therefore, the importance of communication cannot be underestimated. Every day, we communicate with a lot of people including our families, our friends, our colleagues, or even strangers. We should learn how to communicate effectively to make our lives better.

Address terms is one of the important tools of communication which is used in society. Kinds of basic rules of the address terms are social class, age, sex, profession, marital status, politeness and other related aspect. The speaker uses address terms to call the person who involved in the conversation. The use of address terms depends on the addresser and addressee’s relationship, the social status or individual involve in the conversation, the situation and purpose of the conversation. The aim of addressing is to maintain social relationship between addresser and addressee in society (Artika in Sari, 2015:1). Greetings need to be done by both participants to start conversation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Address terms is a part of greeting. Address terms in greeting of conversation shows the interest between the participants. Some people usually do addressing someone before they begin the conversation. Calling someone name is the most common way of addressing. People can find many forms of address terms used.

In formal situation, people usually address someone else by their titles like Mr.,Mrs, Sir, Prof, etc. Moreover, in relax situation someone often calls a friend with his or her nick name such as Jack for Jacob or Anne for Annabelle.

In addressing, person must consider the classification, such as addressing using name, addressing of intimate terms, addressing of kinship terms, addressing of respectful terms and even addressing of mockeries (Wardaugh in Sari, 2015:2).

Address terms has closed relationship with politeness in communication. People should understand the language, social and cultural values of the society. They tend to think of politeness just a matter of saying

―please‖ in making request and saying ―thank you‖ when someone does something for us or gives us what we want. Being linguistically polite involves speaking to people appropriately in the light of their relationship to you (Holmes in Sari, 2015:2). People need to understand the social values of a society in order to speak politely.

Choosing the appropriate address terms to call someone can show the politeness level. For example, the sentence “Good night, buddy” said by someone to address his friend show that the words “buddy” has high level of politeness in conversation, they have closed relationship one each other and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA word “buddy” symbolize the intimate name. From the example above can be a consideration that people should use address terms which appropriate to address someone and we also considerate politeness in every sentence we said in order not to hurts the partner of conversation.

Learning address terms is not just through the daily life, but it can be learnt from novel, short story, drama, film, and many others. Here the writer does the research which used by the characters in Moonlight movie by Barry

Jenkins.

The film presents three stages in the life of the main character; his youth, adolescence, and early adult life. It explores the difficulties he faces with his sexuality and identity, including the physical and emotional abuse he endures growing up. Filmed in Miami, Florida, beginning in 2015, Moonlight premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2016. Distributed by A24, the film was released in the United States on October 21, 2016, and grossed over

$65 million worldwide.

At the 74th Golden Globe Awards Moonlight won Best Motion Picture –

Drama and was nominated in five other categories. The film won the Academy

Award for Best Picture, along with Best Supporting Actor for Ali and Best

Adapted Screenplay for Jenkins and McCraney, from a total of eight nominations. In 2017, The New York Times considered it the "twentieth-best film of the 21st century so far".

Moonlight became the first film with an all-black cast, the first LGBTQ film, and the second-lowest-grossing film domestically (behind The Hurt

Locker) to win the Oscar for Best Picture. The film's editor, Joi McMillon,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA became the first black woman to be nominated for an editing Oscar (alongside

co-editor Nat Sanders), and Ali became the first Muslim to win an acting Oscar.

The phenomena that address terms can indicate the level of politeness in

daily conversation and also represented in Moonlight movie therefore it

encourages the writer to doing a research dealing with address terms used in

movie manuscript. Besides, the writer is interested in choosing this topic

considering the fact that address terms consist of social factors that influence the

way people address each other in different context. Analyzing address terms can

be useful to interact with others, such as in educational process: Between

students and teacher, teacher and teachers, and many other. Thus the writer will

be research about ―ADDRESS TERMS USED IN BARRY JENKINS’ THE

MOONLIGHT MOVIE; A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS‖.

1.2 Problem of the Study

It is important to make the specification of problems which are

going to be analyzed. It helps the writer to avoid the ambiguity of the

analysis and get the clear description about the object of the analysis

itself. So in this thesis the writer decide some problems that should be

analyzed. They are as the following:

a. What types of address terms are used by characters in Moonlight

movie?

b. What are the social factors that influence the use of address terms by

characters in Moonlight movie?

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1.3 Objective of the Study

In line with the questions in part two, the study is designed to

achieve three goals as follow:

a. To identify the variations of address terms used in Moonlight Movie.

b. To describe the social factors that influence the characters found in the

movie.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study is intended to identify the kinds of address terms that are used

by all of the characters in the ―Moonlight‖ movie by Barry Jenkins 2016. Focus

of this research is only kinds of address terms which consist of address terms

using name, kinship, intimacy, respect, and mockery. The data are taken from

the dialog in the movie. The writer selects the utterance that used address terms

and organize them based on the kinds of address terms.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The writer expects that the result of this study can give contribution to academic field and practical field. This research gives additional academic reference about: English address terms and this research gives more information for further researches dealing with the address terms. This study can give more information for further writers dealing with address terms.

This research also gives additional practical benefits reference about:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. To give more information to the readers about the use of address system

especially the use of name, kinship, intimacy, respect, and mockery.

2. Give information to the readers about the reason of employing such address

terms in the movie and the use of them in appropriate way.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistic have become interested in explaining why people address

differently in different contexts. Holmes (1992:1) mention that examining the way

people use language in different social contexts provides a wealth of information

about the way language works as well as about the social relationships in a

community. As people used different styles in different social contexts, sociolinguists

begin to conduct researches in order to find the relationship between the context and

language used in that context. Not only social characteristics of the speakers but also

the social context in which the speakers finds themselves will affect language use.

The role of a language among the people in this life is very crucial. Holmes

(1992:1) describes that sociolinguistics is the study that concerns with relationship

between language and the context in which it is used, why people say something in

different ways and to identify the social functions of language and the ways it is used

to convey social meaning. One example here is that different social status of people in

a certain society results in different use of language.

In our society, people may say the same thing in different way. It can be

caused by context in which it is used. The choice of word in a conversation reflects

factors such as the relationship between people in the particular situation and how the

speaker feels about the person addressed. The difference way when we say the same

thing includes linguistic variation such as: sounds, word structure, grammar, as well

as vocabulary. The difference ways when we say thing is influenced by some social

factors and dimensions (Holmes, 1992:12).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Certain social factors have been relevant in accounting for the particular

variety used. Some relate to the users of language – the participants others relate to

the uses - the social setting and function of the interaction .Who is talking to whom

(e.g. wife – husband customer – shop keeper, boss – worker) is an important factor.

The setting or social context (e.g. home, work, school is generally a relevant factor

too. The aim or purpose of the interaction (informative, social) may be important. And

in some cases the topic has proved an influence on language choice.

Not all factors are relevant in any particular context but they can be grouped in

ways which are helpful. In any situation linguistic choices will generally reflect the

influence of one or more of the following components such as the participants: Who is

speaking and who are they speaking to? The setting or social contexts of the

interaction: Where are they speaking? The topic: what is being talked about? The

function: Why are they speaking?

Social dimensions, in addition to these components it is useful to take account

of four different dimensions for analysis which relate to the factors above and which

have been only implicit in the discussion so far. These are: A social distance scale

concerned with participant relationships, a status scale concerned with participant

relationships, a formality scale relating to the setting or type of interaction, two

functional scales relating to the purposes or topic of interaction.

2.2 Address Terms

The most obvious points where social factors influence language are in the selection of address terms. The part of greeting, addressing term in greeting of conversation shows the interest between the participants. Some people usually do

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA addressing someone before they begin the conversation. Calling someone name is the most common way of addressing.

Addressing someone before starting conversation is generally done by many people. Calling someone name is the most common way of addressing. The way of addressing someone depends on the particular situation. In addressing someone,

Wardaugh (2000: 264) implies that the person must consider about the classification of addressing terms, such as; addressing using name, addressing of closing relationship, intimate term, addressing of kinship term, addressing of respectful term, even addressing of mockeries. Addressing terms can be a word, phrase, name, or title (or some combination of these). A term of address may be friendly, unfriendly, or neutral, respectful, disrespectful, or comradely.

There are numbers of consideration, which are lying down addressing terms when people call someone. People often have different names for someone when they are addressing them directly, as opposed when they are referring to them in different context.

Social class, age, sex, profession, marital status, politeness and other related aspect are the kind of basic rules of address system.

Having deep understanding about address rules of certain language is not an easy matter. Wardaugh (1993:253) confirms that the actual rules of address in a society are as complex as the society itself. Someone may address the same person in different ways. It is due to social context. In addressing, the speaker usually use address terms to call each other during the conversation. The speaker also uses different style in addressing someone. Wardaugh (2000:267), states that one consequence is that choosing the right terms of address to use, in a hierarchical society may not always be easy. He also explain that people may address or names another by title, by first name, by last name, by nickname, and even by some combination of these forms.

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2.2.1 Types of Address Terms

In daily life, people normally use address terms to communicate with others.

Address term is a way to identify someone by using certain address toward him or her. How do people name or address another?

Wardaugh (2006: 267) confirms that the actual rules of address in a society are as complex as the society itself. Someone may address the same person in different ways. It is due to social context. In addressing, the speaker usually use address terms to call each other during the conversation. They are some types of address terms that described as following:

2.2.1.1 Using Name

In interacting and communicate with other people, mankind usually

address people by calling their name or call unknown people by mention their

features. If somebody calls other by using name, she or he usually know each

other or they are so often interact each other even only one times. But, if they are

never interact before, they will call by mention their features such as skin color,

clothes, body shape, haircut, and many other.

In addressing terms using names, the speakers use name to addressing the

other. Example: Jaka, Alisa, Willi, Fredi, Angela, and others.

According the writer’s understanding, picking up from Chaika in Haqsari

(2016: 91) they are some kinds of address terms using name, address terms by

First Name (FN), Title with Name (TLN), Title only (T), and Last Name (LN).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2.1.2 Using Kinship

Kinship or family relationship is a relation among every single entity that has the same genealogy origin through biological, social, and cultural ancestry. kinship systems include heredity and marriage, while in biology this term includes descent and marriage.

Kinship is one of the fundamental principles for grouping people into social groups, roles, categories, and genealogies. Family relationships can be manifested (mother, brother, grandfather) or abstractly according to the level of kinship. A relationship can have relative conditions (eg, father is someone who has children), or represent in absolute terms (eg, differences in status between a mother and a woman without children).

In addressing terms using kinship, the speakers uses the kinship terms that is title without last name to address the other. For example: Mom, Dad, Grandma,

Grandpa, Aunty.

2.2.1.3 Using Intimacy

Intimacy is defined as positive emotional relationship where inside it has a mutual understanding where the relationship develops between individuals as a result of their interaction through communication. Intimacy occurs in a friendship that is well-established, includes people who like each other, like their presence with each other, have similar interests and activities, help each other and understand, trust each other, create a sense of comfort and provide each other emotional support.

Intimacy grows up slowly and it is influenced by interaction, support and validation or justification or acceptance. Warmth, connectedness, and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA understanding are very important for people so psychological familiarity is the most important gift in close relationship. The speakers address the other uses the polite terms to substitute others name in this kind of address terms. For example:

Darling, dear, sweetie, honey, dude.

2.2.1.4 Using Respect

Respect is defined as the attitude where people treat someone appropriately and in his place. Besides that, respect means serving politely, upholding, glorifying, accepting and obeying. This mutual respect for human beings aims to maintain good relationships, because as individual beings we want to fulfill each other's needs and desires. In another sense humans have the ability to develop themselves.

With that respect means we show respect not only because of services, but also because of our position. For example, as an Indonesian nation we have a different opinion from the President's decision, but we still respect his position as the leader of the country. In this kind, the speakers use the title before name to address someone. For example: Mr. Adam, Mrs. Hana, Prof. Ridwan, Dr. Hani.

2.2.1.5 Using Mockery

Mockery is defined as the bad attitude where people treat someone which aims to insults someone and degrades his position. Mockery means teasing and contemptuous language or behavior directed at a particular person or thing.

Mockery is usually used by somebody when she or he addresses other people with two point of views. First, they don’t like people a lot because of many factors such an enemy. Second, mockery is used as a ridicule’s word for the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA closest person. In this case, the speaker usually addresses the other by using

mockery terms in this kind. For example: Fool, freak, damn, shit, creepy.

2.2.2 Social Factor of Address Terms

Address term is used to address somebody. In addressing people, she or he must pay attention to several things. It consists of the people whom they want to address, how about the situation, where is it take place, attention to the age, education, occupation, and many other.

According to Wardaugh (2006) which taken from the journal of Haqsari

(2016), there are nine social factors that influence the address terms as follow:

2.2.2.1 Particular Occasion

In this part, the best explanation to draw the social factor of address terms

in particular occasion is being used by example. The example is as follows:

Hartanto : So, what now?

Tomi : Prove it. To prove with a single equation that time has

beginning. Wouldn’t that be nice, Professor? On single elegant

equation to explain everything?

Hartanto : Yes. It would. It would indeed.

The conversation takes place in a seminar room of a University. After the

dissertation examination done, Rudi Hartanto asks about Tomi’s plans after doing

the research. Tomi said that he will prove his research. Tomi addresses Rudi

Hartanto by using title only when they are in formal occasion. The use of title in

the conversation above shows the social distance among students and lecturer.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2.2.2 Social Status

Social status is someone’s position in a hierarichical social system which simultaneously determines a person's social role. Location or position in social strata varies depend on the rights and obligations, it is usually determined by the lifestyle and consumption pattern of a person. The difference in position illustrates the difference in status. For instance like the conversation below:

Hartanto : Come in, Stephen. How are you?

Tomi : Fine.

Hartanto : Would you like to have a seat?

Tomi : No, thank you.

From the short conversation above, Hartanto, the lecturer of Tomi

Indrawan addresses his student by using first name (FN). This communication is not tell us the intimacy, but to show the power differential. There is a different social status between them. Hartanto as a lecturer has a higher status compared to him.

2.2.2.3 Gender

Gender refers to the social attributes and oppurtunities associated with being male and female, the relationship between women and men, girls and boys.

Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a woman and a man in a given context.

In a particular society, gender affects the choice of address terms. Gender is one of social factor that never appear in the data. Especially in Moonlight movie, there is no data that shows about gender. For instance, the word abang in

Indonesian people identifies the gender itself. The gender is male or a man.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Anita : Bang, do you see where my comic is?

Angga : No, I don’t. Where did you put it last time?

Anita : I put it on the table.

Angga : Just look around, maybe Mom moves it to your desk.

From the short conversation above, the word bang identified if the gender

is a man. But, in this occasion, abang and kakak only applies in Indonesia.

2.2.2.4 Age

In this part, age become one of social factors that influence the address terms. In a certain society or maybe in some countries. Age shows the characteristic of someone’s attitude. Such in Indonesia, people call their old sister or old brother by using kakak or abang. It means that word shows the politeness based on the age of theirselves.

Anita : Bang, do you where my comic is?

Angga : No, I don’t. where did you put it last time?

Anita : I put it on the table.

Angga : Just look around, maybe Mom move it to your desk.

From conversation above, word abang can be identified if Angga is older than Anita. Meanwhile, in other country, we can not be identified people if they are older or younger just from the conversation, but we have to make a direct interaction.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA But especially in Moonlight movie, age is not show us become a social factor that provides in the data. The way people call each other is by using their name or nickname even their interlocutor is older than the speaker.

2.2.2.5 Family Relationship

According to the writer, family relationship is blood relation in a family context. In line with father’s family or mother’s family. The example of family relationship in Moonlight movie based on the script is as follows:

Paula : You hear me, Chiron?

Black : Damn, mama. I hear you.

The short conversation above takes place in Black’s house when he talks with his mother. The word mama is the result of family relationship and use the kinship terms.

2.2.2.6 Occupational Hierarchy

The choice of the types of address terms is determined by the

circumstance around the place where people work. Occupational hierarchy

greatly influences the way people address other people in their work place. The

different circumstance of work’s field such as in a military and business world

affect the choice of address term. People who have a higher occupational status

receive title with the last name (TLN) when they are addressed, meanwhile

people who have the lower status receive first name (FN) when they are

addressed. The example below is made by the writer. This short conversation

ilustrates the financial staff submits her report to the director.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Rahmad Fakri Suhartono (Director)

Annisa Aziz (Financial Staff)

Finance : Good Morning, Mr. Suhartono. This is the report of the last

project.

Director : Morning, Annisa. Thank you for the report. I will check it

soon.

Base on the short conversation above, Director has a higher occupational

status who receive title with last name, and the financial staff has lower status

receive first name when they are being addressed.

This factor doesn’t appear in the Moonlight movie although in several

parts the setting of conversations are in the school where people have an

occupational hierarchy to be upheld. Most of the characters use the first name or

even mockery.

2.2.2.7 Transactional Status

In a society, someone’s social status can be clearly seen through the use of address terms. The different social status will determine which type of address terms are applied. The inequality in power between higher and lower social status can be seen in the use of title with last name and first name.

Transactional status is a status achieved by speciality in a certain work’s field, so, other people follow her/his instruction. For instance, between the doctor and patient.

Dr. Haris : You have to decrease consuming coffee, soda, spicy food,

cheese, and fatty dishes. After that, eat the healthy food

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA regularly, and last, don’t forget to drink your medicines three

times a day.

Ardi : Thanks a lot, Doc. I will do it.

In this case, there is no transactional status found in the Moonlight movie.

The conversations mostly take place in the school and hause where nobody achieves a certain specializationin the work’s field.

2.2.2.8 Race

Race determines people in the way they choose certain types of address

terms. For example, in America, there are two different races between white skin

and black skin people. Long time ago, black skin people or people call it Afro-

America, has the lower status in the social rank in that Uncle Sam’s country.

They are being worked as a slave. Race can be seen based on their own

characteristics. For example, body shape, face shape, eye shape and eye color,

skin color, hair color, and many other.

Andi : Hey, Edo. I wanna give you information.

Edo : What is that?

Andi : We have a new students in our class. I labeled her the slanted

eyes.

Edo : Why you call her that word? It is rude.

Andi : Her name is Yui Lan. You know what I mean.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA From the conversation above, the word slanted eyes and combine with the name Yui Lan give us information, if the new students is a chinesse and has different race from the speakers.

Race is one of social factors that never arise in Moonlight movie, eventhough, the are black skin people, but in this movie mainly tells about

Black’s life phases start from his childhood till he become an adult man.

2.2.2.9 Degree of Intimacy

Degree of intimacy typically is viewed in terms of variations in the capacity of people to develop and maintain close relationships. Intimacy is a phenomenon that is both sought-after and feared. People spend a great deal of time and effort pursuing intimacy- their frequent singles bars, join churh group, respond to personal ads, peruse online dating services, and get their friends to introduce them to potential partners.

The simple example of degree of intimacy is friendship. It can be between two persons or more. Usually, intimacy only happen for the people who well- known each other. And they use first name addressed each other. It can be seen from the short conversation bellow:

Hana : Zuli, I wanna tell you something. Are you busy now?

Zuli : No. just tell me everything.

Hana : Mom was angry to me because I get 65 in Math examination.

Zuli : Whats wrong? How could you get only 65?

Hana : I was playing game and forget to study.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Based on the conversation about, we can conclude if Zuli and Hana are

close friend. Hana tells Zuli about her problem. Their relation tells intimacy.

2.3 Speaking Theory

Hymes in Chaer (2004:48) explains, if for the first letters bundled into speaking

acronym, so Hymes called this theory is speaking theory. So, the writer will be found

the addressing term in every part of those components:

a. Setting and Scene: The setting and scene are the places, occasions, or natural

situations that can influence the people in choosing an addressing term. People

may consider a more formal variety of a language when they talking in an

office than when talking in a picnic place.

b. Participants: Participant is all members who join the conversation, can be

speaker and hearer, sender and receiver. Social status of the participant

influences the language that will use.

c. Ends: Ends related to the purpose of speech or conversation or the

goals that a speaker wishes to reach. All speech events and speech acts

have an end or a purpose. Sometimes several events shared the same

style and are distinguished only by purposes and participants or setting.

d. Act Sequence: The act sequence refers to the order of a speech, is it

narrative, a conversation, or a talking. A formal speech for example, is

set carefully with an opening expression, followed with an

introduction, a story before entering the main topic.

e. Key: The key is referred to the manner, spirit, and feeling of the message

wished to be captured within the conversation. It is also referred to the spirit

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA captured in the voice or manner of a speaker. The spirit or the feeling may be

sincere, modest, or low. Key is often conventionally ascribed to an example of

some other component as its attribute.

f. Instrumentalities: It is close to the track of language that use, such as oral,

written, telegraph, or telephone. Instrumentalities refer to utterance code used,

such as language, dialect, and register.

g. Norm of Interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for

example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an

audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.

h. Genre: Referred to the type of the utterances whether it is on the poem form,

proverb form, a prayer form, a lecture etc. all speech has formal characteristics

of some sort as the manifestation of genres.

They are popularly known as the components of the ethnography of speaking.

Ethnography is a study or research on the behavior of the public or consumers who learned directly from their habitat or natural environment. In a conversation we might not find the factors to be activated all together. The certain degree these factors might be helpful to describe factors that influence other forms of language contact phenomenon such as the terms of address.

From those mentioned by Hymes was having a relationship with addressing term, because in every part of the movie must have an addressee. But it does not only happen in the movie, even our own experience in everyday life. Hymes said component is similar to Fishman, that is as a sociolinguistic subject, "who speak, what language, to whom, when, and what end"

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4 Related Studies

In this research, the writer felt it necessary to include the previous research because it can be used as comparison and help the writer to do this research, and in addition the writer can also use it as a development of ideas. Therefore, the writer can be more understand in doing the research to get the better than before. In supporting the ideas of this research, some relevant thesis and research has been collected to supply relevant information to the topic, as follows:

The first previous research is by Ratna Dewi Haqsari (2017) entitled A

Sociolinguistic Analysis of Address Terms Uttered by the Characters in The Theory of

Everything Movie. Her research analyze the types of address term in James Marsh’s the

Theory of Everything movie. She employed the descriptive qualitative method. And the result of this research devided become two, first, she found the seven types of address terms and second, she found nine social factors in the research.

The second research is by Fatma Hulya Ozcan (2016) entitled Choice of Address

Terms in Conversional Setting. This research investigated the address terms school children use in reciprocal situation, which are further analyzed regarding the potential effect of age, gender, and being monolingual or bilingual based on the issue. The result of her research shows that monolingual children use a great varietyof address terms while bilingual children dwell on first names more frequently.

The third research is by Xizhen Qin (2014) entitled Choice in Terms of Address: A

Sociolinguistic Study of Chinese and American English Practices. This research focused on the usages of address which are collected from movies and they are considered to better reflect social reality by portraying various interpersonal relationship in different situations. The result indicates that besides the determinants of interpersonal relationship, factor in a context including 5W the address form is used and with what kind of intentions

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA also play an important role in determining the choice of address terms, both in Chinese and English.

For this study more concerned in finding and analyzing the types and social factors of address terms and the reason of using it in Moonlight Movie.

In this study, the writer prioritizes the influence of social interactions on each character in this movie which in the previous study did not prioritize it. So the writer really hopes that this research can open the insights of the writer and the reader to the social factors contained in this movie

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Research is defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular

concern or a problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist

Earl Robert Babbie, ―Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and

control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.

In this research, the writer uses qualitative research that primarily exploratory

research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and

motivations.

According to Miles and Huberman (2014:30), qualitative data is that they focus on

naturally occurring, ordinary events in natural settings, so that we have a strong handle on

what ―real life‖ is like. That confidence is buttressed by local groundedness, the fact that

the data were collected in close proximity to a specific situation. The emphasis is on a

specific case, a focused and bounded phenomenon embedded in its context. The

influences of the local context are not stripped away but are taken into account. The

possibility for understanding latent, underlying, or nonobvious issues is strong.

According to Miles and Huberman (1992) in Iskandar (2010:3) toward the

qualitative research is the data that appears in the form of words and not numbers. The

data may have been collected in various ways (observation, interview, documentary

essence, tape), and which are usually "processed" approximately before they are ready to

be used (through recording, typing, editing, or writing), but qualitative analysis still use

words, which are usually arranged into expanded text.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA It is also defined as an approach of empirical, methodological controlled analysis

of texts within their context of communication, following content analytic rules and step

by step models without rash qualification (Mayring, 2000).

3.2 Data and Source of Data

According to Arikunto (2013: 172) Data is all facts and figures that can be used

as material to compile informations. Meanwhile source of data in the research is the

subject where the data is taken. It can be people, place, or paper (symbol).

In this research, the writer collect the data of address terms from the script of the

movie which is considered to reflect social reality, interpersonal relationships in

different situation will be portrayed variously. The data of this research are all sentences

that contain address terms found from the script of the Moonlight movie.

The source of data of Moonlight movie directed by Barry Jenkins is taken from

online source and downloaded from: https://dunia21.net/moonlight-2016/ . And for the

script is taken from: http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/MOONLIGHT.pdf

This movie tells about three life’s phases of Chiron the black boy who live in

slum environment in Miami. It starts from his childhood, teen, and adult phase. He

found a guidance from Juan, a drug seller who teaches him to find out his own way life.

This movie shows bullying, sex oriented seeker, and love.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

According to Arikunto (2013: 193) data collecting method is the way how to

collect the data about status which can be compared with the certain standard or

predetermined measurement. Data collecting method is the same with the evaluation

tools or the instrument of collecting the data. The writer use the documentation method

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA in this research. In a research, documentation is the evidence provided (in the form of endnotes, footnotes, and entries in bibliographies) for information and ideas borrowed from others. That evidence includes both primary sources and secondary sources.

In this research, through analyzing content, the techniques for collecting the data are as the following:

1. Reading the movie script

Watching the movie and reading the script of the movie to identify the plot and

compare between script and the movie.

2. Identifying the conversation.

In this part, the movie script will be identified and find the address terms.

3. Collecting the data

After identifying the conversation, then, all address terms will be classified based

on its categories.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

After collecting the data, the writer arranges some steps to analyze the data.

First, the writer categorizes the words, sentences, utterances, or expressions in the

Moonlight movie produced by all of the characters use address terms.

According to Miles and Huberman (2014:30) there are three points of analyzing data: (1) data condensation, (2) data display, and (3) conclusion drawing/verification.

3.4.1 Data condensation

According to Miles and Huberman (2014:31) data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/or transforming the data

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that appear in the full corpus (body) of written-up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials.

Data condensation occurs continuously throughout the life of any qualitatively oriented project. Even before the data are actually collected, anticipatory data condensation is occurring as the writer decides (often without full awareness) which conceptual framework, which cases, which research questions, and which data collection approaches to choose. As data collection proceeds, further episodes of data condensation occur: writing summaries, coding, developing themes, generating categories, and writing analytic memos. The data condensing/transforming process continues after the fieldwork is over, until a final report is completed.

There are several stages in data condensation such as:

1. Selecting

In this stage, data is selected based on the situation in the conversation or event in the moonlight movie which shows the address term.

2. Focusing

In the stage of focusing, the writer focuses the case on social factors in moonlight movie.

3. Simplifying

In the simplifying stage, the author simplifies the discussion on social factors that affect address terms at moonlight movie

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. Abstraction

In the abstracttion stage, the address terms identified and analyzed are discussed in sociolinguistic theory, which means that social factors are very influential in this discussion.

5. Transforming

In the transforming stage, the data that has been analyzed will be summarized in a table, which explains the address terms and social factors that are related.

3.4.2 Data display

Data display is the second element to analyze the data, according to Miles and

Huberman (2014:31) a display is an organized, compressed assembly of information that allows conclusion drawing and action. Looking at displays helps us understand what is happening and to do something—either analyze further or take action— based on that understanding.

Good displays are a major avenue to robust qualitative analysis. The displays discussed and illustrated in this book include many types of matrices, graphs, charts, and networks. All are designed to assemble organized information into an immediately accessible, compact form so that the analyst can see what is happening and either draw justified conclusions or move on to the next step of analysis that the display suggests may be useful.

3.4.3 Drawing and Verifying Conclusion

The third stream of analysis activity is conclusion drawing and verification.

From the start of data collection, the qualitative analyst interprets what things mean by noting patterns, explanations, causal flows, and propositions. The competent writer holds these conclusions lightly, maintaining openness and skepticism, but the conclusions are still there, vague at first, then increasingly explicit and grounded.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Conclusions are also verified as the analyst proceeds. Verification may be as brief as a fleeting second thought crossing the analyst’s mind during writing, with a short excursion back to the field notes; or it may be thorough and elaborate, with lengthy argumentation and review among colleagues to develop ―intersubjective consensus‖ or with extensive efforts to replicate a finding in another data set.

Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model

Source: Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications

Data collection is a process of collecting information from all the relevant sources to find answers to the research problem, test the hypothesis and evaluate the outcomes.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In summary there are some steps of the data analysis, they are: a. Reading the script of the Moonlight movie contain address terms. b. Identifying the types of the address terms and the social factors are used in every

classification. c. Classifying the types and social factors of address terms based on the underlying

theory. d. Analyzing how address terms are used based on the underlying theory. e. Drawing a conclusion by making the address terms in the equal and intimate

dyed such as friends, well-known colleagues, and significant others.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Data Analysis

In this research, the data which are sentences in short dialog or any slice of dialog from the movie script of Moonlight movie by Barry Jenkis (2016). There are so many dialogs in this script movie consist of address terms, but, most of them just a repetition in several parts of dialog. So, the writer makes thirty dialogs that represent all the address term which exist in the script movie.

This 30 dialogs will be analyzed after deviding in some parts in the table, and the writer put them all in which part the dialogs suitable with the category od kind and social factors of address term. The sentences or dialogs in Moonlight movie script will be analyzed based on the types and social factors of address term.

4.1.1 Analyzing Type of Address Terms

TYPES OF SOCIAL NO TEXT ADDRESS EXPLANATION FACTORS TERMS

Juan : Azu you okay, man? (Azu (30s, broken) staggers a bit, face unsure) Azu : (Realizing) Oh In this scene, Juan my bad Juan. No is as drugs dealer 1 Using Transactional ask the sales disrespect intimacy status Juan : What you need? result to Azu as Azu : You know you the distributor. my man, right Juan? Juan : Azu don’t bring that noise. I got sells, not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA samples.

(Page 2)

Text 1 page 2:

In this scene, the dialog takes place in the side street of apartment

buildings in Miami. Juan an Afro-latino come out from his car and approach

Azu and his old friend then asking them about their drugs bussiness. Juan

addresses Azu by using intimacy in their dialog. The use of intimacy in this

occasion shows the interaction between them because of their connection in

bussiness. It can be seen from what they call each other ―man”.

In this part, the social factor that influences the first text is transactional

status. Even those people address each other using nickname ―Oh my bad

Juan” which shows intimacy, but in reality, they had any point to be underlined

it call transaction between dealer and seller.

Text 2 page 2:

In this scene, a Terrence : Nigga, you group of children know the drill. run to catch up a Using 2 Race black skin boy Little boy 1 : Get that mockery nigga! who run and hide (Page 2) himself in the empty buildings.

In this scene, still in the same location. In the side street of apartment

buildings. A group of children run to catch up a black skin boy who run and hide

himself in the empty building. Terrance, one of the children being seen by a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA black skin boy in the other side of buildings. Terrance address the black skin boy

by using mockery. The use of mockery in this occasion is the common way

happen in America when they see other black skin people and mock them.

From the dialog above, the social factor that influences the second text is

race. The word Nigga identified a boy who have black skin that gives us

information if he is an Afro-American people.

Text 3 page 4:

Juan : What you doin' in here, lil’ man? In this scene, Juan Little man : (silent and meet Chiron (a 3 Using respect Age watch him) little boy) for the Juan : You don’t talk first time. to strangers, huh? (Page 4)

In this scene, Juan come in to the empty building where Chiron or the

black skin boy is hiding and try to talk to him for the first time. The way Juan

address Chiron is using respect. He tried to ask Chiron talking with him in a

good way.

From the dialog above, the social factor that influences the third text is

age. The word lil’man gives us information if there is a different age between

Juan and Chiron. It can be seen if Juan is an adult people and Chiron is a kid.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Text 4 page 5

Juan : What about where you live? Gotta In this scene, Juan get you home, man. Can't ask Chiron when Using Degree of 4 just have they are sitting in you runnin' round these intimacy intimacy a booth of table dope holes. and some foods. (Page 5)

In this scene, Juan tries to talk to Chiron in his house even Chiron talks

nothing but Juan makes him comfort. The way Juan address Chiron is using

respect. It can be seen that Juan persuades him politely and full with kindness.

From the dialog above, the social factor that influences the text is degree

of intimacy. The word man gives us information if Juan talks to Chiron as a

friend in the same age in order that little boy feels comfort.

Text 5 page 6

In this scene, Juan Juan : My bad, lil' man. ask apologize to I wouldn't do you Chiron when he sliding Chiron’s 5 like that. I apologize, Using respect Age alright? meal. But he did it because Chiron (Page 6) didn’t answer all of his questions.

In this scene, Still effort to make Chiron release his voice, but Juan

failure and he slides Chiron’s plate to get his attention. After that, Juan asks

apology to Chiron. The way Juan treat Chiron show us that Juan full of respect

to Chiron.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA From the dialog above, the social factor that influences the text is age.

The word lil’man gives us information if there is a different age between Juan

and Chiron. It can be seen if Juan is an adult people and Chiron is a little boy.

Text 6 page 7

Juan : You don't talk In this scene, Juan much but you damn brings Chiron to sure can eat. (Teresa is Juan’s spouse, Using Degree of 6 smiling) Teresa. Chiron is intimacy intimacy Teresa : That’s alright, baby. eating and both of You talk when you ready. them watch him (Page 7) closely. In this part, Juan brings that little boy to Teresa’s house, Juan’s spouse.

Teresa like Chiron a lot. It can be seen when Teresa calls him by word baby. The

way Teresa calls Chiron is using intimacy.

From the dialog in text 6, the social factor that influences the text is

degree of intimacy. The word baby tells us information if Teresa treats Chiron

full of kindness like her own son even Chiron is a kid she just know before.

Teresa’s attention show us the degree of intimacy.

Text 7 page 7-8

Chiron : My name Chiron, but people call me In this scene, Little. Teresa asks Teresa : I’m gon’ call Using Degree of Chiron where he 7 you by your name. Where intimacy intimacy comes from is, or you live, Chiron? the origin of chiron : Liberty city. Chiron. (Page 7-8)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In this scene, Teresa asks Chiron about his origin, what his name is,

where he comes from is, and try to get his attention by calling him his real name.

The word Chiron confirms us kind of address term which is using name. In

America, if someone calls somebody else by their own name, it means that they

have a good relation between one and another.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is degree of

intimacy. The word Chiron confirm us that Teresa shows the attention like they

have been known each other. In America, if someone calls somebody else by

their own name, it means that they have a good relation between one and

another.

Text 8 page 9

Paula : What happened In this scene, Juan Chiron? Why you pick Chiron back didn’t come home like you Family 8 Using name to his house and supposed relationship to?! meet his mother, a (Page 9) nurse, Paula.

In this part, Paula, Chiron’s mother asks her son full of anxiousness. The

type of address terms that influence the text is using name. The way Paula calls

her son by his name shows any relation between them.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is family

relationship. The word Chiron confirms us that his mother, Paula, has the right

to call him anything. Between a mother and the son.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Text 9 page 10

Paula : You a real damn prize, Chiron, you know In this scene, that? You got’sta come Paula said her Family 9 home when you Using name anxious to meant to come home, you relationship Chiron, her only hear? son. (Page 10)

In this part, Paula, Chiron’s mother asks her son full of anxiousness. The

type of address terms that influence the text is using name. The way Paula calls

her son by his name shows any relation between them.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is family

relationship. The word Chiron confirm us that his mother, Paula, has the right

to call him anything. Between a mother and the son.

Text 10 page 10

Paula : That’s alright In this scene, baby, that’s alright. Mama Paula hugs her just want to make sure Using Family son and reliefs 10 you’re okay. That’s all intimacy relationship herself that baby. everything is (Page 10) okay.

In this dialog, Paula holds her son tighly and said that everything is fine.

The type of address terms that influence the text is using intimacy. It can be

seen from the text that Paula calls Chiron by word baby.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is family

relationship. The word baby gives us information that Paula attention of her son

full of love between mom and son.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Text 11 page 11

In this scene, Paula forbid Paula : Nuh uh, your TV Chiron to turn on privileges is TV as the revoked, Buddy Roe. Using 11 Age punishment for intimacy (page 11) him who didn’t come back home and make her so worry.

In this dialog, Paula punishes Chiron with revoking his freedom to watch

tv. Even she is worrying him so much, but she must be discipline too. The type

of address terms that influence the text is using intimacy. Even giving her son

punishment, but Paula forbid him with a good diction. It can be seen from the

word Buddy Roe.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is age. Paula is a

mother, and Chiron is her son. It means that, Paula definitely older than her son.

And Chiron must obey his mother with everything of the rules she made for

Chiron. In that dialog, Chiron obey his mother order with turning off the TV.

Text 12 page 12

Kid :Hei Little! Wassup, In this scene, a man. voice calls Chiron Chiron : Hey, Kevin. Using Degree of from a distance. 12 intimacy intimacy He is a boy who defends Chiron (Page 12) before.

In this dialog, Kevin approaches Chiron and questiong him with some

questions when they arrive in the school. The type of address terms that

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA influence the text is using intimacy. The word Little, man, Kevin give us

information that they are closefriend and know each other. And the relation

between them influence their intimacy that can be seen from the way they call

each other.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is degree of

intimacy. The word Little, man, Kevin give us information that they are close

friend and know each other. And the relation between them influence their

intimacy that can be seen from the way they call each other.

Text 13 page 18

Chiron: Juan, can I ask In this scene, Juan you somethin’? and Chiron 13 Juan : Yeah lil’ man, ask Using name Age swimming in the me whatever. shore of Miami (Page 18) beach. In this dialog, Chiron ask Juan about his personal life when both of the

swim at the shore of Miamy beach. The type of address terms that influence the

text is using name. It can be seen from the way Chiron calls Juan by his name

―Juan‖. Call someone by their name in west country show that they have close

relationship each other.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is age. The

word Juan when Chiron calls that man show if age doesn’t give any gap in their

relationship.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Text 14 page 19

In this scene, Juan laugh lol when Juan : Little, you a funny Chiron asks his Using Degree of 14 lil’ dude, you kow that?! name such intimacy intimacy (Page 19) unappropriate name with his skin.

In this slice of dialog, Chiron still continue his question to Juan about his

unappropriate name with his skin. The type of address terms that influence the

text is using intimacy. Call someone by their name in west country show that

they have close relationship each other.

In this slice of dialog, the social factor that influences the text is

intimacy. The word lil’ dude give us any information that between Juan and

Chiron just not the relation like the common people but closer more that it.

Text 15 page 23

Portable boy 1: Yo’ shit I this scene, ugly as hell. Kevin ask Chiron Portable boy 2: So, at least to join him to mine ain’t a peanut. Using follow some boys 15 Gender Portable boy 3: He got a mockery who compare Freddy Kruger dick, yo’ their genitals in shit look like Freddy. the locked room class. (Page 23)

In this slice of dialog, Kevin asks Chiron to join him to follow some

boys who compare their genitals in the locked room class. The type of address

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA terms that influence the text is using mockery. Even those boys are so close,

but, word Yo’ shit ugly as hell it seems like impolite or unappropriate to be

heard.

In this slice of dialog, the social factor that influences the text is

gender. In black skin environment, if a boy or a kid feel he is a gentlemen, so he

must be brave to show his genital to their friend and they will compare each

other. But, if they don’t want to do that, these boy will be said as a girl.

Text 16 page 27

In this scene, Juan tries to save Paula Paula : Who the hell you from think is? Using Particular longshoreman 16 Juan : Bitch. mockery occasion who use drugs in (Page 27) a small group, but Paula hit him back.

In this scene, Juan looks Paula with a man that he knows when Juan

passing the street. Juan out from his car and try to talk Paula, but Paula rejects

all Juan’s word and hit him back. The type of address terms that influence the

text is using mockery. Even Juan ain’t intend to say the bad word to Paula, but

because of Paula gives him the worst respond, Juan calls her that bad word

―Bitch” automatically.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is particular

occasion. It means that, this dialog happens because at the scene, Juan

accidentally sees Chiron’s mother standing side on the street with a man and

also a drug user when Juan passing that street. He tries to talk with Paula in good

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA way, but Paula reject him. This scene actually happen without any plan from

Juan to meet Chiron’s mother.

Text 17 page 27

In this scene, Paula : So, you gon’ rise Paula venting her Family anger to Juan 17 my son? Using kinship relationship related their (Page 27) relationship with Chiron.

In this scene, still in the same moment, Paula refuses all Juan’s words.

Paula looks so angry with Juan. She thinks as if Juan takes her son and influence

Chiron to be bad person. The type of address terms that influence the text is

using kinship. Even the main point is, when Paula so angry, but the word my

son identified that Chiron is her biological children.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is family

relationship. The word my son from Paula explain us her blood relation if

Chiron is Paula’s children.

Text 18 page 34

Terrel : What the fuck you gone do, nigga? I’ll fuck In this scene, in you up. the high school 18 Using name Social status biology class Mr. Pierce : Terrel, out! which Terrel tries Right now. to bully Chiron. (Page 34)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In this scene, in the high school biology class which Terrel tries to bully

Chiron. But, their teacher mediates them with order Terrel to go out from the

class. The type of address terms that influence the text is using name. As a

teacher, Mr. Pierce has a power to give any order to his students such call

“Terrel” directly.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is social status. As

his occupation as a teacher, Mr. Pierce has a power to give any order to his

students such punishes Terrel directly. It called by social status. Every teacher in

every state in the world has their own previlage to give any order or punishment

to their student when they break learning process in the class.

Text 19 page 35

In this scene, Kevin : Damn you nosy, Chiron Chiron. accompany Kevin Using Degree of waiting for a girl 19 Chiron : Oh sorry, my intimacy intimacy that Kevin so in bad. love with and (Page 35) waiting for her outside the class.

In this scene, in the school loby where Chiron accompany Kevin waiting

for a girl that Kevin so in love with and waiting for her outside the class. Type of

address terms that influence the text is using intimacy.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is intimacy. Word

my bad from Chiron to Kevin give us information that Chiron has close

relationship with his friend. And then, as we know that Chiron is a calm boy, so

rare to speak with people. He just speaks with somebody he knows well.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Text 20 page 38

Teresa : I’m just messin’ with you, boy. And you right, that ain’t no name for you no more. That ain’t In this scene, Teresa advices you. But if you wanna be Using Degree of 20 Chiron when that somethin’ different, you intimacy intimacy boy have a dinner gotta earn it, you gotta in her house. make your name true, understand? (Page 38)

In this scene, Paula, Chiron’s mom sitting in front of her son in the

dining room. She advices Chiron about something when that boy is eating. Type

of address terms that influence the text is using intimacy. It can be seen from

the text that his mom call him by word boy which identified familiarity.

In this dialog, Paula. Chiron’s mother advices Chiron when he is eating.

the social factor that influences the text is intimacy. Word boy give us

information that the dialog from Paula shows the familiarity.

Text 21 page 39

Chiron : Thank for this. Teresa : You know you In this scene, can stay here anytime, Chiron want to leave Teresa‖s 21 right? Using name Age house after Chiron : I know. Thank finishing his you Teresa, I mean it. dinner. (Page 39)

In this dialog, Chiron ask permition to Teresa to leave those woman after

dinner, and his first visit after Juan’s death. The type of address terms that

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA influence the text is using name. Call someone by their name in west country

show that they have close relationship each other.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is age. The word

Teresa when Chiron calls that woman show if age doesn’t give any gap in their

relationship. Moreover, it shows us their relationship is close and intimate.

Text 22 page 43

Chiron : Mama, what you into? Paula : I need some In this scene, money. Paula force Her Family 22 Chiron : For what? Using kinship son to give her relationship Paula :That’s my business. some money to Don’t you ask me no shit buy any drugs. like that. (Page 43)

In this part, Chiron asks his mother what she want to. The type of address

terms that influence the text is using kinship. Word mama tells us if they are

family.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is family

relationship. The word mama from Chiron explain us their blood relation if

Chiron is Paula’s children.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Text 23 page 4

Paula : Uh huh, I know that bitch like a hooker In this scene, know her trick. You my Paula force Her Family 23 child, okay? And tell that Using kinship son to give her relationship bitch she better not forget some money to it. buy any drugs. (Page 44)

In this part, Paula forces Chiron to give her some money to buy any drug

that she needs a lot. She ask money which given by Teresa to Chiron. The type

of address terms that influence the text is using kinship. Word you my child

tells us if they are family.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is family

relationship. The word you my child from Chiron explain us their blood relation

if Chiron is Paula’s children.

Text 24 page 44

In this scene, Mr. Pierce : Terrel? study season Terrel : Ummm yeah Mr. where Mr. Pierce 24 Pierce, I’m gonna answer Using respect Social status teaching. Ask this question, man. Terrel after (Page 44) explaining the lesson.

In this slice of dialog, located in the class room where Chiron’s existing.

Mr. Pierce asks Terrel to answer the question from him after explaining the

lesson. The type of address terms that influence the text is using respect. Even

Terrel is a naughty student and hates his teacher a lot, but he still respect to him

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and give positive respond to Mr. Pierce and call his teacher by his name ―Mr.

Pierce‖

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is particular

occasion. The way Terrel gives respond to Mr. Pierce is giving him respect,

because it is learning class season, and like it or not, everyone must obey the

rules in the class.

Text 25 page 46

Pizzo : You live over the nigga. Terrel : You going to that In this scene, Terrel and Pizzo Spanish chick Using 25 Gender mocking Chiron house? mockery Pizzo : That’s Juan lady, after the class is over. ain’t I? (Page 46)

In this slice of dialog, Terrel and Pizzo try to mock Chiron after the class.

They said if Chiron is a chicken hearted because he is always protected by Juan.

The type of address terms that influence the text is using mockery.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is Gender. Even

Chiron is a boy, but his friend, Terrel and pizzo mock him as a girl. In their eyes,

Chiron is weak and freak. They assume if Chiron act like a girl. It can be seen

from the way they call Chiron Juan’s lady.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Text 26 page 47

Pizzo : Damn dog, you be In this scene, like… gettin’ head from Terret and Pizzo Using 26 the mama and the son at Race mocking Chiron mockery the same time. after the class (Page 47) over.

In this slice of dialog, still in the same situation like before, Terrel and

Pizzo mocking Chiron after the class. They call and treat Chiron like that boy is

like an animal not a human who appropriate to be bullied. The type of address

terms that influence the text is using mockery. It can be seen from the word

damn dog.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is race. They are

just the same. Afro-America. But, the way Terrel and Pizzo bullied Chiron as if

they are not from the same race. They treat Chiron like a people from the lower

caste that should be bullied. It can be seen from the word damn dog.

Text 27 page 60

Principal Williams : Look, if you don’t tell us who did this we can’t press charges, In this scene, understand? All them Chiron asked by Using the principal the 27 damn kids standing Social status mockery kids who bully around, all of y’all out him, but Chiron there and don’t nobody got such a rock. the heart to say who did it? (Page 60)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In this slice of dialog, in the principal’s office where Chiron is sitting. He

asks by the headmaster the students who bullied him. But, Chiron is keep silent.

Doesn’t say anything. Because in his mine, the problem will not finish if he talk

to headmaster, but it will getting worst. Maybe he will not be bullied in the

school, but not in other area. His silence is the way he protecting himself. So,

silent is the better way. The type of address terms that influence the text is using

mockery. It can be seen from the headmaster hails the people who bullied

Chiron. The damn kid.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is social status. A

headmaster or principal can call his student by word the damn kid give us

information if his occupation in that school automatically make him has a power

and any previlage include his freedom to call somebody with the bad words.

Text 28 page 61

Principal Williams : Look son, I’m not blaming you, In this scene, the I’m not. I know it’s hard, Principal gives his believe me, I’m not tryna respect to Chiron disrespect your struggle. I and talk to him heart to heart like just need you to know, if Using Degree of 28 father to his son. you need some help, if you intimacy intimacy And he told need somebody to talk Chiron to come to... that door right there, anytime to his it’s always open, you feel room if that boy me? needs some help. (Page 61)

In this dialog, the headmaster gives Chiron his respect, trying to make

Chiron speaks up and feel comfort with him. It can be seen from word son he

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA said, and tells if Chiron needs his help, he will be there for that boy. The type of

address terms that influence the text is using intimacy.

In this dialog, the social factor that influences the text is degree of

intimacy. Even Chiron keep himself in silence, but the headmaster treat him

such his own son. The headmaster acts like a father that try to protecthis son.

Text 29 page 75

Chiron : In this scene, Greeeeaaaaaaaaat day, when Chiron Kevin Jones: Chef decides to visit Degree of 29 Boyardee. Using name his former intimacy Kevin : I cook better than bestfriend after that shit. years. Both of (Page 75) them are adult.

In this scene, the third phase of Chiron’s life. When he is adult and his

character changing to be another people. It ain’t like the time when he was a kid

and a teenager. He grows to be the strong and rich man. His visit to His old

friend, Kevin Jones, who is working to be a chef make Kevin so surprised. The

type of address terms that influence the text is using name. It can be seen from

the way Chiron calls Kevin’s complete name and also his title ―Kevin Jones:

Chef Boyardee”. Even the didn’t meet each other many years, but they still have

strong relationship.

In this scene, the social factor that influences the text is degree of

intimacy. Even Kevin and Chiron didn’t meet many years, even Kevin ever

made a mistake with Chiron. But, Chiron doesn’t change at all. Even the adult

Chiron is not same with Chiron when he was young. But his character, his

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA kindness to his best friend doesn’t change at all. It can be seen from the way they

treat each other in the movie.

Text 30 page 75

Kevin : Yeah, so... I just thought about you man. There’s a jukebox in here, In this scene, folks come in and play when Chiron decides to visit they songs and that’s the Using Degree of 30 his former music we get in here. This intimacy intimacy bestfriend after dude, man.... years. Both of This dude reminded me of them are adult. you. (Page 75)

In this scene, the last text, still in the same moment when Chiron meet

Kevin after years. The type of address terms that influence the text is using

intimacy. It can be seen the way Kevin calls Chiron by word dude. Their

relationship, their intimacy never changes at all, even in the past one of them

ever made a mistake.

In this last scene, social factor that influences the text is degree of

intimacy. It can be seen the way Kevin calls Chiron by word dude. Their

relationship, their intimacy never changes at all, even in the past one of them

ever made a mistake.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2 Findings

From the analysis above, the findings of the research is as the following:

1. In analysis of the script movie from Moonlight movie by Barry Jenkins

(2016), it can be found that all the types of address terms are exist in the

script movie. Actually there are five types of address terms in the script

movie, they are, using intimacy, using mockery, using respect, using kinship,

and using name.

Table 1. Types of Address Terms

No. Types Number % 1. Using Intimacy 12 40 2. Using Mockery 6 20 3. Using Respect 3 10 4. Using Kinship 3 10 5. Using Name 6 20 Total 30 100

Based on the table, the writer found that using intimacy is the most types

that appear in the script of Moonlight Movie.

2. In analysis of the script movie from Moonlight movie by Barry Jenkins

(2016), it can be found that from nine social factors of address terms, only

one of them is not exist in the script movie, it is occupational hierarchy. The

eight of them that consist of transactional status, race, age, degree of

intimacy, family relationship, gender, particular occasion, and social status.

Table 2. Social Factors of Address Terms

No. Social Factors Number % 1. Transactional Status 1 3 2. Race 2 6 3. Age 5 17 4. Degree of Intimacy 10 34

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5. Family Relationship 6 20 6. Gender 2 7 7. Particular Occasion 1 3 8. Social Status 3 10 9. Occupational Hierarchy - - Total 30 100

Based on the table, the writer found that degree of intimacy is the most social factor that appear in the script of Moonlight Movie.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the result of analysis in the chapter before, the writer summarizes the conclusions as follow:

1. In the analysis of script movie under the title Moonlight by Barry Jenkin

2016, it can be found that they are some types of address terms in the script

text movie, they are:

a. Using intimacy. The writer found if most of conversations or dialogs, the

character show the intimacy that can be seen from the way they call each

other. It can be their nickname, complete name, intimate name, and

something like that. The total amount of address terms in the dialog by

using intimacy are twelve parts.

b. Using mockery. The writer found that many characters use some bad

words to mock somebody or call somebody they don’t like. The total

amount of address terms in the dialog by using mockery are six parts.

c. Using respect. The writer found that just some occasion people show

respect to each other, for instance, when talk with teacher. The total

amount of address terms in the dialog by using respect are three parts.

d. Using kinship. The writer found that in the script movie, kinship only

used when the characters talk to their family only. The total amount of

address terms in the dialog by using kinship are three parts.

e. Using name. The writer found that in the script movie, name is used by

the characters to the person that they have close relationship or in some

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA particular occasions. The total amount of address terms in the dialog by

using name are six part.

2. In the analysis of script movie under the title Moonlight by Barry Jenkin

2016, it can be found that they are some social factors which influence the

script text movie, they are:

a. Transactional status. The total amount of transactional status that found

by the writer is only one part. It means that the TS is very rare in the

script movie.

b. Race. The total amount of race that found by the writer are two parts. It

is rare because the characters in this movie all about the nigga or black

people.

c. Age. The total amount of age that found by the writer are five parts. Age

has no effect the communication in the black people.

d. Degree of Intimacy. The total amount of degree of intimacy that found

by the writer are ten parts. The highest result of social factors that found

in the script movie.

e. Family relationship. The total amount of family relationship that found

by the writer are six parts.

f. Gender. The total amount of gender that found by the writer in the script

movie are two parts.

g. Particular occasion. The total amount of particular occasion that found

by the writer in the script movie is only one part.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA h. Social status. The total amount of social status that found by the writer in

the script movie are three parts. It can be concluded that most social

factors that used in the address terms are degree of intimacy, family

relationship and age. Meanwhile Occupational hierarchy didn’t found in

the script movie.

5.2 Suggestion

In conclusion, an analysis of types and social factors of address terms can make a valuable contribution to our understanding of the unsure in the script movie in understanding language. The result of this study can be used as contiuous study for the next research. Analysis of types and social factors of address terms can be apply just not in the script movie, but also in many part of studying linguistic. Last, the writer hopes that the topic of address term just not applied in movie script, but also can be applied in analizing other part of language, such prose, drama, poetry, folklore, and etcetera.

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