Tornado Safety Q & A
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A Study of Synoptic-Scale Tornado Regimes
Garner, J. M., 2013: A study of synoptic-scale tornado regimes. Electronic J. Severe Storms Meteor., 8 (3), 1–25. A Study of Synoptic-Scale Tornado Regimes JONATHAN M. GARNER NOAA/NWS/Storm Prediction Center, Norman, OK (Submitted 21 November 2012; in final form 06 August 2013) ABSTRACT The significant tornado parameter (STP) has been used by severe-thunderstorm forecasters since 2003 to identify environments favoring development of strong to violent tornadoes. The STP and its individual components of mixed-layer (ML) CAPE, 0–6-km bulk wind difference (BWD), 0–1-km storm-relative helicity (SRH), and ML lifted condensation level (LCL) have been calculated here using archived surface objective analysis data, and then examined during the period 2003−2010 over the central and eastern United States. These components then were compared and contrasted in order to distinguish between environmental characteristics analyzed for three different synoptic-cyclone regimes that produced significantly tornadic supercells: cold fronts, warm fronts, and drylines. Results show that MLCAPE contributes strongly to the dryline significant-tornado environment, while it was less pronounced in cold- frontal significant-tornado regimes. The 0–6-km BWD was found to contribute equally to all three significant tornado regimes, while 0–1-km SRH more strongly contributed to the cold-frontal significant- tornado environment than for the warm-frontal and dryline regimes. –––––––––––––––––––––––– 1. Background and motivation As detailed in Hobbs et al. (1996), synoptic- scale cyclones that foster tornado development Parameter-based and pattern-recognition evolve with time as they emerge over the central forecast techniques have been essential and eastern contiguous United States (hereafter, components of anticipating tornadoes in the CONUS). -
Developing a Tornado Emergency Plan for Schools in Michigan
A GUIDE TO DEVELOPING A TORNADO EMERGENCY PLAN FOR SCHOOLS Also includes information for Instruction of Tornado Safety The Michigan Committee for Severe Weather Awareness March 1999 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS: A GUIDE TO DEVELOPING A TORNADO EMERGENCY PLAN FOR SCHOOLS IN MICHIGAN I. INTRODUCTION. A. Purpose of Guide. B. Who will Develop Your Plan? II. Understanding the Danger: Why an Emergency Plan is Needed. A. Tornadoes. B. Conclusions. III. Designing Your Plan. A. How to Receive Emergency Weather Information B. How will the School Administration Alert Teachers and Students to Take Action? C. Tornado and High Wind Safety Zones in Your School. D. When to Activate Your Plan and When it is Safe to Return to Normal Activities. E. When to Hold Departure of School Buses. F. School Bus Actions. G. Safety during Athletic Events H. Need for Periodic Drills and Tornado Safety Instruction. IV. Tornado Spotting. A. Some Basic Tornado Spotting Techniques. APPENDICES - Reference Materials. A. National Weather Service Products (What to listen for). B. Glossary of Weather Terms. C. General Tornado Safety. D. NWS Contacts and NOAA Weather Radio Coverage and Frequencies. E. State Emergency Management Contact for Michigan F. The Michigan Committee for Severe Weather Awareness Members G. Tornado Safety Checklist. H. Acknowledgments 2 I. INTRODUCTION A. Purpose of guide The purpose of this guide is to help school administrators and teachers design a tornado emergency plan for their school. While not every possible situation is covered by the guide, it will provide enough information to serve as a starting point and a general outline of actions to take. -
PRC.15.1.1 a Publication of AXA XL Risk Consulting
Property Risk Consulting Guidelines PRC.15.1.1 A Publication of AXA XL Risk Consulting WINDSTORMS INTRODUCTION A variety of windstorms occur throughout the world on a frequent basis. Although most winds are related to exchanges of energy (heat) between different air masses, there are a number of weather mechanisms that are involved in wind generation. These depend on latitude, altitude, topography and other factors. The different mechanisms produce windstorms with various characteristics. Some affect wide geographical areas, while others are local in nature. Some storms produce cooling effects, whereas others rapidly increase the ambient temperatures in affected areas. Tropical cyclones born over the oceans, tornadoes in the mid-west and the Santa Ana winds of Southern California are examples of widely different windstorms. The following is a short description of some of the more prevalent wind phenomena. A glossary of terms associated with windstorms is provided in PRC.15.1.1.A. The Beaufort Wind Scale, the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Cyclone Severity Scale and the Fugita Tornado Scale are also provided in PRC.15.1.1.A. Types Of Windstorms Local Windstorms A variety of wind conditions are brought about by local factors, some of which can generate relatively high wind conditions. While they do not have the extreme high winds of tropical cyclones and tornadoes, they can cause considerable property damage. Many of these local conditions tend to be seasonal. Cold weather storms along the East coast are known as Nor’easters or Northeasters. While their winds are usually less than hurricane velocity, they may create as much or more damage. -
Mesoscale Convective Vortex That Causes Tornado-Like Vortices Over the Sea: a Potential Risk to Maritime Traffic
JUNE 2019 T O C H I M O T O E T A L . 1989 Mesoscale Convective Vortex that Causes Tornado-Like Vortices over the Sea: A Potential Risk to Maritime Traffic EIGO TOCHIMOTO Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan SHO YOKOTA Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan HIROSHI NIINO Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan WATARU YANASE Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan (Manuscript received 24 August 2018, in final form 28 January 2019) ABSTRACT Strong gusty winds in a weak maritime extratropical cyclone (EC) over the Tsushima Strait in the south- western Sea of Japan capsized several fishing boats on 1 September 2015. A C-band Doppler radar recorded a spiral-shaped reflectivity pattern associated with a convective system and a Doppler velocity pattern of a vortex with a diameter of 30 km [meso-b-scale vortex (MBV)] near the location of the wreck. A high- resolution numerical simulation with horizontal grid interval of 50 m successfully reproduced the spiral- shaped precipitation pattern associated with the MBV and tornado-like strong vortices that had a maximum 2 wind speed exceeding 50 m s 1 and repeatedly developed in the MBV. The simulated MBV had a strong cyclonic circulation comparable to a mesocyclone in a supercell storm. Unlike mesocyclones associated with a supercell storm, however, its vorticity was largest near the surface and decreased monotonically with in- creasing height. The strong vorticity of the MBV near the surface originated from a horizontal shear line in the EC. -
Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit
SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS AND TORNADOES TOOLKIT A planning guide for public health and emergency response professionals WISCONSIN CLIMATE AND HEALTH PROGRAM Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health dhs.wisconsin.gov/climate | SEPTEMBER 2016 | [email protected] State of Wisconsin | Department of Health Services | Division of Public Health | P-01037 (Rev. 09/2016) 1 CONTENTS Introduction Definitions Guides Guide 1: Tornado Categories Guide 2: Recognizing Tornadoes Guide 3: Planning for Severe Storms Guide 4: Staying Safe in a Tornado Guide 5: Staying Safe in a Thunderstorm Guide 6: Lightning Safety Guide 7: After a Severe Storm or Tornado Guide 8: Straight-Line Winds Safety Guide 9: Talking Points Guide 10: Message Maps Appendices Appendix A: References Appendix B: Additional Resources ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Wisconsin Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit was made possible through funding from cooperative agreement 5UE1/EH001043-02 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the commitment of many individuals at the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS), Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health (BEOH), who contributed their valuable time and knowledge to its development. Special thanks to: Jeffrey Phillips, RS, Director of the Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, DHS Megan Christenson, MS,MPH, Epidemiologist, DHS Stephanie Krueger, Public Health Associate, CDC/ DHS Margaret Thelen, BRACE LTE Angelina Hansen, BRACE LTE For more information, please contact: Colleen Moran, MS, MPH Climate and Health Program Manager Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health 1 W. Wilson St., Room 150 Madison, WI 53703 [email protected] 608-266-6761 2 INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of the Wisconsin Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit is to provide information to local governments, health departments, and citizens in Wisconsin about preparing for and responding to severe storm events, including tornadoes. -
Morning Tornado / Waterspout Guide (1950-2020) (For North Central and Northeast Wisconsin)
MORNING TORNADO / WATERSPOUT GUIDE (1950-2020) (FOR NORTH CENTRAL AND NORTHEAST WISCONSIN) MORNING TORNADOES (MIDNIGHT TO NOON CST) UPDATED: 2/1/21 1 MORNING TORNADO / WATERSPOUT GUIDE (1950-2020) (FOR NORTH CENTRAL AND NORTHEAST WISCONSIN) MORNING TORNADOES (MIDNIGHT TO NOON CST) Event EF Date Time TOR in GRB Service Area # Rank Month Date Year (CST) Start / End Location County or Counties 1 2 6 20 1954 02:30-02:40 Rothschild - 6 NE Mosinee Marathon 2 2 6 20 1954 04:00 Brothertown Calumet 3 1 5 4 1959 10:30 Wausau Marathon 4 1 5 4 1959 11:45 Deerbrook Langlade 5 2 5 6 1959 03:20 Symco - 3 SE Clintonville Outagamie - Waupaca 6 2 9 3 1961 00:10 Fenwood Marathon 7 1 9 3 1961 01:00 Athens Marathon 8 1 7 1 1967 00:45 3 E Kiel Manitowoc 9 2 6 30 1968 04:00 3 NW Cavour Forest 10 1 6 30 1968 04:45 3 S Pembine Marinette 11 1 12 1 1970 07:00 Hull Portage 12 2 12 1 1970 09:00 12 SE Marshfield Wood 13 2 12 1 1970 09:45-10:30 4 NW Iola - Pella Shawano - Langlade - Oconto 14 3 12 1 1970 10:10-1045 near Medina - Rose Lawn Outagamie - Shawano 15 1 7 8 1971 02:00 Wisconsin Rapids Wood 16 0 7 30 1971 07:00 4 E Oshkosh (waterspout) Winnebago 17 1 3 11 1973 10:30 2 E Calumetville Calumet 18 1 6 18 1973 11:00 2 W Athens Marathon 19 1 7 12 1973 03:00 Boulder Junction - Sayner Vilas 20 1 7 12 1973 07:30 Jacksonport Door 21 1 7 12 1973 08:00 4 W Freedom Outagamie 22 2 6 16 1979 09:30 Oconto Falls - 2 NE Lena Oconto 23 1 8 4 1979 10:00 Manitowoc Manitowoc 24 2 6 7 1980 00:20 Valders Manitowoc 25 1 7 5 1980 00:30 Valders Manitowoc 26 2 4 4 1981 00:35 4 W Kiel -
Lesson 5: How Are Air Quality Data Communicated to the Public?
Lesson 5: How Are Air Quality Data Communicated to the Public? Grade Level: 7-12 | PASS Skills: Process Standard (1:3), 3, (4:2-5, 8)/ Standard 1:3, 2:2a, 5:10 (High School) Objectives: Students will be able to access and use air quality tools to interpret air quality data. Materials: Computers with internet access, Monitoring Site Data Student Worksheet (.pdf) Pre‐requisite Knowledge: Unit recognition and unit conversion practice will be beneficial to students when completing the accompanying activity. Students must be able to calculate averages. Activity: Students will use the Air Quality Division web site to record monitoring data, make calculations, and interpret/represent data using a variety of tools. Data interpretation and mathematical skills will be employed in this activity. Implementation Tips: Allow the students to research the following website for specific information regarding the AQI (http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi). Discuss the color scale and category descriptors that are represented by ranges of AQI scores. Demonstrate to students how they can check the AQI for major cities in Oklahoma (OKC, Lawton, and Tulsa) using the Air Quality web site (http://www.deq.state.ok.us/aqdnew/AQIndex/AQI.htm) and the AIRNow website (http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.main) by clicking on the state from the map. The same color coding that is used for the AQI is also used on the map featured on AIRNow, making it easier for the public to check the air quality in their area. Notes to Teacher: Teachers are encouraged to sign up to receive air quality health advisories to notify their students on the days when the air quality is poor, especially for those students who fall in the category of sensitive groups. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
Severe Weather: Thunderstorms and Tornados
Health and Safety Alert January 2020 Severe Weather Watches and Warnings: Thunderstorms and Tornados A severe weather watch alerts people that severe weather is expected or that conditions are favorable for the development of severe weather. A severe weather warning means that severe weather is occurring, imminent, or likely in the location indicated and is a threat to life and property. People in the warning area need to take action immediately. Severe Weather Watches and Warnings are issued by the National Weather Service. When a watch is issued: A watch may be issued hours before a storm. The sky may be sunny when you first hear a severe thunderstorm or tornado watch. After you learn of a watch, check weather information frequently: While watches may be issued before storms form, thunderstorms may be developing when the watch is posted, or thunderstorms may be ongoing and moving into the area. By checking the weather information again, you will be aware of what is going on around you. Options for staying informed about the weather include: • Weather radios • TV news channels • AM/FM radio • Internet • Emergency alerts via phone, e-mail or text When a severe thunderstorm warning is issued: Do not ignore severe thunderstorm warnings! Severe thunderstorm warnings often precede tornado warnings, providing you with extra time to prepare for a dangerous storm. If there is a severe thunderstorm headed your way, you should monitor it closely, especially if a tornado watch is also in effect. Move inside and away from windows. Severe thunderstorms can produce damaging straight- line winds and large hail. -
Weather Watches and Warnings Severe Thunderstorm Warning
Weather Watches and Warnings Weather Watches and Warnings Severe Thunderstorm Watch Severe Thunderstorm Watch Means thunderstorms forecast will produce six and more hail Means thunderstorms forecast will produce six and more hail events of 3/4 inch (penny) diameter or greater, or damaging events of 3/4 inch (penny) diameter or greater, or damaging winds of 50 knots (58 mph) or greater. The forecast event winds of 50 knots (58 mph) or greater. The forecast event minimum thresholds should be at least 2 hours over an area minimum thresholds should be at least 2 hours over an area of at least 8,000 square miles. of at least 8,000 square miles. Severe Thunderstorm Warning Severe Thunderstorm Warning Severe Thunderstorm Warnings are issued when there is Severe Thunderstorm Warnings are issued when there is radar indication and/or reliable spotter reports of hail of 3/4 radar indication and/or reliable spotter reports of hail of 3/4 inch (penny) diameter or greater, and/or wind gusts of 50 inch (penny) diameter or greater, and/or wind gusts of 50 knots (58 mph) or greater. knots (58 mph) or greater. Tornado Watch Tornado Watch A tornado watch means that the conditions are favorable for A tornado watch means that the conditions are favorable for producing a particular event, but it has not formed yet. Watches alert producing a particular event, but it has not formed yet. Watches alert the public that they need to pay closer attention than usual to the the public that they need to pay closer attention than usual to the weather, just to be safe. -
Tornado Procedures
FLINT PUBLIC LIBRARYLIBRARY EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN FOR MAIN BRANCH 1026 E KEARSLEY ST FLINT MI 48503 TORNADO PROCEDURES Table of Contents General Purpose / Definitions and Conditions Contact person Tornado Watch Notification Tornado Shelter Locations Termination of Watches and Warnings DATE: MAY 2, 2006 1 FLINT PUBLIC LIBRARY TORNADO WEATHER PROCEDURES I. PURPOSE The purpose of the Flint Public Library Tornado Weather procedures is to outline how the Library’s Staff, patrons and students are to respond to tornado watches, tornado warnings, and actual tornadoes. II. DEFINITIONS A. Weather Alert System is a radio alert system that is located in the Loan Department workroom area. The system is activated with a alarm tone proceed with a verbal message by the Emergency Management Office with the current weather conditions. B. Contact Person - Staff person in charge on that day is responsible for receiving and disseminating all messages received over the Weather Alert System. If the Person in charge is unavailable their alternate will assume the responsibility. TORNADO CONDITIONS Tornado Watches : are issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrative National Severe Storm Forecast Center, Norman Oklahoma, to identify areas where conditions are favorable for tornado formation. A watch is an alert telling staff to continue with their daily routine, but to be ready to respond to a warning. Tornado Warnings : are issued by the local National Weather Service facility, in White Lake, Michigan, and means a tornado has been sighted or indicated by weather radar. Persons close to the storm should take shelter immediately, and remain there until the U.S. Weather Service warning has expired. -
Tornadogenesis in a Simulated Mesovortex Within a Mesoscale Convective System
3372 JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES VOLUME 69 Tornadogenesis in a Simulated Mesovortex within a Mesoscale Convective System ALEXANDER D. SCHENKMAN,MING XUE, AND ALAN SHAPIRO Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms, and School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma (Manuscript received 3 February 2012, in final form 23 April 2012) ABSTRACT The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) is used to simulate a tornadic mesovortex with the aim of understanding the associated tornadogenesis processes. The mesovortex was one of two tornadic meso- vortices spawned by a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that traversed southwestern and central Okla- homa on 8–9 May 2007. The simulation used 100-m horizontal grid spacing, and is nested within two outer grids with 400-m and 2-km grid spacing, respectively. Both outer grids assimilate radar, upper-air, and surface observations via 5-min three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) cycles. The 100-m grid is initialized from a 40-min forecast on the 400-m grid. Results from the 100-m simulation provide a detailed picture of the development of a mesovortex that produces a submesovortex-scale tornado-like vortex (TLV). Closer examination of the genesis of the TLV suggests that a strong low-level updraft is critical in converging and amplifying vertical vorticity associated with the mesovortex. Vertical cross sections and backward trajectory analyses from this low-level updraft reveal that the updraft is the upward branch of a strong rotor that forms just northwest of the simulated TLV. The horizontal vorticity in this rotor originates in the near-surface inflow and is caused by surface friction.