Investigative Leads for Use in the Ensuing Cold War
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Nobility in Middle English Romance
Nobility in Middle English Romance Marianne A. Fisher A dissertation submitted for the degree of PhD Cardiff University 2013 Summary of Thesis: Postgraduate Research Degrees Student ID Number: 0542351 Title: Miss Surname: Fisher First Names: Marianne Alice School: ENCAP Title of Degree: PhD (English Literature) Full Title of Thesis Nobility in Middle English Romance Student ID Number: 0542351 Summary of Thesis Medieval nobility was a compound and fluid concept, the complexity of which is clearly reflected in the Middle English romances. This dissertation examines fourteen short verse romances, grouped by story-type into three categories. They are: type 1: romances of lost heirs (Degaré, Chevelere Assigne, Sir Perceval of Galles, Lybeaus Desconus, and Octavian); type 2: romances about winning a bride (Floris and Blancheflour, The Erle of Tolous, Sir Eglamour of Artois, Sir Degrevant, and the Amis– Belisaunt plot from Amis and Amiloun); type 3: romances of impoverished knights (Amiloun’s story from Amis and Amiloun, Sir Isumbras, Sir Amadace, Sir Cleges, and Sir Launfal). The analysis is based on contextualized close reading, drawing on the theories of Pierre Bourdieu. The results show that Middle English romance has no standard criteria for defining nobility, but draws on the full range on contemporary opinion; understandings of nobility conflict both between and within texts. Ideological consistency is seldom a priority, and the genre apparently serves neither a single socio-political agenda, nor a single socio-political group. The dominant conception of nobility in each romance is determined by the story-type. Romance type 1 presents nobility as inherent in the blood, type 2 emphasizes prowess and force of will, and type 3 concentrates on virtue. -
Creation of Order of Chivalry Page 0 of 72
º Creation of Order of Chivalry Page 0 of 72 º PREFACE Knights come in many historical forms besides the traditional Knight in shining armor such as the legend of King Arthur invokes. There are the Samurai, the Mongol, the Moors, the Normans, the Templars, the Hospitaliers, the Saracens, the Teutonic, the Lakota, the Centurions just to name a very few. Likewise today the Modern Knight comes from a great variety of Cultures, Professions and Faiths. A knight was a "gentleman soldier or member of the warrior class of the Middle Ages in Europe. In other Indo-European languages, cognates of cavalier or rider French chevalier and German Ritter) suggesting a connection to the knight's mode of transport. Since antiquity a position of honor and prestige has been held by mounted warriors such as the Greek hippeus and the Roman eques, and knighthood in the Middle Ages was inextricably linked with horsemanship. Some orders of knighthood, such as the Knights Templar, have themselves become the stuff of legend; others have disappeared into obscurity. Today, a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in several countries, such as the English Order of the Garter, the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim, and the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav. Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state to selected persons to recognize some meritorious achievement. In the Legion of Honor, democracy became a part of the new chivalry. No longer was this limited to men of noble birth, as in the past, who received favors from their king. -
Titles of Nobility, Hereditary Privilege, and the Unconstitutionality of Legacy Preferences in Public School Admissions
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Washington University St. Louis: Open Scholarship Washington University Law Review Volume 84 Issue 6 2006 Titles of Nobility, Hereditary Privilege, and the Unconstitutionality of Legacy Preferences in Public School Admissions Carlton F. W. Larson University of California, Davis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview Part of the Jurisprudence Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Carlton F. W. Larson, Titles of Nobility, Hereditary Privilege, and the Unconstitutionality of Legacy Preferences in Public School Admissions, 84 WASH. U. L. REV. 1375 (2006). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol84/iss6/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TITLES OF NOBILITY, HEREDITARY PRIVILEGE, AND THE UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF LEGACY PREFERENCES IN PUBLIC SCHOOL ADMISSIONS CARLTON F.W. LARSON∗ ABSTRACT This Article argues that legacy preferences in public university admissions violate the Constitution’s prohibition on titles of nobility. Examining considerable evidence from the late eighteenth century, the Article argues that the Nobility Clauses were not limited to the prohibition of certain distinctive titles, such as “duke” or “earl,” but had a substantive content that included a prohibition on all hereditary privileges with respect to state institutions. The Article places special emphasis on the dispute surrounding the formation of the Society of the Cincinnati, a hereditary organization formed by officers of the Continental Army. -
The Assassins of Alamut
THE ASSASSINS OF ALAMUT THE ASSASSINS OF ALAMUT Anthony Campbell 1 Copyright © Iran Chamber Society THE ASSASSINS OF ALAMUT CONTENTS • Chapter 1: Prologue The background to the story and an account of a personal visit to the site of the castle at Alamut. • Chapter 2: Hasan-i-Sabbah Hasan-i-Sabbah captured the castle at Alamut and inaugurated the sect which became known in the West as the Assassins. • Chapter 3: The Resurrection at Alamut In 1164 the Grand Master of Alamut called his followers together and announced that the Muslim law was at an end; all his followers were now living in the Time of the Resurrection. • Chapter 4: The Assassins in Syria The Syrian offshoot of the Assassins was to some extent independent of Alamut under its talented and remarkable ruler, Sinan, who became known to the Crusaders as the "Old Man of the Mountains". • Chapter 5: Decline and Fall The Assassins gradually declined in power and influence and were finally destroyed by the Mongols. • Chapter 6: Epilogue The Assassins disappeared in Iran but continued in India as the Khojas. The Agha Khan is the lineal descendant of the Grand Masters of Alamut. • Appendix 1: Ismaili Theosophy A fuller account of the nature of the complex ideas that underlay Ismailism. • Appendix 2: Cyclical Time in Ismailism The Ismailis had an elaborate cosmological scheme based on numerical correspondences and the Platonic Great Year. This Appendix traces the origins of these ideas. • Appendix 3: The Nature and Role of the Ismaili Imam The role of the Imam was central in Ismailism. -
Economic and Social Conditions in France During the 18Th Century
Economic and Social Conditions in France During the Eighteenth Century Henri Sée Professor at the University of Rennes Translated by Edwin H. Zeydel Batoche Books Kitchener 2004 Originally Published 1927 Translation of La France Économique et Sociale Au XVIIIe Siècle This edition 2004 Batoche Books [email protected] Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Land Property; its Distribution. The Population of France ........................10 Chapter 2: The Peasants and Agriculture ..................................................................... 17 Chapter 3: The Clergy .................................................................................................. 38 Chapter 4: The Nobility ................................................................................................50 Chapter 5: Parliamentary Nobility and Administrative Nobility ....................................65 Chapter 6: Petty Industry. The Trades and Guilds.......................................................69 Chapter 7: Commercial Development in the Eighteenth Century ................................. 77 Chapter 8: Industrial Development in the Eighteenth Century ...................................... 86 Chapter 9: The Classes of Workmen and Merchants................................................... 95 Chapter 10: The Financiers ........................................................................................ 103 Chapter 11: High and Middle -
Daily Life in the Ancient Roman Republic Patricians PATER FAMILIAS: As It Was in Early Rome, Everybody in One Family Lived in On
Daily Life in the Ancient Roman Republic Patricians PATER FAMILIAS: As it was in early Rome, everybody in one family lived in one home, including the great grandparents, grandparents, parents and kids. The head of the family was the oldest male. That could be the father, the grandfather, or perhaps even an uncle. The head of the family was called the pater familias. Each family had slightly different customs and rules, because the head of the family had the power to decide what those rules were for his family. He owned the property, and had total authority, the power of life and death, over every member of his household. Even when his children became adults, he was still the boss. But, he was also responsible for the actions of any member of his household. He could order a kid or a grown-up out of his house, but if they committed a crime, he might be punished for something they did. WOMEN: A woman had no authority. Her job was to take care of the house and to have children. Divorce was unknown. You married for life. It was important for a woman to choose her husband well, if she was allowed a choice. ROMAN HOUSES: The upper class Romans (patricians) lived very comfortably. Their homes were single-family homes, which in ancient Rome meant the great grandparents, grandparents, parents, and kids of one family lived in a home together. Homes were made, quite often, of brick with red tile roofs, with rooms arranged around a central courtyard, the atrium. -
The Nobility Under Augustus Spencer Williams
The Nobility under Augustus Spencer Williams The Roman Republic began in 509 B.C. with the overthrow of the king Tarquinius Superbus by the Roman nobility. Enraged by the rape of Lucretia, the Roman nobility followed the example of Lucius Junius Brutus, ancestor of the Brutus who conspired against Caesar, who according to Livy swore “By this blood, most chaste until a prince wronged it, I swear, and I take you, gods, to witness, that I will pursue Lucius Tarquinius Superbus and his wicked wife and all his children, with sword, with fire, aye with whatsoever violence I may; and that I will suffer neither them nor any other to be king in Rome!” (Livy 1.59).1 With this violent expulsion of the last king of Rome, the nobility banded together and established a new system, the Republic. The powers of government had been divided into many public offices and elements, which Polybius describes in his sixth book. The new system endured external and internal hardships and crises, expanding for five centuries until it encompassed the Mediterranean. The aggressive leadership of the Roman Republic and the competitive nature of elections came from the passionate desire of the nobility to attain power and prestige. However, the competition that drove Roman politics was carefully maintained through the culture of the nobility, which focused on the military, public speaking, and elections. The crisis that gripped the Late Republic saw the rise of dominant individuals competing for control of Rome, with Augustus ultimately triumphing. Under Augustus, the system that had been established by the nobility of the Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Languages, Cultures, and World Affairs, College of Charleston Volume 9 (2010): 227-54 © 2010 by the College of Charleston, Charleston SC 29424, USA. -
French Revolution French Revolution French Revolution French
French Revolution Overview His. 102: Intro. to Western • The year 1789 witnessed two far-reaching events: Civilization the ratification of the Constitution of the United French Revolution States of America and the eruption of the French Revolution. Instructor: Michael D. Berdine, Ph.D. • Compared to the American Revolution, the French Pima Community College – West Campus Revolution was more complex, more violent, and TTh, 10:10-11:25am, Tucson H205 Fall 2003 far more radical in its attempt to reconstruct both a http://wc.pima.edu/~mberdine new political and a new social order. French Revolution French Revolution Background Background • The long-range or indirect causes of the • The First Estate consisted of the clergy and French Revolution must first be sought in numbered about 130,000 people who owned the condition of French society. approximately 10% of the land. – Before the Revolution, France was a society – Clergy were exempt from the taille, France’s chief tax. grounded in the inequality of rights or the idea – Clergy were also radically divided: of privilege. • The higher clergy, stemming from aristocratic families, shared – Its population of 27 million was divided, as it the interests of the nobility; • While the parish priests were often poor and from the class of had been since the Middle Ages, into three commoners. orders, or Estates. French Revolution French Revolution Background Background • The Second Estate was the nobility, composed of Second Estate (cont.) about 350,000 people who nevertheless owned about 25 to 30% of the land. – Moreover, the possession of privileges – The nobility had continued to play an important and remained a hallmark of the nobility. -
The Lesser Nobility and the French Reformation
Preprint The Lesser Nobility and the French Reformation BENEDICT, Philip Joseph Reference BENEDICT, Philip Joseph. The Lesser Nobility and the French Reformation. Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:96924 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 The Lesser Nobility and the French Reformation Philip Benedict PREPRINT—to be published in Kurt Andermann and Wolfgang Breul eds., Ritterschaft und Reformation Few subjects within the history of the French Reformation have received more attention over the centuries than that of the nobility's role within the movement, but the spotlight has usually been on the high aristocracy. No account of early French Protestantism can overlook Marguerite de Navarre, her daughter Jeanne d'Albret, Jeanne's husband Antoine de Bourbon, or Antoine's younger brother the prince of Condé. If the historical memory of France's Protestant minority has enshrined any person as its hero in the way that Luther became the hero of the German Reformation, that person would be the Admiral Coligny, whose monument, not Calvin's, stands outside the Temple de l'Oratoire in Paris. A deeply influential interpretation, most famously articulated by Lucien Romier in the early twentieth century and recently reiterated by Hugues Daussy in Le parti huguenot, argues that the movement only became politicized and seriously challenged public order when significant figures within the high nobility embraced the cause.1 But to shed comparative light on Franz von Sickingen and the German Reformation, the spotlight must be turned toward the lesser nobility, whose situation resembled more closely the Ritterschaft of the German Rhineland, but concerning which the secondary literature is considerably spottier. -
Royal Flush Or Not? Understanding Royalty, Nobility and Gentry
Royal Flush or Not? Understanding Royalty, Nobility and Gentry Craig L. Foster, A.G.® [email protected] Definition of Royalty and Nobility The difference between royalty and nobility is that royalty “means that they were born into their position. Therefore only the king and queen and their direct relations can be considered royalty. … Nobility is a title conferred on a person if they meet certain requirements.” “The Aristocracy of England,” http://www.aristocracyuk.co.uk/ Royalty Definition of royalty is people of royal blood or status. Ranks of Royalty – King or Queen Prince Princess The royal family includes the immediate royal heirs as well as the extended family. Many also hold noble titles such as the Duke of Cornwall, which the heir apparent to the throne, and the Duke of York, as well as the Duke of Cambridge. www.royal.gov.uk Nobility Originally, nobility grew out of the feudal warrior classes. Nobles and knights were warriors who swore allegiance to the king in exchange for land. “Peers, Peeresses and other People,” www.avictorian.com/nobility.html “…hereditary permanent rank is what most Englishmen prize above all earthly honours. It is the permanency, especially, that they value.” Beckett, The Aristocracy in England, 1660-1914, p. 92 Noble Titles and Order of Precedence – Duke Marquess Earl Viscount Baron A peer of the realm is someone who holds one or more of the above titles. The peerage is a continuation of the original baronage system which existed in feudal times. “Historically the peerage formed a tightly knit group of powerful nobles, inter-related through blood and marriage in successive generations…” Debrett’s Essential Guide to the Peerage and Wikipedia In Scots law, there are certain titles that are recognized by the Crown as almost comparable to but not quite at the level of the peerage. -
Conspirators' Hierarchy: the Story of the Committee of 300
CONSPIRATORS' HIERARCHY: THE STORY OF THE COMMITTEE OF 300 Dr. John Coleman FOREWORD In my career as a professional intelligence officer, I had many occasions to access highly classified documents, but during service as a political science officer in the field in Angola, West Africa, I had the opportunity to view a series of top secret classified documents which were unusually explicit. What I saw filled me with anger and resentment and launched me on a course from which I have not deviated, namely to uncover what power it is that controls and manages the British and United States governments. I was thoroughly familiar with all of the well known secret societies such as the Royal Institute for International Affairs (RIIA), the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), the Bilderbergers, Trilaterals, the Zionists, Freemasonry, Bolshevism- Rosicrucianism and all of the spinoffs of these secret societies. As an intelligence officer, and even before that as a young student in the course of my studies at the British Museum in London, I had cut my eye teeth on all of them, plus a good number of others with whom I imagined Americans were familiar. But when I came to the United States in 1969, I found that names like the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Club of Rome the German Marshall Fund, the Cini Foundation, the Round Table, the Fabianists, the Venetian Black Nobility, the Mont Pelerin Society, Hellfire Clubs, and many others were at best totally unknown here, or else their true functions were at best but poorly understood, if at all. -
Ancient Rome Study Guide
Ancient Rome Study Guide Table of Contents Location of Rome……………………………………………………………………………………………3 Early History……………………………………………………………………………………………………4 The Roman Republic………………………………………………………………………………………5 Patricians and Plebians…………………………………………………………………………………5 Expansion and Wars………………………………………………………………………………………7 The Fall of the Roman Republic………………………………………………………………11 Rise of the Roman Empire ………………………………………………………………………12 The Rich and Poor……………………………………………………………………………………15 Family Life…………………………………………………………………………………………………17 School……………………………………………………………………………………………………………19 Clothing………………………………………………………………………………………………………20 Religion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………22 Entertainment……………………………………………………………………………………………24 Architecture………………………………………………………………………………………………28 Roman Numerals………………………………………………………………………………………….33 Roman Language………………………………………………………………………………………….34 Roman Achievements…………………………………………………………………………………35 Famous People……………………………………………………………………………………………..36 Famous Chemists and Physicsts ………………………………………………………………38 Questions for Further Thought.… ………………………………………………………….47 Resources..……………………………………… …………………………………………………………..48 2 *The Location of Rome (geography) Ancient Rome developed along the Tiber River in what is now Italy. Rome’s location offered four advantages (good things). First, Rome was built on several hills, so it was difficult for enemies to attack. Second, the Tiber River allowed food and goods of inland areas to be brought to Rome. It helped commerce flourish in ancient Rome by providing a travel route to the