DOCSLIB.ORG

Open Development of Open Font — Revaluation and Ap- Plication of Wada-Lab Font Kit

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Open Development of Open Font — Revaluation and Ap- Plication of Wada-Lab Font Kit Kyoto University 21st Century COE Program Open development of open font — Revaluation and ap- plication of Wada-lab Font Kit Kazuhiko1) and Kanou Hiroki2) Abstract As the importance of free desktop environment by open source softwares getting larger, the importance of open fonts also become larger. We first describe the condition of open fonts in Japan and then explore the effective way of making huge amount of Kanji glyphs. Keywords: open font, font development, font composition, Wadalab Font Kit 1 Introduction 1.3 Open Font Today 1.1 Open Font Definition We have many open fonts for Latin (eg. URW, Bitstream Vera). And we have some open fonts for There are many fonts that we can use free-of- Chinese and Korean (eg. Arphic, Wang, Baekmuk). charge. But what we need is not free as in ‘free But we have few open fonts for Japanese. beer’ but as in ‘free speech’, i.e. what we call ‘Open We formerly had quality open fonts whose names Font’ in this article. were Kochi fonts. Kochi fonts based on a free True- The definition of ‘Open Font’ should be just like Type font that was auto-converted from a 32dot ‘Open Source Definition??’. bitmap font that was knows as ‘free’ at the time. • free redistribution And the author of Kochi fonts released them as pub- lic domain fonts. • source code But on June 15th 2003, it was revealed that the • derived works 32dot bitmap font that is a origin of Kochi fonts is illegally stolen. So we asked to cancel distribu- • no discrimination against persons/groups tion of these fonts and then we negotiated with its • no discrimination against fields of endeavour copyright holders for several times. As the result of negotiation, they offered a ‘free-of-charge’ license. • distribution of license But the author of Kochi fonts rejected their offer, • license must not be specific to a product and the development was cancelled. • license must not restrict other software 1.4 Next Generation Font Development 1.2 Why is Open Font needed? Since we have lost quality Japanese open fonts, we need their ‘alternatives’ soon. Therefore develop- Under the licence mentioned above, the freedom ment speed is a first priority. But quality is second of of modification is guaranteed. We need to modify course. For the rapid and efficient development, we fonts to follow the changes, eg. CCS/CES (Shift- tried revaluation and application of Wadalab Font JIS ⇒ Unicode ⇒ ?), format (TTF ⇒ OpenType), Kit that was the automated glyph composer. design trends (line-oriented ⇒ curve-oriented) etc. The freedom of usage is also guaranteed by open fonts. Of course we need the freedom of usage for 2 Revaluation of Wadalab Font Kit our freedom of speech. 2.1 Overview of Wadalab Font Project And the freedom of distribution is also important to exchange documents. When we can distribute Wadalab (‘Wada-ken’ in Japanese) Font is a one of fonts with documents, we can achieve yet another the most successful attempt in the automated kanji WISIWYG — What I See Is What You Get. (CJK ideographs) glyph generation. It was devel- 1)http://www.fdiary.net/ mailto:[email protected] oped from April 1990 until March 1994 by Kanji 2)http://khdd.net/kanou/ mailto:[email protected] Development Branch of Wada Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, the University of Tokyo. Original This algorithm make possible automatic kerning distribution of the font have four typefaces of JIS X of components for vertical and horizontal combina- 0208-1990 (includes 6355 kanjis) and two of JIS X tion of the components. For a nested combination, 0212-1990 (includes 5801 supplementary kanjis) and the initial position of the bounding boxes of sur- total number of kanji glyphs exceeds 37,000. rounded components are defined in the surround- At the time they published the result of the re- ing component by the designer. Balancing engine search, a set of generated font was released. The performs repetitive computation to maximize inner Wadalab Font was the only available open Japanese components around the initial positions. The com- font in the late 1990s and they are widely used on ponents are scaled by liniar transform after their non-commercial operationg systems and commercial relative sizes are settled. Detailed processes are de- Unices together with TeX and Ghostscript, even scribed in two papers [2] and [3]. though the font was a demonstration of the experi- ment and not tuned nor fixed by hand at all. 2.3 Outline of the Wadalab Font Kit 2.2 Technical Overview Wadalab Font Kit?? is the glyph generator of Wadalab Font and written in UtiLisp, a dialect of Developers of Wadalab Font had an anbitious goal Lisp widely used through 1980s in Japan. Renderers that a user, who adds a character by describing have about 7,500 lines (comments and empty lines the combination of predefined parts, need no aes- not included) and graphical skeleton editor have thetic judgment and all issues on balancing com- 6,700 lines. Additionally, 12,700 glyph definitions ponents are processed automatically by the system. and 2,600 master skeletons of primitive components The same policy is adopted in the realization of the (including non-kanji) is needed to build the Font. outlines from the skeletons of glyphs. Only func- The Kit was not publicly available because it was tion to calculate outlines is defined for each type of thought that very few people have interest in design- elemtents of strokes and one function handles dif- ing fonts and the system was not so user-friendly. ferent sizes, aspect ratios, and slopes consistently. But the retraction of Kochi Font raised public inter- A set of function can also be tunable in the stroke est in digital typography, so Dr. Tetsurou Tanaka, width but different style of typefaces have differ- who built the core of Wadalab Font Kit decided to ent sets of rendering functions. Currently three release it just after the incident. styles—‘mincho’ (serifed), ‘kaku-gothic’ (sans serif Nonetheless the design quality of machine gener- with square strokes) and ‘maru-gothic’ (sans with ated glyphs are not so good, the basic algorithms rounded strokes)—are defined. they developed have a large generality and the sys- The process of outline generation is divided in tem have very high flexibility enough to implement three stages: additional ideas. The quality of specific glyphs is essential for the quality of generated skeletons and • exapnding abstract definition to the concrete concrete shape of strokes can easily spoil the bal- coordinates of the skeleton anced skeleton. That was partly because GUI of • calculating center lines from skeleton and ex- the glyph editor was too slow to use them interac- tending to the stroke tively and they had no advisor of professional typog- rapher. We believe if they had better enviroment, • processing joins of elements and generating ser- they accomplished much better glyph designs. ifs at the end of elements. Balancing of components with different complex- 2.4 Past Development ity is handled by two strategies: At June 15th 2003, we need to supply a pair of • displacing stems uniformly as far as possible provisional font which substitute the original two typefaces of Kochi Font. Priority was given to (1) • ensuring the minimum distances of strokes for clearness of the source of the glyphs, (2) rapid re- each pair of type of elements. lease, (3) compatibility. In this time, the Font 106 Kit was not referred and commonly used glyphs of oriented approach more extensively. On this point, Wadalab Font in past was used. The tasks were we must have many things to learn from the teaching shared by many peaple. Compilation of glyphs by approach used in KAGE. Improvement of skeleton Mr. Akagaki (Momonga Project), preparation of editor is also anticipated. This is not necessarily script to replace the glyphs depending on 32dot porting of original implementation. Alternatively, bitmaps by Kanou, registration to sourceforge.jp it is possible to add a feature to edit skeleton to an and other coordination by Kazuhiko, and so on. existing font editor. First version of substitute font was released at We think that migration from a calculation- evening of June 18th. Scripting language of PfaEdit oriented approach to an example-oriented approach font editor?? was used to replace glyphs to clarify will derive better appearance of for two reasons. the operations what we applied to the original Kochi Giving multiple master patterns allows us to differ- Font and to make the operation repeatable by ev- ent proportions in different aspect ratio. For exam- eryone. ple, while horizontal bar in 十 (ideographic number The second stage was porting of the Kit to current ten) is set on optical center (slightly above the ge- environment for revaluation and compilation. X11 ometrical center), when if it is used in right part interface code in UtiLisp/C was modified to oper- of a glyph (the cases of 汁/什/計/針) the horizontal ate the skeleton editor. Then several miscomposed bar is appearently raised from the center. When the glyphs were redefined and a few bugs in rendering part comes in left (協/博), this component has nar- code were fixed. Most of the bugs were in geomet- rower width and higher horizontal bar. Similarly, rical construction of outlines. For example, in case algorithms used in outline generation has difficul- two auxilary lines are aligned nearly parallel direc- ties to meet all sizes and thickness of the same type. tions, the crossing points go far unexpedtedly and This makes the customization very difficult other the resulting glyph is totally broken. Procedures for than a skilled programmer with a excellent sense of anomalistic cases are added to make acceptable ar- beauty.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Latex-Test 2016-09-05
    latex-test 2016-09-05 Ken Moffat 1 Introduction, or my history with LATEX A frustrating but sometimes educational experience. It is easy to forget that TEX is at heart an old-school programming language, with a lot of additional macros added over the years, and many different options. Like all programming languages, it takes a long time to achieve any level of competence. One day in February 2014, somebody noticed that our (BLFS) build of texlive did not build all of the package (and so, anybody who be- gan by installing the binary install-tl-unx still had programs which were not built from source). I had no experience of this [ insert profanities here ] typesetting system, and my initial attempts to try to use it found many exam- ples which perhaps worked when they were posted, but did not work for me. Eventually, I found a few routines which gave me a little confidence that some of it worked. Getting a working version of xindy to build was fun. Eventually I came back to this, got more of it working, and even- tually got it all working from source (although on one of my ma- chines the binary version of ConTeXt failed - that CPU did not sup- port some SSE options that the contributed binary used, but such is life and anyway we prefer to build from source!). The tests are now here to check that a new version works. Along the way, I have discovered that I really dislike much of TEX it- self, and LATEX too is a bit problematic: • The Fonts are ugly.
    [Show full text]
  • Ultimate++ Forum It Higher Priority Now
    Subject: It's suspected to be an issue with Font. Posted by Lance on Fri, 18 Mar 2011 22:50:28 GMT View Forum Message <> Reply to Message The programs I used to compare are UWord from the UPP, and MS Word. The platform is Windows 7. The text I used to test is: The problem with U++ drawed text is that some characters are notably larger than others and some have incorrect horizontal displacement. Please see attached picture for a visual effect. I also encountered issue where chinese characters are displayed correctly displayed on Windows but are blank on Ubuntu. And when I copies the same text that was displayed as blank to, say gedit, the text displayed correctly as in Windows. That part I will attach picture in future. File Attachments 1) font problem.png, downloaded 650 times Subject: Re: It's suspected to be an issue with Font. Posted by mirek on Sun, 10 Apr 2011 12:42:52 GMT View Forum Message <> Reply to Message Lance wrote on Fri, 18 March 2011 18:50The programs I used to compare are UWord from the UPP, and MS Word. The platform is Windows 7. The text I used to test is: The problem with U++ drawed text is that some characters are notably larger than others and some have incorrect horizontal displacement. It works fine on my Windows 7. However, I believe that the problem is caused by font substitution mechanism and perhaps on your system, you have some font that takes precendence for some glyphs, but does not contain other characters.
    [Show full text]
  • Pipenightdreams Osgcal-Doc Mumudvb Mpg123-Alsa Tbb
    pipenightdreams osgcal-doc mumudvb mpg123-alsa tbb-examples libgammu4-dbg gcc-4.1-doc snort-rules-default davical cutmp3 libevolution5.0-cil aspell-am python-gobject-doc openoffice.org-l10n-mn libc6-xen xserver-xorg trophy-data t38modem pioneers-console libnb-platform10-java libgtkglext1-ruby libboost-wave1.39-dev drgenius bfbtester libchromexvmcpro1 isdnutils-xtools ubuntuone-client openoffice.org2-math openoffice.org-l10n-lt lsb-cxx-ia32 kdeartwork-emoticons-kde4 wmpuzzle trafshow python-plplot lx-gdb link-monitor-applet libscm-dev liblog-agent-logger-perl libccrtp-doc libclass-throwable-perl kde-i18n-csb jack-jconv hamradio-menus coinor-libvol-doc msx-emulator bitbake nabi language-pack-gnome-zh libpaperg popularity-contest xracer-tools xfont-nexus opendrim-lmp-baseserver libvorbisfile-ruby liblinebreak-doc libgfcui-2.0-0c2a-dbg libblacs-mpi-dev dict-freedict-spa-eng blender-ogrexml aspell-da x11-apps openoffice.org-l10n-lv openoffice.org-l10n-nl pnmtopng libodbcinstq1 libhsqldb-java-doc libmono-addins-gui0.2-cil sg3-utils linux-backports-modules-alsa-2.6.31-19-generic yorick-yeti-gsl python-pymssql plasma-widget-cpuload mcpp gpsim-lcd cl-csv libhtml-clean-perl asterisk-dbg apt-dater-dbg libgnome-mag1-dev language-pack-gnome-yo python-crypto svn-autoreleasedeb sugar-terminal-activity mii-diag maria-doc libplexus-component-api-java-doc libhugs-hgl-bundled libchipcard-libgwenhywfar47-plugins libghc6-random-dev freefem3d ezmlm cakephp-scripts aspell-ar ara-byte not+sparc openoffice.org-l10n-nn linux-backports-modules-karmic-generic-pae
    [Show full text]
  • Open Development of Open Font
    Open Development of Open Font Introduction /efont/ Electronic Font Open Laboratory Kazuhiko <[email protected]> Contents ● What is Open Font? ● Case Study ● Toward the Next Generation Open Font Definition ● Just like `Open Source Definition' ● free redestribution ● source code ● derived works ● no discrimination against persons/groups ● no discrimination against fields of endeavor ● distribution of license ● license must not be specific to a product ● license must not restrict other software Why is Open Font needed? ● To follow the changes (free to modify) ● CCS/CES (Shift-JIS -> Unicode -> ?) ● format (TTF -> OpenType) ● design trends (line-oriented -> curve-oriented) ● etc. ● To exchange documents (free to use, free to distribute) ● W`I'SIWYG --- What I See Is What You Get. Open Font Today ● Latin --- many (URW, Bitstream Vera etc.) ● Chinese --- some (Arphic 4 fonts, Wang 10 fonts) ● Korean --- some (Baekmuk 4 fonts) ● Japanese --- a little¼ Kochi Font ● License: public domain ● Method: parts assemble ● Based on a free TTF that is converted from a free 32dot bitmap font Original bitmap Converted TTF Kochi font Kochi Font's Tragedy ● It was revealed that the origin of Kochi font is a stolen bitmap¼ ● The copyright holder of a original bitmap offered a `free-of-charge' license ● The author of Kochi font rejected their offer, and the development was cancelled Next Generation Font Development ● Speed is first, but quality is second ● Framework that makes people to join development easily ● Good management to fragment problems and subjects
    [Show full text]
  • Juhtolv-Fontsamples
    juhtolv-fontsamples Juhapekka Tolvanen Contents 1 Copyright and contact information 3 2 Introduction 5 3 How to use these PDFs 6 3.1 Decompressing ............................... 6 3.1.1 bzip2 and tar ............................. 8 3.1.2 7zip .................................. 11 3.2 Finding right PDFs ............................. 12 4 How to edit these PDFs 16 4.1 What each script do ............................ 16 4.2 About shell environment .......................... 19 4.3 How to ensure each PDF take just one page .............. 20 4.4 Programs used ................................ 20 4.5 Fonts used .................................. 23 4.5.1 Proportional Gothic ......................... 24 4.5.2 Proportional Mincho ........................ 26 4.5.3 Monospace (Gothic and Mincho) ................. 27 4.5.4 Handwriting ............................. 28 4.5.5 Fonts that can not be used .................... 29 5 Thanks 30 2 1 Copyright and contact information Author of all these files is Juhapekka Tolvanen. Author’s E-Mail address is: juhtolv (at) iki (dot) fi This publication has included material from these dictionary files in ac- cordance with the licence provisions of the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group: • kanjd212 • kanjidic • kanjidic2.xml • kradfile • kradfile2 See these WWW-pages: • http://www.edrdg.org/ • http://www.edrdg.org/edrdg/licence.html • http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/edict.html • http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/kanjidic_doc.html • http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/kanjd212_doc.html • http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/kanjidic2/ • http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/kradinf.html 3 All generated PDF- and TEX-files of each kanji-character use exactly the same license as kanjidic2.xml uses; Name of that license is Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike Licence (V3.0).
    [Show full text]
  • Ultimate++ Forum
    Subject: Re: It's suspected to be an issue with Font. Posted by Lance on Sat, 07 May 2011 15:39:12 GMT View Forum Message <> Reply to Message Sorry but it's getting more complicated than we had expected. I did test on another Windows XP machine. Here is the font replacement table: struct sRFace { const char *name; dword l, h; } sFontReplacements[] = { { "sans-serif", 0xffee0008, 0xdc000801 }, { "Arial", 0xfffe0000, 0x09c00080 }, {"\346\226\260\345\256\213\344\275\223", 0xfd800000, 0x09ffff00 },//SimSun (or New Song Ti) {"\345\256\213\344\275\223", 0xfd800000, 0x09ffff00 }, // Song Ti {"\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221", 0xfd800000, 0x09ffff00 }, //MS Ya Hei {"\351\273\221\344\275\223", 0xfd800000, 0x09ffff00 }, // Hei Ti { "Arial Unicode MS", 0xfffc3fef, 0xfa7ff7e7 }, { "SimSun", 0xfd800000, 0x09ffff00 }, { "MS UI Gothic", 0xffc01008, 0x0fffff00 }, { "MS Mincho", 0xffc01008, 0x0fffff00 }, { "WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono", 0xfd800000, 0x0ae7ff7e }, { "WenQuanYi Zen Hei", 0xfd800000, 0x0ae7ff7e }, { "VL Gothic", 0xfd800000, 0x09a7ff80 }, { "VL PGothic", 0xffe00008, 0x0de7ff80 }, { "UnDotum", 0xe5800000, 0x0aa7ff7e }, { "UnBatang", 0xe5800000, 0x0aa7ff7e }, { "DejaVu Sans Mono", 0xffec0004, 0x0fc00080 }, { "DejaVu Sans", 0xfffd000c, 0x0fc40080 }, { "AlArabiyaFreeSerif", 0xffdc0008, 0xd8000007 }, { "Kochi Mincho", 0xffdc0008, 0xd8000007 }, { "Kochi Gothic", 0xffdc0008, 0xd8000007 }, { "Sazanami Mincho", 0xffdc0008, 0xd8000007 }, { "Sazanami Gothic", 0xffdc0008, 0xd8000007 }, { "Gulim", 0xf7c00000, 0x0ba7ff7e }, { "PMingLiU", 0xff800000,
    [Show full text]
  • Open Source Software License Information
    Open Source Software license information This document contains an open source software license information for the product VACUU·SELECT. The product VACUU·SELECT contains open source components which are licensed under the applicable open source licenses. The applicable open source licenses are listed below. The open source software licenses are granted by the respective right holders directly. The open source licenses prevail all other license information with regard to the respective open source software components contained in the product. Modifications of our programs which are linked to LGPL libraries are permitted for the customer's own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications. However, forwarding the information acquired during reverse engineering or debugging to third parties is prohibited. Furthermore, it is prohibited to distribute modified versions of our programs. In any case, the warranty for the product VACUU·SELECT will expire, as long as the customer cannot prove that the defect would also occur without these modification. WARRANTY DISCLAIMER THE OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IN THIS PRODUCT IS DISTRIBUTED IN THE HOPE THAT IT WILL BE USEFUL, BUT WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, WITHOUT EVEN THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the applicable licenses for more details. Written offer This product VACUU·SELECT contains software components that are licensed by the holder of the rights as free software, or Open Source software, under GNU General Public License, Versions 2 and 3, or GNU Lesser General Public License, Versions 2.1, or GNU Library General Public License, Version 2, respectively. The source code for these software components can be obtained from us on a data carrier (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Trivial Counterfactual Generations with Diverse Valuable Explanations
    Under review as a conference paper at ICLR 2021 BEYOND TRIVIAL COUNTERFACTUAL GENERATIONS WITH DIVERSE VALUABLE EXPLANATIONS Anonymous authors Paper under double-blind review ABSTRACT Explainability of machine learning models has gained considerable attention within our research community given the importance of deploying more reliable machine-learning systems. Explanability can also be helpful for model debugging. In computer vision applications, most methods explain models by displaying the regions in the input image that they focus on for their prediction, but it is dif- ficult to improve models based on these explanations since they do not indicate why the model fail. Counterfactual methods, on the other hand, indicate how to perturb the input to change the model prediction, providing details about the model’s decision-making. Unfortunately, current counterfactual methods make ambiguous interpretations as they combine multiple biases of the model and the data in a single counterfactual interpretation of the model’s decision. Moreover, these methods tend to generate trivial counterfactuals about the model’s decision, as they often suggest to exaggerate or remove the presence of the attribute be- ing classified. Trivial counterfactuals are usually not valuable, since the informa- tion they provide is often already known to the system’s designer. In this work, we propose a counterfactual method that learns a perturbation in a disentangled latent space that is constrained using a diversity-enforcing loss to uncover mul- tiple valuable explanations about the model’s prediction. Further, we introduce a mechanism to prevent the model from producing trivial explanations. Experi- ments on CelebA and Synbols demonstrate that our model improves the success rate of producing high-quality valuable explanations when compared to previous state-of-the-art methods.
    [Show full text]
  • All Your Fonts ARE
    All Your Fonts ARE... Behdad Esfahbod [email protected] June 26, 2006 GUADEC All Your Fonts ARE... Behdad Esfahbod [email protected] GUADEC, Spain June 26, 2006 What is Pango ● Text rendering engine ● Text layout engine ● Unicode-based ● Modular ● Internationalized (not localized!) ● Abstract, Portable, Multi-backend ● Efficient! Pango API ● High-level: – PangoLayout ● Low-level: – pango_itemize – pango_break – pango_shape PangoLayout Simple layout object. (Demo) pango_itemize() Breaks a piece of text into segments with consistent directional level, font, attributes, and shaping engine. pango_break() Determines possible line, word, and character breaks for a string of Unicode text. pango_shape() text and the corresponding PangoAnalysis structure returned from pango_itemize(), convert the characters into glyphs. Engines ● Defined in modules ● May be built included, or dynamic ● Lang Engines: used in pango_break() ● Shape Engines: used in pango_shape() Characters vs. Glyphs ● Unicode UTR#17: Character Encoding Model ● Distinction required for quality rendering of most scripts, but emphasized in so- called “complex” scripts, i.e. Arabic, Indic, ... ● OpenType, AAT, SIL Graphite PangoFontDescription ● Data structure to represent a font description (surprise!) ● Contains fields like “family name”, “font size”, “style”, “variant”, “stretch”. ● from_string(“DejaVu Sans Bold 24”) ● Or using generic family names: “Sans 12” Pango Backends ● X ● Win32 ● FT2 (FreeType 2) ● Xft ● Cairo – CairoFc – CairoWin32 – CairoATSUI Itemizing ● Input: text, font
    [Show full text]
  • DESKTOP Font Rendering
    DESKTOP Font rendering How fonts look like for every person differ very strong, some prefer it Ubuntu-like, others sharper. This guide is for people that want to improve the default font rendering without needs of any patches or extra packages. Of course you can play with many settings and change them to what you like most. XFCE Just open the Xfce Appearance settings, go to Fonts and change your preferred fonts and enable Antialiasing, then switch on Hinting to Slight. Then set Sub Pixel Rendering to RGB. The last thing is the DPI setting: 96 is the most common setting, if you want to know what to put in here, then do: xdpyinfo | grep resolution that will tell you the value for your system. That's it, log out and log in again. Openbox/other WMs First create a file called .Xdefaults in your home folder, maybe you have it already and add this to it: Xft.autohint: 0 Xft.antialias: 1 Xft.hinting: true Xft.hintstyle: hintslight Xft.dpi: 96 Xft.rgba: rgb Xft.lcdfilter: lcddefault Only default CrunchBang after install For some reason on a default #! install the fonts look not that good for us who want a better font appearance. Apply the above and just delete the content of .fontconfig in your home folder, log out and log in, that's it. If not then do this as root: dpkg-reconfigure fontconfig-config Select Autohinter, Always, No and followed by this as root: dpkg-reconfigure fontconfig Of course always log out and log in. Bitmap fonts For all that want to use some extra, nice and sharp bitmap fonts in your terminal we have to enable first the bitmap fonts under a default Debian/CrunchBang install: cd /etc/fonts/conf.d/ and the following as root: rm -rf 70-no-bitmaps.conf ln -s ../conf.avail/70-yes-bitmaps.conf .
    [Show full text]
  • Secure Content Distribution Using Untrusted Servers Kevin Fu
    Secure content distribution using untrusted servers Kevin Fu MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab in collaboration with M. Frans Kaashoek (MIT), Mahesh Kallahalla (DoCoMo Labs), Seny Kamara (JHU), Yoshi Kohno (UCSD), David Mazières (NYU), Raj Rajagopalan (HP Labs), Ron Rivest (MIT), Ram Swaminathan (HP Labs) For Peter Szolovits slide #1 January-April 2005 How do we distribute content? For Peter Szolovits slide #2 January-April 2005 We pay services For Peter Szolovits slide #3 January-April 2005 We coerce friends For Peter Szolovits slide #4 January-April 2005 We coerce friends For Peter Szolovits slide #4 January-April 2005 We enlist volunteers For Peter Szolovits slide #5 January-April 2005 Fast content distribution, so what’s left? • Clients want ◦ Authenticated content ◦ Example: software updates, virus scanners • Publishers want ◦ Access control ◦ Example: online newspapers But what if • Servers are untrusted • Malicious parties control the network For Peter Szolovits slide #6 January-April 2005 Taxonomy of content Content Many-writer Single-writer General purpose file systems Many-reader Single-reader Content distribution Personal storage Public Private For Peter Szolovits slide #7 January-April 2005 Framework • Publishers write➜ content, manage keys • Clients read/verify➜ content, trust publisher • Untrusted servers replicate➜ content • File system protects➜ data and metadata For Peter Szolovits slide #8 January-April 2005 Contributions • Authenticated content distribution SFSRO➜ ◦ Self-certifying File System Read-Only
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2103.10226V1 [Cs.LG] 18 Mar 2021 Would Suggest to Add Or Remove Sunglasses, Beard, Or Scarf, While a Non-Diverse Set Would All Suggest to Add Or Remove 1
    Beyond Trivial Counterfactual Explanations with Diverse Valuable Explanations Pau Rodr´ıguez1 Massimo Caccia1;2 Alexandre Lacoste1 Lee Zamparo1 Issam Laradji1;2;3 Laurent Charlin2;4 David Vazquez1 1Element AI 2MILA 3McGill University 4HEC Montreal [email protected] Abstract model is confused by people wearing sunglasses then the system could generate alternative images of faces without Explainability for machine learning models has gained sunglasses that would be correctly recognized. In order considerable attention within our research community to discover a model’s limitations, counterfactual generation given the importance of deploying more reliable machine- systems could be used to generate images that would con- learning systems. In computer vision applications, gen- fuse the classifier, such as people wearing sunglasses or erative counterfactual methods indicate how to perturb a scarfs occluding the mouth. This is different from other model’s input to change its prediction, providing details types of explainability methods such as feature importance about the model’s decision-making. Current counterfactual methods [4, 51, 52] and boundary approximation meth- methods make ambiguous interpretations as they combine ods [38, 48], which highlight salient regions of the input multiple biases of the model and the data in a single coun- like the sunglasses but do not indicate how the ML model terfactual interpretation of the model’s decision. Moreover, could achieve a different prediction. these methods tend to generate trivial counterfactuals about According to [39, 49], counterfactual explanations the model’s decision, as they often suggest to exaggerate or should be valid, proximal, and sparse.A valid counterfac- remove the presence of the attribute being classified.
    [Show full text]