EthnicityNORTH EAST

Ethnicity in the North East an overview

NORTH EAST ASSEMBLY THE VOICE FOR THE REGION Ethnicity in the Acknowledgements North East

I would like to acknowledge the help and guidance received from everyone I have contacted while compiling this guidance.

I am particularly indebted to the staff of the

Home Office Drugs Prevention Advisory Service, particularly Robert Martin

Government Office for the North East and

Deborah Burns and Karen Kirkbride, for their continuous support, advice and encouragement.

Veena Soni Diversity Advisor Drugs Prevention Advisory Service

1 Ethnicity in the Foreword by Angela Eagle North East

The Home Office has committed itself to promoting race equality, particularly in the provision of public services such as education, health, law and order, housing and local government; and achieve representative workforces in its services areas.

We are also working hard to promote cohesive communities and deal with the issues that cause segregation in communities. One of the Home OfficeÕs seven main aims is to support strong and active communities in which people of all races and backgrounds are valued and participate on equal terms by developing social policy to build a fair, prosperous and cohesive society in which everyone has a stake. To work with other departments and local government agencies and community groups to regenerate neighbourhoods, to support families; to develop the potential of every individual; to build the confidence and capacity of the whole community to be part of the solution; and to promote good race and community relations, combating prejudice and xenophobia. To promote equal opportunities both within the Home Office and more widely and to ensure that active citizenship contributes to the enhancement of democracy and the development of civil society.

I believe that this publication will be an important tool in the work underway to promote good community relations. I hope it will be an invaluable resource for agencies working with the public in the North East in ensuring that they understand and represent the community and engage all parts of the community in their work.

I welcome this publication, ÒEthnicity in the North East Ð an overviewÓ, a practical example of Government agencies based in the North East working in partnership to produce a document which will be of lasting benefit to local communities and the region.

Angela Eagle MP Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Europe, Community and Race Equality

2 Ethnicity in the Introduction North East

This guidance has been compiled by the Home Office Drugs Prevention Advisory Service and Government Office for the North East with the support of One North East and the North East Assembly as a response to a real need to appreciate the diversity and complexity of our growing black and minority ethnic communities in the North East.

It will serve a number of valuable purposes:

1. As a general introduction to the rich cultural and religious diversity which ethnic communities bring to our region.

2. As a recognition that there are challenges and opportunities both now and in the future in terms of realising the economic and social potential of all our minority communities.

3. As recognition that the North East is an evolving region and that we need to understand and appreciate the nature of our changing environment.

4. As a regular updated contribution, which will contextualise and map the performance and demographic profiles of the Black and Minority Ethnic communities.

To serve this purpose it has been divided into three parts: ¥ Religious/Cultural information ¥ Socio-economic information about the communities ¥ Community projects and leaders While every effort has been taken to ensure all information is correct we recognise the changing circumstances of projects. We shall therefore update and add to the database regularly. We shall also update the socio- demographic data on publication of information from the 2001 census.

We hope this guidance will be of assistance to all those working towards meeting the needs of the whole community.

3 Ethnicity in the Important Issues for Minority Ethnic Communities North East

Language Language affects the quality of our lives in many ways. For many black and minority ethnic communities there are several language issues which are important. Many of the original immigrants of different minority ethnic groups, work or worked in one particular occupation, such as within the restaurant trade, corner shops or buses etc. for much of their lives. Due to this pattern of working with others from the same background, many people, despite having been in Britain for a large number of years, experience problems with oral English. This also affects children when they first attend school as they may have had little exposure to the English language at home. Language facilitates communication. Therefore, when a personÕs interpretation or understanding of language is different, communication is affected. This can have adverse results in many areas of a personÕs life affecting their confidence, communication in health matters, education, work etc. It will also affect their ability to share their views or to ask for support. Language problems can create difficulties, for example: making an appointment, seeing a health professional, reading documents, letters, filling in forms and other such circumstances. Service providers need to be aware of the importance of translation in aiding full understanding and that unofficial translators are often not sufficient. It is important that a person can speak openly in the presence of a translator. Serious misunderstandings can occur when information is being passed through a third party who is untrained and not familiar with certain vocabulary. This may be potentially dangerous, embarrassing and may breach confidentiality between a doctor and patient, or may place the translator in a difficult or stressfull situation. In many cases language has created a divide between older and younger generations. Sometimes older people speak their Ômother tongueÕ more proficiently than English and the younger generation may speak English better than their Ômother tongueÕ.

Racism and Isolation Racism and discrimination affect communities in many different ways. For many this results in feelings of insecurity, fear and discomfort, at worst it results in mental illness or deprivation. To avoid discrimination, many minority ethnic groups have found work by setting up a business, such as a restaurant, employing others of the same ethnic background or opening a shop employing family members. Socially they meet only members from within their community. This may cause problems of community isolation from the wider population. For example, within the catering trade, workers day to day routine is set to a different time scale than the wider community. Young people today however are trying to break away from tradition and enter into professional occupation.

Religion Religion plays a very important part in the lives of many members of the black and minority ethnic communities. It is important therefore to realise that members from a number of countries can belong to and follow the practices of a particular faith. To avoid any misunderstanding and cause unnecessary embarrassment it is important to be aware of the religious beliefs of the members/communities before meeting them.

4 Ethnicity in the North East

Current Language Clusters of Refugees/Asylum Seekers In the North East

DARLINGTON Arabic; Kurdish; Romanian; Farsi; Punjabi; Servo-Croat & French

GATESHEAD Albanian; Servo-Croat; Farsi; Slovak; Russian; Kurdish; Arabic; Czech & Romanian

HARTLEPOOL Lithuanian; Polish; Russian and Servo-Croat

MIDDLESBROUGH Ahmaric; Albanian; Tamil; Farsi; Urdu; Kurdish; Czech; Slovak; Afghani

NEWCASTLE Major Farsi; Kurdish; Afghani; Albanian; French; Russian; Czech; Turkish; Somalian & Arabic Minor Yugoslavian; Spanish; Turkic; Gujerati; Sinhalese; Tamil & Servo-Croat

NORTH Albanian; Czech; Farsi; Persian & Russian

REDCAR & CLEVELAND Albanian; Romanian; Tamil; Afghani; Kurdish; Arabic; Turkish; Urdu & Punjabi

SOUTH TYNESIDE Turkish; Polish; Tamil; French & Kosovan

STOCKTON-ON-TEES Punjabi; Urdu & Mandarin

SUNDERLAND Albanian; Czech; Romanian; Russian; Farsi; Arabic; Somali & Kurdish

(Information Source - NECASS September 2000)

5 Ethnicity in the North East

An Overview of languages spoken and religions by Country

COUNTRY LANGUAGES SPOKEN DOMINANT RELIGION Afganistan Dari, Farsi, Pashto Muslim Albania Albanian Muslim Algeria Arabic, French Muslim Angola Portugese Roman Catholic Armenia Armenian, Russian Armenian Orthodox Azerbejdan Azeri, Russian Muslim Bangladesh Bengali Muslim Belarus Russian Eastern Orthodox Bolivia Spanish Roman Catholic

Bosnia Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Muslim Burkina Faso French Muslim Burundi French, Swahili Christian Cameroon French, English Christian Chad French, Arabic Muslim Colombia Spanish Roman Catholic Congo (Dem Rep) French, Lingala Christian Congo (Rep) French, Lingala Christian Croatia Croatian Roman Catholic Cuba Spanish Roman Catholic Czech Republic Czech, Romani Roman Catholic Ecuador Spanish Roman Catholic Eritrea Tigrinya Muslim Estonia Estonian, Russian Russian Orthodox Ethiopia Amharinya Muslim Gambia English Muslim Georgia Georgian, Russian Russian Orthodox Ghana English Muslim Guinea French Muslim Hindi, Bengali, English Hindu Iran Farsi, Turkic, Kurdish Muslim Iraq Kurdish, Arabic Muslim Israel Hibru, Arabic Jewish

6 Ethnicity in the North East

An Overview of languages spoken and religions by Country

COUNTRY LANGUAGES SPOKEN DOMINANT RELIGION Kazakhstan Kazakh, Russian Muslim Kenya Swahili, English Protestant Kyrgystan Kyrgyz, Russian Muslim Latvia Latvian, Russian Lutheran Roman Catholic Lebanon Arabic, French Muslim Liberia English Christian Libya Arabic, English Muslim Lithuania Lithuanian, Russian Roman Catholic Macedonia Macedonian, Albanian Macedonian Orthodox Malawi English Protestant Maldives Maldivian Muslims Moldova Moldovan, Russian Eastern Orthodox Mongolia Turkic, Russian Muslim Nepal Nepali Hindu Nigeria English Muslim, Christian Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto Muslim Palestina Arabic Muslim Poland Polish Muslim Romania Romanian Romanian Orthodox Russia Russian Russian Orthodox Rwanda French Roman Catholic Senegal French Muslim Serbia Serbian Orthodox Sierra Leone English Muslim Slovakia Slovak, Romani Roman Catholic Slovanian, Serbo Ð Croatian,Romani Roman Catholic Somalia Somali Sunni Muslim South Africa English Christian Sri Lanka Sinhala, Tamil, English Buddhist Sudan Arabic Sunni Muslim Syria Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian Muslim

7 Ethnicity in the North East

An Overview of languages spoken and religions by Country

COUNTRY LANGUAGES SPOKEN DOMINANT RELIGION Tajikistan Tajik, Russian Sunni Muslim Tanzania Swahili, English Muslim, Christian Togo French Indigenous Beliefs Turkey Turkish, Kurdish, Armenian Muslim Uganda English Roman Catholic, Protestant Ukraine Ukrainian, Russian Ukranian Orthodox Yemen Arabic Muslim Zimbabwe English Syncretic

8 EthnicityNORTH EAST

Faith Communities

Islam Judaism Christianity Buddhism Rastafarianism Islam

Introduction Muslims believe that there is one God (Allah) who is the supreme creator and sustainer of the universe. Islam, as a semitic religion, has some historical roots in common with Judaism and Christianity. IslamÕs main religious text, the Holy QurÕan, mentions 25 ÔmessengersÕ of Allah including Abraham, Moses and Jesus. Muhammad, born around 570 A.D. near Mecca, was the last and greatest prophet. There are around one billion Muslims in the world about two million of whom live in Britain. Muslims form two distinctive groups, ÔSunniÕ and ShiÕaÕ. ÔSunniÕ Muslims make up between 88 and 90% of the total Muslim population.

The majority of the population in the following countries are Muslims: ¥ Afghanistan ¥ Comoros ¥ Iran ¥ Maldives ¥ Senegal ¥ Turkmenistan ¥ Albania ¥ Dagestan ¥ Iraq ¥ Mauritania ¥ Somalia ¥ United Arab ¥ Algeria ¥ Djibouti ¥ Jordan ¥ Mayotte ¥ Sudans Emirates ¥ Azerbaijan ¥ Egypt ¥ Kuwait ¥ Morocco ¥ Syria ¥ Uzbekistan ¥ Bahrain ¥ Gambia ¥ Kyrgystan ¥ Niger ¥ Tajikistan ¥ West Bank ¥ Bangladesh ¥ Gaza Strip ¥ Libya ¥ Pakistan ¥ Tatarstan ¥ Yemen ¥ Brunei ¥ Guinea ¥ Malaysia ¥ Qatar ¥ Tunisia ¥ Chechnia ¥ Indonesia ¥ Mali ¥ Saudi Arabia ¥ Turkey

Fundamental Beliefs Islamic beliefs incorporate concepts of Piety, Righteousness, Sin, Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood, Morality and Peace.

Observances Ð the Ôfive pillarsÕ

1. The first pillar is the confession of faith (the ÔshahadaÕ) which includes the affirmation that ÔThere is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophetÕ.

2. The second pillar is prayer (ÔsalahÕ). Five obligatory daily prayers are offered in devotion to Allah. Obligatory prayers also include Friday (noon). Daily prayers must be conducted at dawn, noon, mid afternoon, just after sunset and at night. The following must be observed before prayers: a) Ablutions (washing) of specific parts of the body. b) The call to public prayer (Adhan) and entrance into prayer (Iqamah).

Prayers should be conducted in a mosque, whenever possible, but always at noon on Fridays. Women do not have to attend mosque but must pray at home. If women do attend, they pray separately from men. Shoes are removed in the mosque.

Muslims must face Mecca (South East). After the ÔIqamahÕ a Muslim stands in reverence and then conducts a series of bows from the waist, together with prostrations, in which the forehead touches the ground.

There are special prayers for religious occasions, such as the ÔEidÕ prayers. The first ÔEidÕ prayer (Festival of Fast Breaking) follows Ramadan (the month of in the muslim year). The second ÔEidÕ prayer (Festival of Sacrifice) is conducted in the last month of the Muslim year.

3. The third pillar is fasting (Sawm). During Ramadan, Muslims must abstain from all nourishment, smoking and sexual intercourse from before dawn till sunset. The islamic year is lunar and the timing varies. Children and the sick are permitted to break the fast and make it up later as are those who are on long journeys. Women who are in confinement or menstruating are not allowed to fast until a specified period of time has elapsed.

4. The fourth pillar is the giving of alms (Zakah). The QurÕan commands that a minimum of 2.5% of net income is to be given to the poor.

5. The fifth pillar is (Hajj). There is a duty upon every Muslim, who is fit and can afford it, to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime.

9 Islam

Sacred Writings There are two sacred writings in Islam. One is the QurÕan and the second the Hadith. Muslims believe that the QurÕan contains the words of Allah and can therefore not be changed in any way. Great respect needs to be shown to it. The Hadith advise Muslims on how to behave.

Main Festivals

RAMADAN Festival of Fasting in the ninth lunar month

EID-UL-FITR Festival of Fast Breaking occurs in the month of ÔShawwalÕ after Ramadan

The festival of Id-ul-Fitr marks the end of the fasting month of Ramadan and the first day of the month of Sawwal.

Muslims measure their months by the cycle of the moon and a new month begins when the new moon is first sighted. On the last night of Ramadan, when the new moon is expected, crowds gather in the streets waiting for the sign that Ramadan is over and Id-ul-Fitr, the festival of fast-breaking can begin.

The end of Ramadan is welcomed with much joy and celebration, not only because it marks the return to normal life, but also because they know that they have succeeded in meeting a difficult personal challenge.

The festival begins with a light early meal followed by a visit to the mosque to pray, give thanks and rejoice at the successful completion of the fast.

Prophet Muhammad said that there would be two rewards for a successful fast Ð the experience of joy and satisfaction at successfully reaching the end of the fast and also that Allah would reward them on the day of judgement.

After the visit to the mosque, many Muslims visit the cemetery to pay their respects to the dead, (both family and other Muslims). When this solemn duty is completed, the rest of the day is given over to festivals and celebrations. Friends and relatives are visited and gifts of sweets are given. Greetings cards with the message Id Mubarak (joyful festival) are also exchanged. The festival lasts for one day but celebrations may continue for several days and may involve parades, fairs and parties.

Id-ul-Fitr is especially enjoyed by children because they do not attend school during the festival. They are dressed in new clothes and receive gifts of sweets, nuts, honey and toys.

EID-UL-ADHA Festival of Sacrifice on the tenth day of the twelfth month. Most Muslims make their pilgrimage to Mecca during this festival as part of Hajj.

Muslims celebrate the end of the Hajj with a festival known as Id-ul-Adah. The festival commemorates the trial that the hadrat Ibrahim underwent when Allah asked him to sacrifice his son. He took Ismail, his son to Arafat to perform this duty. As he was poised to sacrifice his son he received the revelation that he had fulfilled his covenant and proved that his love for Allah was greater than that for his son. The angels brought a ram for him to sacrifice in place of Ismail. Id-ul-Adha urges all Muslims to follow the example of Hadrat Ibrahim and to show perfect submission to Allah.

The animals to be sacrificed must be free from all physical defects and should be fully grown. A sheep or a goat is sufficient sacrifice for one person whereas a larger animal, such as a cow or a camel can be shared by up to seven people. A third of the meat is kept for the use for the household and the remainder is distributed among the poor and sent as gifts to friends and relatives.

Id-ul-Adha is also marked by family gatherings and much feasting. New clothes are worn and Muslims attend special prayers at the mosque known as ÔId GahÕ. The celebration for the festival lasts three days.

MUHARRAM The beginning of the Islamic year

10 Islam

Forms of Address Standard forms of address are acceptable (i.e. Mr, Miss, Mrs or Madam). Many Muslims do not have a family name. Some may adopt a religious name, such as ÒAbduÕlÓ which means Ôservant of theÉ..Õ which is followed by the Names of which God has named Himself in the QurÕan. This can be followed by a personal name, the fatherÕs name and then the grandfatherÕs name, either of which may be considered the family name. Members of the same family may have different names. Some Muslims have adopted the British custom of using two names. If in doubt ask for the personal and family names. Remember not to ask for the Christian name.

Social Life/Marriage Marriage is taken very seriously and considered as a permanent bond. Most marriages are arranged, but not without consent. The final decision is left with the woman. Traditionally, women were offered security within polygamous marriage in societies where they outnumbered men. Monogamy is usually practised in Britain. Muslim women are allowed to earn their own living and inherit or own property. Divorce is permitted as a final resort, but only after there have been persistent attempts at reconciliation. Before marriage, gifts are exchanged between families and the dowry (mahar) is offered. The dowry is paid by the husband to the wife as a personal gift. Once the civil ceremony is over a religious ceremony is held at the mosque or in the brideÕs home. The religious leader (the ÔImanÕ) will normally conduct the wedding. Usually the marriage will not have been consummated until after the religious ceremony. During the ceremony the bride and groom remain in separate rooms. The brideÕs presence is not essential, just her consent. The groom signs the marriage contract.

Death The body is positioned and washed three times (a man by men and a woman by women) and wrapped in three white unused sheets. If the person had made a pilgrimage to Makkah, the ihram sheets will be used. In this country the body is then placed in a coffin. Muslims are always buried, never cremated. The body is taken to the mosque or burial place and funeral prayers are said. Burial outside this country is usually without a coffin so that the body is in contact with the earth. The body is placed so that the head is facing towards Makkah. No tombstone or other monument is permitted. If possible the burial takes place immediately after the day of death, although this is not the common practise in Britain. The burial is usually only attended by men although women usually visit the grave after the burial has taken place. All Muslims give more importance to the next life than the life in this world.

Diet, Taboos and Social Etiquette Alcohol and drugs are forbidden and blasphemy is offensive. Pork is prohibited and any meat eaten must have been slaughtered in accordance with the QurÕan and must be ÔHalalÕ. Food cooked in non-Halal fat is also forbidden. The left hand must not be used for giving, pointing, shaking or eating. Women should be covered and avoid physical contact with men to whom they are not related. It is best to speak to Muslim women whilst another woman or a family member is present. Do not offer to shake hands. A Muslim woman is expected to lower her gaze when speaking to a strange man.

The QurÕan is considered sacred and should not be touched casually. If, when making a home visit, obligatory prayers are interrupted, it is essential that time is given for the person(s) to finish.

11 Islam

Muslims in Britain Muslims form the largest religious minority in Britain with a population of over 1.5 million, approximately 10% of these are white converts. BritainÕs Muslim population has grown markedly since the end of World War II beginning with a demand for labour which was largely met by people from Commonwealth countries including Pakistan and India.

The pre-partition killings in the and Bengal also caused some people to come to Britain and in 1971 there was a further migration from East Pakistan (now Bangla-Desh) because of war. Other Muslims came from East Africa and in the late 1960s, many being refugees of war or ethnic conflict.

Initially most of the immigrants were male, but as they established themselves in Britain and found work and housing, their wives and families joined them. For many of these people, and in particular for second and third generation Muslims born in Britain, this country is now home, but settling into another country and culture has created tensions within many Muslim families and communities.

The older members generally strive to retain family and religious traditions and bring up children in the faith, whilst the youngsters have more easily adapted to the prevailing culture and imbibed it. Issues such as, for example, greater freedom for young people, equality/parity of treatment for girls/women, attitudes to older family and community members have all created problems which are ongoing.

However, many of our common perceptions about Muslim communities and culture are inaccurate. For example, it is only a minority of British Muslims (usually those most recently arrived from rural backgrounds in Pakistan and Bangla-Desh) who stick rigidly to the culture they have brought from elsewhere.

Stereotypes about arranged marriage are increasingly invalid and Muslim women are much less secluded than once imagined - up to 20% are in full or part-time employment.

The Muslim community is far from monolithic. Divisions exist along ethnic, cultural, linguistic, country-of-origin and doctrinal lines. Consequently, traditionalist and fundamentalist Muslims may regard the secular and liberal/modernists with suspicion and vice-versa. Such differences are particularly apparent in such matters as, for example, the publication of Salmon RushdieÕs book ÔThe Satanic VersesÕ, which offended all shades of Muslims, but only a minority endorse the fatwa sanctioning his death, and some question the authority of the Ayatollahs to issue one.

Similarly, there are sharp differences of opinion on the issue of Muslim schools. Supporters of these fear cultural dilution, opponents fear isolation from British mainstream life.

In any study of Islam, it is important to recognise that in its beliefs, rituals and practices, it is a religion not far removed from Christianity.

12 Islam Glossary

Adhan Call to prayer Akhlaq Behaviour, conduct, attitude and ethics Al-Madinah (Medina) The City of the Prophet where he lived for some time Allah Islamic name for the One True God Hajj Annual pigrimage to Makkah to be undertaken at least once during lifetime Haji Muslim male who has completed Hajj Hajiah Muslim female who has completed Hajj Halal Any action which is permitted or lawful Ð used also for permitted food/meat Haram Anything unlawful or forbidden Id ÔRecurring happinessÕ Ð religious holiday, feast, festival, celebration, thanks to Allah Id ul-Adha Festival of the Sacrifice Ð commemorating IbrahimÕs willingness to sacrifice IsmaÕil Id ul-Fitr Day after Ramadan ends Ð first day of Sawal Ð 10th Islamic month Imam ÔLeaderÕ Ð person who leads communal prayer Isa Jesus Ð prophet of Allah to whom Gospel (Injil) was revealed Islam ÔPeace through willing obedience to AllahÕs divine guidanceÕ KaÕbah Cube shaped structure in the centre of the grand mosque in Makkah Makkah City where the prophet Muhammad was born Masjid Mosque ÐÔplace of prostrationÕ Ð Islamic place of worship Muhammad ÔPraisedÕ Ð name of the final prophet Muslim One who claims to have accepted Islam PBUH (Peace Be Upon Him) Is always used by Muslims when Prophet MuhammadÕs and all other ProphetÕs names are mentioned QurÕan ÔRead or recitedÕ Ð Holy book of Islam revealed to Muhammad Ramadan Month of daylight fasting Salat Prayer Ð 5 times daily Ð performed under specific condidtions Sawm Act of fasting during Ramadan Shahadah Faith declaration Ð There is no God except Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah Tawhid Oneness of Allah Ð absolute Ummah Community Ð world wide Muslim Community Education Department Wudu Absolution before Salat Zakat Annual welfare payment Zakat ul-fitr Welfare payment at the end of Ramadan

13 14 Hinduism

Introduction Hinduism is a very ancient religion dating back over 3,000 years. believe in ÔBrahmaÕ the creator of the world. ÔVishnuÕ the preserver and ÔShivaÕ the renewer. The Hindu gods have many personifications including thousands of locally-worshipped deities. Hinduism has a strong cultural and historical affiliation to India. There are around 500 million Hindus in the world about 400,000 of whom live in Britain. The main religious texts are the ÔVedasÕ, ÔUpanishadsÕ and the ÔBhagavad GitaÕ (part of the ÔMahabharataÕ epic). Although Hinduism is the worldÕs third largest religion it makes up the majority of the population of only three nations: ¥ Nepal ¥ India ¥ Mauritius

Fundamental Beliefs Hindu beliefs and customs vary widely. Diverse belief can be best summarised by a faith in the one great spirit (the ÔAtmanÕ). is the head of the godhead or pantheon. The main incarnations of are ÔRamaÕ and ÔKrishnaÕ. Worship of is most commonly associated in the western world with the ÔHare KrishnaÕ movement. Religious life is centred on five principles: 1. God Parmeshwar 2. Prayer Prarthana 3. Re-incarnation Punarjanma 4. Law of good and bad actions Purushartha 5. for all living things Prani Daya

Rites and Observances Astrology is central to Hindu belief and the timings and movements of the stars are linked to the roles of different deities. Some Hindus keep their own astrological charts. Each day of the week is dedicated to a deity and Hindus choose those whom they worship. ÔVratasÕ are days of fasting and prayer. Main fasting is linked to the Indian monsoon period and to Vishnu ÔsleepingÕ. Daily worship at home is predominant, but temple worship takes place regularly. Before entering the temple, shoes are removed and hands washed. During the ceremony, money and flowers are offered to the deities. An important part of worship is the lighting of the ÔsacredÕ fire. The ÔAartiÕ ceremony, performed twice daily, involves offering light to the deities and then to the worshippers. Prayers are said and ÔmantrasÕ recited, as well as singing. There are many important festivals in Hinduism, some celebrated locally and some throughout India and the Hindu community globally. The same festival might have a different name and even a different emphasis in different areas.

Main Festivals Also called Norata usually takes place in October. This festival is in honour of the mother goddess. It consists of nine nights of dancing and commemorates RamaÕs victory over , the demon king of Sri Lanka, who had kidnapped .

DIWALI or An Autumn, usually November, festival which remembers RamaÕs victorious return to his DEEPAVALI kingdom when his path was lit by thousands of lights. It is the beginning of the financial year so special praise is offered to , the goddess of prosperity. This is the most popular and widely celebrated Hindu festival.

HOLI The Spring festival particularly associated with Krishna usually occurs in March.

RAKSHA BANDHAN Celebrated around July/August time and is a popular family festival. Sisters tie red and gold amulets around their brothersÕ wrists. This is one symbol of the strong bonds in Hindu families. A number of festivals celebrate particular gods and goddesses.

15 Hinduism

SARAWATI PUJA Occurs early in the year and commemorates the beginning of Spring but is also dedicated to the consort of Brahma who is the goddess of learning and the arts.

MAHASHIVRATRI Dedicated to .

RAMA NAVAMI Celebrates the birthday of .

RATHA YATRA A celebration of Krishna in the form of Jugannatha, Lord of the Universe. Images are carried on huge wagons with many wheels, hence the English word ÔjuggernautÕ.

JANAMASHTAMI Celebrates KrishnaÕs birthday. Images of the baby Krishna are often displayed in homes and temples.

GANESH- Dedicated to the god of good fortune and the remover of obstacles. Ganesh is the CHATURTHI elephant-headed son of Shiva and , and a favourite .

Sacred Writing The main sacred text found in homes are the - an epic poem about Prince Rama. The Mahabarath - and the which gives guidance on religious duty and humankindÕs relationship with God.

Social Life/Marriage The caste system is still important to Hindu custom and it restricts inter-marriage for some people, who may also object to socialising with caste groups other than their own. However, many Hindus consider that the caste system is outdated and do not adhere to its requirements. The principal castes are ÔBrahmansÕ (priests), ÔKshatriyasÕ (warriors), ÔVaishyasÕ (professionals), ÔShudrasÕ (artisans) and the untouchables. Marriage is often arranged with a dowry offered. Astrology frequently dominates the choice of wedding date. Hindu women are subject to their fatherÕs husbands and sons respectively. However, this is changing and in many families women and men play an equal part.

In Hinduism as in other Asian religions it is customary for the parents to arrange their childrenÕs marriage. Caste is an important factor when choosing a marriage partner. Endogamy is practised widely, though migration to cities and other countries has led to some breakdown of ancient traditions. The precise ceremonies for betrothal and marriage will vary according to region and caste but some common factors can be identified: ¥ The girlÕs parents would seek a husband for their daughter and only when senior members of both families have given their consent can the marriage take place. ¥ The consultation of an astrologer to make sure they are compatible and to pick the most auspicious date and time for the ceremony. ¥ An engagement ceremony at the boyÕs house. ¥ The fathers and priest perform a ceremony bonding the two families together. A Hindu marriage joins families, not just the couple. ¥ Worship, often of Ganesh, the bestower of good fortune and success. ¥ Symbols like Aum and swastika are made. Garlands made of flowers are worn and rice is scattered. ¥ Fire, (Havan or ) is made in a hearth and grains, herbs, incense and ghee are poured into it. The couple walk around the fire four times, each has a symbolic meaning. ¥ The seven steps are the final essential ritual and when taken the marriage is binding. The seven steps are taken in a northerly direction and at each new step a vow is made Ð to follow the vows, power, prosperity, happiness, children, enjoyment, close union, and lifelong friendship.

After marriage a woman becomes a member of her husbandÕs family and it is to them that she has duties and responsibilities. Her parents will be the responsibility of her brothers and their wives.

16 Hinduism

Death Elaborate rituals surround death and the disposal of corpses and ashes. Some families observe special ceremonies on the anniversaries of deaths. The common element is cremation, with the eldest son and the local priest participating in the rituals. There is chanting from the and the Bhagavad Gita. Often ashes are taken or sent to Benares on the holy river Ganges. It is auspicious to die in Benares if this is possible.

Diet, Taboos and Social Etiquette Beef is prohibited. Some Hindus are entirely vegetarian, avoiding all meat and eggs. Many people avoid alcohol and smoking. Upon entering a traditional Hindu home, do not offer to shake hands with the female members. An acceptable greeting is the ÔNamasteÕ (hands raised palm to palm and a slight bow of the head). Shoes must be removed in the area of the house which accommodates a shrine. When Hindu women are addressed by a man, another family member should be present.

Dress Married women may adopt the ÔTikaÕ (red spot) on the forehead. Women may wear Saris or a Shalwar and Khameez. Others wear western style clothes.

Forms of Address There is no direct equivalent to Mr, Mrs or Miss but Kanwar, Shri, Shrimati or Sushai can be used. Hindu names can be complicated. The family name traditionally relates to caste status and may not be the same for members of the same family. ÔDeviÕ, ÔKumariÕ or ÔWatiÕ may be adopted in place of a family surname by some Hindu women. In records, it may be preferable to use either the family surname or both the personal and middle names.

Gujarati Names Males may adopt the personal name, followed by the fatherÕs personal name and then the family name. Females often use the personal name. Suffixes such as ÔBhaiÕ or ÔJiÕ for males and ÔBainÕ or ÔMaiÕ for females are common. In records, the family name is used. Use of a fatherÕs personal name as a middle name can be confusing.

Hinduism In Britain Today Estimates of the number of Hindus living in Britain are variable, but the 2001 Census should give us a clearer picture. Hindu temples and community centres are thriving in Britain providing a social as well as a religious focus for Hindu families. Hindus from Gujerat and the Punjab have strong religious, cultural and linguistic links, and many Hindus from these regions formed an early wave of Hindu migration to Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. A second wave of immigration came later, from East Africa, where Asians were expelled from countries such as Uganda. Sometimes cultural and geographical links are more important than religious. As a result, marriage between a Sikh and a Hindu is not uncommon. A shared caste and ethnic background might take precedence over religious identity. Because Hinduism is such a tolerant, eclectic religion, it is happy to associate closely with many faith commitments such as Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism. Such variety and diversity means that dividing lines between religions can become blurred, for example groups such as the Ravi Dasis and can be seen to lie somewhere between these . The Hindu community is evolving and establishing itself in Britain. Communal worship on Sunday is an increasingly common occurrence. Special literature is produced for Hindu children and classes are held in the temple to teach religion, culture and language. Videos from India have been popular for years and are an important means of the transmission of culture to children born and brought up in Britain. Locally, the first Hindu families appear to have settled in the west end of Newcastle in 1929-30. On Sundays, many Hindus may gather in the mandir (temple) to pray, especially on holy days and festival times such as . The present mandir serves a community which stretches from north to mid .

17 Hinduism Glossary

Ahimsa ÔNot killingÕ. Non- violence; respect for life Economic development Ð the second aim of life Welcoming ceremony in which auspicious articles are offered to the deity ÔNobleÕ Ð those who know the spiritual values of life; also original inhabitants of Sindhu region in India Ashram A place established for spiritual development One of 4 stages of life adapted to material considerations but ultimately a means of spiritual realisation Atman ÔSelfÕ. Can refer to body, mind or soul but ultimatley refers to the real self Ð the soul Aum/ Sacred symbol and sound representing the ultimate Ð the most sacred of Hindu words One who descends Ð a deity Ð usually Vishnu. ÔIncarnationÕ (inaccurate, but best English word) Bhagavad Gita The song of the Lord. Spoken by Krishna Ð most important scripture for most Hindus Brahma A deity Ð one of the and in charge of creative power The Ultimate Reality or the all-pervading Reality First of the four Varnas (colours) Ð the social groupings from which most priests come Intrinsic quality of the self/that which sustains oneÕs existence. English Ð religion/duty Divali Festival of Lights at the end of one year and beginning of another Durga Female deity. A form of the goddess Parvati, wife of Shiva Deity portrayed with an elephnatÕs head Ð sign of strength Ð remover of obstacles Ganga/Ganges Most famous of all sacred rivers in India Spiritual teacher, perceptor or enlightener Monkey warrior deity who faithfully served Rama and Sita Havan Act of worship at many ceremonies Ð offrings of ghee and grains are made into fire Festival of colours celebrated in Spring ISKCON International Society for Krishna Consciousness Jati Caste Ð occupational kinship group That power of God which delivers justice Ð often represented by the goddess Kali Action Ð used of work to refer to the law of cause and effect Krishna An avatar of Vishnu Ð one of the most popular deities Lakshmi Goddess of fortune Epic Hindu writing that relates the story of the five Pandava princes Mala Circle of stringed beads of wood or wool used in meditation Mandala A circle, area or community Mandir Temple That which delivers the mind Ð a short sacred text or prayer often recited repetitiously

18 Hinduism Glossary

Moksha Ultimate liberation from the process of transmigration Ð the continuous cycle of birth and death Form Ð the image or deity used as a focus of worship. NB - do not use idol or ÔstatueÕ Navaratri Nine Nights Festival preceding Dassahra Ð held in honour of goddess Durga Nirvana Cessation of material existence Part of the supplementary Vedic scriptures Ð composed of animal stories with a moral Prashad Sacred or sanctified food Puja Worship Ð referring to a variety of practises in the home or temple Raja Path of self-control and meditation to realise God Festival Ð a feature is women tying a decorative bracelet on their brothersÕ wrists Rama Incarnation of the Lord Ð hero of the Ramayana Ramayana Epic relating the story of Rama and Sita Ramnavami Birthday festival of Rama Rig Veda First scripture of Hinduism Ð contains spiritual and scientific knowledge Rishi A spiritually wise person Ð or one of the 7 seers who received the divine wisdom Samsara The world Ð place where transmigration of souls occurs Sanatan Dharma The Eternal or Imperishable religion Ð preferred name for Hinduism by followers Sanskrit Sacred language of the Hindu scriptures Saraswati Power of knowledge Ð often represented by Saraswati Ð goddess of learning Religion of Hindus devoted to Shiva Shiva Hindu god Ð name means kindly or auspicious Shivaratri Annual festival in honour of Shiva Ð February or March Shruti That which is remembered Ð applied to Hindu scriptures other than the Vedas Sita Divine consort of Rama That which is heard- applied to the four Vedas, including the Swami Controller Ð eg of oneÕs senses. Title given to religious teacher or holy person Swastika Sanskrit for well-being; a mark of good fortune. The four arms signify the four directions (space); the four Vedas (knowledge); the four stages (time) in the life cycle Trimurti The three deities Ð referring to Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva Upanishad To sit down near Ð sacred text based on the teaching of a guru to a disciple. The Upanishads explain the teachings of the Vedas Religion of those Hindus devoted to the god Vishnu Colour Ð the four principal divisions of Hindu society Ð Castes are sub-divisions of these Veda Knowledge Ð specifically refers to the four Vedas Vishnu Hindu god who with Brahma and Shiva forms the Trimurti Yatra Pilgrimage Ð usually to sacred sites in India eg Benares Yoga Communion Ð union of soul with the Supreme or process promoting that relationship

19 20 Sikhism

Introduction Sikhism was started by in the Punjab area of India in the 16th century. have ten and believe in one God who is present in all people. World-wide there are about 20 million adherents, of whom around 500,000 live in the . The main religious text is ÔGuru Granth SahibÕ. Sikhism does not make up the majority of the population of any nation. It makes up the majority of the population of only one Indian Province: Punjab. Fundamental Beliefs Guru Nanak was the first of 10 Gurus who established the Sikh religion. God is believed to be ÔnirankarÕ (formless) and ÔakalÕ (eternal). God is present in all creation and enlightenment is achieved through meditation and truthful living. Attachment to the world causes bondage. Liberation from is achieved through GodÕs grace. The Sikh community is called the ÔKhalsaÕ, the temple ÔGurdwaraÕ. Amritsar, in India is where the , the holiest of the Sikh shrines, is situated and is the world religious focus point.

Rites and Observances The is open to all and everyone is welcome to eat in the ÔLangarÕ (communal kitchen). The main service or worship are held on Sundays. Before entering the Gurdwara, shoes are removed, hands washed and heads covered. The is central to worship with Sikhs offering food and money to the enshrined scripture, after bowing as a sign of reverence. Singing is important to worship, as is the reciting of the ÔArdasÕ or prayers. Young Sikhs are initiated into the community around the age of fourteen.

The Five Ks The five ÔKsÕ denote devoutness 1. Uncut hair 2. Comb to hold hair Kangha 3. Sword Kirpan 4. Steel Bangle Kara 5. Breeches Kachh A baptised Sikh must wear and a turban. The carrying of a 3Õ sword is a redundant practice in Britain, reserved for special religious occasions. It is sometimes replaced by the carrying of a 9Ó sword beneath the outer clothing. Regular worship takes place at home, including daily personal and family recitation of passages from scripture.

Main Festivals Most Sikh festivals are related to the lunar year therefore the date on which they are celebrated changes each year.

BAISAKHI (April) Baisakhi is the most important Sikh festival. It commemorates the day that the Kalsa came into being and is usually celebrated on the 13th April. Baisakhi is traditionally a harvest festival and is celebrated by prayers and thanksgiving as well as dance and music.

DIWALI (October/November) Sikhs celebrate Diwali by lighting candles and exchanging sweets and presents.

BIRTHDAY OF GURU NANAK This is celebrated by an ÒAkhand PathÓ a complete reading of the Guru Granth (October/November) Sahib. This is started in a gurdwara two days before the festival and will finish on the morning of the birthday. Sikhs try to attend the gurdwara as often as possible during the reading.

Social Life Arranged marriages are common. Some Sikh families follow the practice of dowries. Extended families are usual. Women have full equality.

21 Sikhism

Anand Karaj (Ceremony of bliss Ð Wedding ceremony) Sikh marriages are usually arranged marriages and follow a standard pattern. The elders of both families negotiate the marriage between their children with a third party acting as mediator. The task of mediator was traditionally performed by a priest, but today family friends or relations are usually chosen for this role, although it is not uncommon for parents to use the services of marriage bureaux to find a suitable partner for their son or daughter. In most cases a time will be arranged when the boy and girl will be able to meet each other, though in some instances children will completely accept the decisions being made on their behalf and will not wish to see one another until their wedding day. The ceremony is always performed in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib. The priests and senior members of the community explain to the couple the social and religious bond that they are making, and the bride and groom pledge to be faithful to each other in times of both adversity and happiness. The marriage is then solemnised by the couple walking around the scriptures four times, whilst the four divine verses of the , known as the ÔLavanÕ are sung. Dowry is strictly forbidden by the Sikh religion although it is customary for the bride to be given gifts either for her new home or herself (jewellery, clothes etc.).

Death When a Sikh dies, the body is dressed in white and the ÔSohilaÕ (bedtime prayer and the ÔAnand SahibÕ are said. The body is placed in a coffin and if the person was amritdhari (a member of the ), the 5 Ks are not removed but remain with the body until its end. The body is cremated and the ashes cast into a river. It is preferable for the ashes to be cast into the holy river Kirat Pur Sahib, but if this is not possible, any other river will suffice. After the cremation, prayers for the dead person and the family are said in the gurdwara and an ÔAkhanad PathÕ is performed. The mourning period ends when the Akhand Path is completed. No memorials such as tombstones are erected and Sikhs do not keep the anniversaries of deaths. This is largely because Sikhs believe in life after death and death is not seen as an absolute end but as a moving on, perhaps to something greater.

Diet, Taboos and Social Etiquette Most Sikhs are vegetarian and abstain from alcohol and smoking. If they eat meat, it will normally be chicken, lamb or pork. The meat must not be ÔhalalÕ. Dairy products are permissible. Some Sikh homes have a room set aside for devotion. Upon entering, shoes must be removed and heads should be kept covered.

Dress Some Sikh women wear a ÔShalwarÕ and ÔKhameezÕ (loose trousers with a top and scarf).

Forms of Address are usually ÔSinghÕ (lion) for males and ÔKaurÕ (princess) for females. The personal name is first, the middle name is the religious name and the family name is last. Family names are not necessarily used as they denote caste, which Sikhs prefer to avoid. ÔKaurÕ and ÔSinghÕ may often be used as surnames. Upon marriage, a woman may take the husbandÕs name and call themselves ÔSinghÕ. Sikhs may be prepared to use the family name, where authorities prefer not to have extensive lists of people with the same name. Mr, Mrs and Miss are equivalent to Sirdar, Sirdani and Bibi.

Sikhs in Britain Sikhism remains a significant but minority faith tradition, numbering approximately 17 million worldwide with about 300,000 Sikhs resident in the U.K. The origins of the relationship between Sikhs and Britain dates back to the days of the Raj and the British Empire. Today there are Sikh communities in most of the countries which were formerly part of the British Empire and Great Britain itself has the largest Sikh population of any country except India. The majority of members of the Sikh community in Newcastle arrived following political upheavals in Kenya (Zimbabwe) and Uganda.

22 Sikhism Glossary

Akat Purakh The Eternal One. A designation frequently used of God by Guru Nanak Takht Throne of the Eternal; throne of the Timeless One. Building facing the Golden Temple in Amritsar, where Sikhs gather for political purposes Akhand Path Continuous reading of the Guru Granth Sahib from beginning to end Amrit Nectar. Sanctified liquid made of sugar and water, used in initiation ceremonies Amrit Ceremonies The Sikh rite of initiation into the Khalsa. ÔBaptismÕ should not be used. The ceremony is also known as ; Amrit Pahul; Khande di Pahul and sometimes just ÔAmritÕ or ÔTaking AmritÕ (ÔAmrit ChhaknaÕ) Anand karaj Ceremony of bliss. Wedding ceremony Ardas Prayer. The formal prayer offered at most religious acts Baisakhi Amajor Sikh festival celebrating the formation of the Khalse, 1699 CE Bangla Sahib The site of the martyrdom of (Delhi) A humble carpenter who opens his house to Guru Nanak. The Guru preferred Bhai LaioÕs simple food to the offerings of a local rich merchant Chanani Canopy over the scriptures, used as a mark of respect. Chauri Symbol of the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib. Fan waved over scriptures, made of yak hairs or nylon. It should not be called a Ôfly whiskÕ Collection of compositions, some of which are attributed to the tenth Sikh Guru, compiled some years after his death Giani A person learned in the Granthi Reader of the Guru Granth Sahib, who officiates at ceremonies Divine word revealed by the Gurus. The Shabads contained in the Guru Granth Sahib Gurdwara Sikh place of worship. Literally the Ôdoorway to the GuruÕ Gurmat The GuruÕs guidance Gurmukh One who lives by the GuruÕs teaching From the GuruÕs mouth. Name given to the script in which the scriptures and the are written Gurpurb A GuruÕs anniversay (birth or death). Also used for other anniversaries, eg of the installation of the Adi Granth, 1604 CE Guru Teacher. In Sikhism, the title of Guru is reserved for the ten human Gurus and the Guru Granth Sahib The fifith Guru who was the first Sikh martyr (1563-1606) Tenth Sikh Guru. Note that the title ÔGuruÕ must be used with all the GuruÕs names. Sikhs usually use further terms of respect, eg Guru Gobind Singh Ji or Guru Nanak Dev Ji Guru Granth Sahib Primal collection of Sikh scriptures, compiled by Guru Arjan and given its final form by Guru Gobind Singh Guru Har Gobind Sixth Sikh Guru Guru Har Krishan Eighth Sikh Guru (Guru Harkishan)

23 Sikhism Glossary

Guru Nanak The first Guru and the founder of the Sikh faith (1469-1539) The ninth Guru who was martyred for the principle of religious tolerance (1622- 1675) Haumai Egoism. The major spiritual defect GodÕs will Hukam Random reading taken from guidance from the Guru Granth Sahib There is only One God. The first phrase of the Mool Mantar. It is also used as a symbol to decorate Sikh objects Janamsakhi Birth stories. Hagiographic life stories of a Guru, especially Guru Nanak A morning prayer, composed by Guru Nanak, which forms the first chapter of the Guru Granth Sahib Jivan Mukt Enlightened while in the material body, a spiritually enlightened person, freed from worldly bonds Kachera Traditional; underwear/shorts. One of the five Ks (see panj kakke) Kakka Singular of the Punjabi (see panj kakke) Letter K (plural ÔKakkeÕ) Kangha Comb worn in the hair. One of the five Ks (see panj kakke) Kara Steel band worn on the right wrist. One of the five Ks (see panj kakke) Karah parshad Sanctified food distributed at Sikh ceremonies Kaur Princess. Name given to all Sikh females by Guru Gobind Singh (see Singh) Kesh Uncut hair. One of the five Ks (see panj kakke) Khalsa The community of the pure. The Sikh Community Double-edged sword used in the initiation ceremony, also used as the emblem of the Sikh flag Kirat karna Earning oneÕs livelihood by oneÕs own efforts Kirpan Sword. One of the five Ks (see panj kakke) (ÔDaggerÕ should be avoided) Devotional singing of the compositions found in the Guru Granth Sahib Kirtan A prayer said before retiring for sleep. It is also used at the cremation ceremony and when the Guru Granth Sahib is laid to rest Kurahit Prohibitons, eg intoxicants GuruÕs kitchen. The gurdwara kitchen and the food served in it Mela Fair. Used of Sikh festivals which are not gurpurbs Small platform on which the scripture is placed Self-orientated (as opposed to gurmukh) Mool Mantar Basic, essential teaching. Basic statement of belief at the beginning of the Guru Granth Sahib Nam Meditation on the divine name, using passages of scripture Birthplace of Guru Nanak. Now in Pakistan Sikh flag flown at Nit nem The recitation of specified daily prayers Panj kakke The five KÕs. The symbols of Sikhism worn by Sikhs

24 Sikhism Glossary

Panj piare The five beloved ones. Those first initiated into the Khalsa; those who perform the rite today Panth The Sikh community Patases Sugar bubbles or crystals used to prepare amrit Punjab Land of five rivers. The area of India in which Sikhism originated Ragi Sikh musician who sings compositions from the Guru Granth Sahib Raheguru Wonderful Lord. A Sikh name for God Rahit Sikh obligations, eg to meditate on God Rahit Maryada Sikh code of discipline Sadhsangat Congregation or assembly of Sikhs Sewa Service directed at the sadhsangat and gurdwara, but also to humanity in general Shabad Word. Hymn from the Guru Granth Sahib; the divine word Sikh Learner; disciple. A believer in the ten Gurus and the Guru Granth Sahib. Singh Lion. Name adopted by Sikh males (see kaur) Sis Ganj Sahib The site of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (Delhi) Vak A random reading taken for guidance from the Guru Granth Sahib Vand chhakna Sharing oneÕs time, talents and earnings with the less fortunate

25 26 Judaism

Introduction The religion of the Jewish people originated in the Middle East. Although there is no single founder, the traditions can be traced back over 3,500 years. Its beginnings are associated with the Fathers or Patriarchs: Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. The Jewish people are called ÒThe Children of IsraelÓ. Israel means he who struggled with God.

Contemporary Judaism There are a number of different ways of identifying groups within the Jewish community, one of which is based on geography.

The Sephardic Jews once lived, or still live, in Spain, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire and the Arab Middle East. Ashkenazi Jews originate from Central and Eastern Europe, including Russia.

Other differences relate to religious belief and practice and it is in this sense that we think of ÔOrthodoxÕ (traditional) Jews and ÔProgressiveÕ Jews. Progressive Jews can be further sub-divided into Conservative, Reform and Liberal communities.

Orthodox Jews stress the unchanging nature of the Jewish religion and practice. Progressive Jews believe that Jewish practice must adapt to changing circumstances and this outlook stems mainly from the experience of Jews living in different non-Jewish social and cultural situations in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Some Orthodox Jewish beliefs and practices include: ¥ all 613 commandments or ÔlawsÕ of the Torah must be obeyed ¥ men and women worship separately ¥ singing in worship is unaccompanied ¥ the service is in the sacred language which is Hebrew Some Liberal Jewish beliefs and practices include: ¥ the Torah contains ÔteachingsÕ which may be reinterpreted and altered according to circumstances ¥ both sexes sit together during worship ¥ singing in worship is accompanied ¥ the service is in the indigenous language i.e. English in Britain ¥ a sermon is a central feature of the service Reform Jews believe that the Liberals went too far with their adaptations. Consequently their beliefs and practices include: ¥ the Torah is open to reinterpretation ¥ families may sit together in the synagogue ¥ organs provide musical accompaniment in worship ¥ the service is conducted mainly in Hebrew

Jews make up the majority (83%) in one country: Israel.

A large number of IsraelÕs Jews are secular - nonobservant and either philosophically nonreligious or even agnostic or atheist. Religious Jews are in the minority in Israel.

Interstingly enough, a larger group of Jews live in the United States than in Israel, and a higher proportion of American Jews are religious (i.e., practice Judaism or profess some form of belief in Judaism).

27 Judaism

Fundamental Beliefs Orthodox Jews believe the ÔTorahÕ (the five books of Moses) was revealed, word for word, by God and accord the Bible and rabbinical interpretations full authority in determining law, life and religious practice. Progressive Jews believe the ÔTorahÕ was inspired by God but regard it as open to challenge and revision. Conservative Jews maintain traditional religious practice whilst recognising the influence of history on the development of Judaism. The Torah contains 613 commandments (ÔmitzvotÕ), which deal with questions about ethics, spirituality, sabbaths, festivals, dietary rules and other matters. Study of the Torah and practice of its commandments is central to religious life. Jews look forward to the coming of the ÔMessiahÕ or the dawning of a ÔmessianicÕ age.

Religious Rites and Observances Jews believe that God entered into a covenant with them through Abraham and Moses. This imposes a duty upon Jewish believers to live morally and in accordance with the Jewish Law. The importance of the land of Israel ÔEretz YisraelÕ Ð the concept of Zionism is found in both a religious and political sense. In progressive Judaism, men and women play an equal part in religious ceremonies including becoming ÔrabbisÕ (spiritual leaders of the community). In orthodox Judaism, women do not have a similar role. Hebrew is the main language of worship and many children learn it in cheder (synagogue based classes) or denominational schools. Circumcision is required of all male babies on the 8th day of life. According to ÔHalachaÕ (Jewish law based on the Talmud) a Jew is a person born of a mother who was born Jewish or has converted to Judaism.

Barmitzvah Batmitvah At age 13 a young male (or female in progressive sects), takes part in a ceremony which confirms their new responsibilities. It involves reading from the Torah and presents are given.

Worship The Sabbath (ÔShabbatÕ) is central to Jewish life. Shabbat begins about an hour before dusk on Friday evening and ends at nightfall on Saturday night. It is a day of worship and rest, with special synagogue services, special meals and time for the whole family. The general rule is that Jews are forbidden from engaging in activities considered as work (which includes activities such as travelling or writing) on Shabbat. In practice, this is variously interpreted by different groupings. The exception to the Shabbat rules (as in all areas of Jewish life) is where there is a danger to life. Prayers should be said three times a day, at home or in the synagogue. Communal worship can take place anywhere eg. in a mournerÕs home during the ÔShivaÕ week (a week of mourning following the funeral when mourners stay at home to receive visitors). It is not necessary for a rabbi to lead the communal prayers.

Major Festivals The Jewish year is both lunar and solar, in a 19 year cycle, so timings vary. Each month is the equivalent of 29 or 30 days and a year is 354 days. 1994 is the Jewish year 5754/5. The Jewish day goes from evening to evening. All festivals begin in the evening.

SHABBAT or SABBATH Shabbat is the main celebration of each week in a Jewish home. It is a celebration of the Sabbath.

ROSH HASHANA- Jewish New Year commemorating the creation of the world. New Year (September/October) traditions in Jewish homes include eating a slice of apple dipped in honey to symbolise a ÔsweetÕ new year.

28 Judaism

SUKKOT (September/October) (Feast of Tabernacles). This is the third harvest festival of the year and one of the three occasions when Jews travelled to the Temple in Jerusalem. It is also a reminder of their journey through the desert. SHAVOUT Shavout is the feast of weeks or Pentecost. It particularly remembers the receiving of the Ten Commandments by Moses on Mount Sinai. HANNUKA (May/June) The Jewish festival of lights celebrates the miracle of light. On this day the chanukiyah is lit, prayers are said and children are given coins as presents. PURIM (December) Purim celebrates the events recorded in the biblical Book of Esther. During this festival, in addition to the reading of the ÔMegillahÕ. Presents are sent to friends often in the form of little pastries, known as ÔHamantaschenÕ (HamanÕs Pockets). Also gifts are given to the poor and there is a festive meal.

Diet, Taboos and Social Etiquette The Jewish dietry rules are known as ÔkashrutÕ. The extent to which kashrut is observed varies from person to person. Animals, birds and fish are either ÔkosherÕ (permitted) or ÔtreifÕ (forbidden). Kosher meat must be slaughtered and prepared in a prescribed manner. Milk and meat products must not be prepared or eaten together. Utensils must be kept separate. Men and boys cover their heads when in synagogue with a hat or skullcap but devout men always keep their heads covered. Devout men also wear a fringed undergarment ÔtzitzitÕ at all times. Men and women sit separately in orthodox synagogues. Traditionally, married women cover their hair in synagogue. Devout married women cover their hair at all times, often with a wig. They do not wear sleeveless garments or trousers. ÔHasidicÕ men are distinguishable by their dark clothes, wide brimmed hats, long coats, beards and sidelocks. They are members of ultra-orthodox sects. Women, especially mothers, are very important in Jewish life because of their role in the family and home, which are central to Jewish continuity and values and , in particular, to many of its festivals and celebrations.

Marriage Marriage ceremonies usually take place in the synagogue. The wedding party stands under a chuppah (canopy) which symbolises their future home. The bride and groom drink wine together and promise to follow the Jewish religion. The groom gives the bride a ring and makes a vow in Hebrew. The Ketubah, a solemn and binding legal contract is read aloud and signed by both bride and groom. Finally the groom crushes a glass beneath his foot. Judaism encourages Jews to marry within the Jewish community as they believe that the greatest chance of happiness lies within a shared heritage. Divorce is permitted. The religious divorce (get) has to be given by the husband and be accepted by the wife.

Death Burial is expected to take place within twenty-four hours of death. The funeral service is simple. Only a basic coffin is allowed and there are no flowers. In death the Jews expect all people to be equal. Orthodox Jews are not cremated but cremation is quite common among progressive Jews. Male Jews are buried in their tallit (prayer shawl).

Jews in Britain Today In Britain, Jews constitute a very small percentage of the population, with 300,000 people accounting for less than 1% of the total. Nevertheless they make a huge contribution to almost every aspect of British life. All Jewish groups are found in Britain but Orthodox communities form the majority. The Jewish community in is an example of an ultra-Orthodox tradition.

29 Judaism Glossary

Bar Mitzvah ÔSon of CommandmentÕ : initiation ceremony for 13 year old boys Bat Mitzvah ÔDaughter of CommandmentÕ : initiation ceremony for 12 year old girls Brit Milah ÔCovenant of CuttingÕ : circumcision Circumcision Religious rite of Brit Milah Ð performed usually 8 days after birth Hagadah ÔTellingÕ Ð Seder (Passover) book Ð recounts Israelites liberation from slavery Hanukiah 8-branched candelabrum used at festival of Hanukkah Havdalah ÔDistinctionÕ : service held in the home to bid farewell to the Sabbath Hebrew Ancient Semitic language and language of the Bible Kasher (Kosher) ÔFit; ÔproperÕ Ð foods permitted by Jewish dietary laws Matzah (pl. Matzot) Unleavened bread Menorah 7-branched candelabrum originally used in the ancient temple Mezuzah Container on doorposts of Jewish homes containing verses from the Torah Mitzvah Commandment or duty Pesach Passover Rabbi ÔMy MasterÕ Ð Jewish teacher Rosh Hashanah ÔHead of the YearÕ Ð New Year festival Ð autumn Seder ÔOrderÕ Ð order of service at the Passover meal Sefer Torah Torah scroll Shabbat Sabbath Shema Verse re the unity of the Lord from Deuteronomy Ch.6 vv 4 & 5 Sukkah (Sukkot) ÔTabernacleÕ or ÔBoothÕ Ð temporary shelter used for meals during Feast of Tabernacles Synagogue Jewish place of worship and centre of community life Tallit Prayer shawl Tephilin Boxes worn on forehead and arm at weekday morning prayers Ð contain Torah verses Torah ÔLaw/TeachingÕ Ð the 5 Books of Moses Ð first 5 books of the Old Testament Yamulkah (Capel) Skull cap worn for prayers and Torah study etc. Yom Kippur ÔDay of AtonementÕ Ð day of fasting/prayer for forgiveness 9 days after Rosh Hashanah

30 Christianity

Introduction Christianity dates back about 2,000 years and is the main religion of the UK. Christians believe in the divine incarnation of Jesus, born by Ôvirgin birthÕ and sent as GodÕs son to redeem humanity from sin and death. It is believed that Jesus died by crucifixion between 29 and 33 A.D. and that He was raised from the dead and ascended back to God. World-wide, there are around one billion Christians, about seven million of whom live in the United Kingdom. The largest denomination is Roman Catholic and there are many Protestant (Reformed) groups. The bible is the main religious text incorporating the Old and New Testaments. Interpretation and belief vary widely between different denominations.

Fundamental Beliefs Christians believe that salvation is possible through faith in Jesus Christ and in the sacraments and teachings of the church. Jesus will return before the ÔLast JudgementÕ. Most Christians believe in showing responsibility for social action and relief of the poor.

Rites and Observances Emphasis is placed upon the celebration of the ÔLast SupperÕ Jesus held with his disciples before his death. This is known as the ÔEucharistÕ, ÔHoly CommunionÕ or ÔMassÕ. Baptismal, marriage and funeral rites are common to all traditions. Confirmation, confession to a priest and absolution of sins are common to the non-reformed churches. Sunday, the day of the Resurrection, is when most worship services are held.

Major Festivals Christmas 25 December Easter March/April Pentecost May/June

Diet, Taboos and Social Etiquette There are no dietary laws for Christians. Many Christians object to abortion and all to euthanasia. Alcohol, smoking and pornography are offensive to some groups. Blasphemy is also offensive.

Rites of Passage Christians think of life and their lives as a journey. They see events in their Christian life as being part of a journey which will end with their being with God for eternity. These include: Birth and Baptism symbolising joining the faith and making an adult commitment to the faith Marriage Death These rites of passage each have a variety of rituals and symbolism associated with them. These are sometimes very elaborate, involving drama and dress and music and sometimes very simple and quiet. Most cultures have secular celebrations which frequently merge with the religious celebration for example a stag party before a wedding. Some churches have made the rites of passage into sacraments symbolising deep spiritual moments in the Christian pilgrimage eg baptism and confirmation.

31 Christianity

Christianity in the Twenty First Century Since the latter part of the nineteenth century there has been much debate within the Christian church about Christian beliefs. Modern theology and philosophy, scientific theories, secularisation and rapid social change have all exerted a considerable influence on Christian thinkers. The spread of Christianity across the world, in the wake of the expanding British Empire, resulted in the establishment of Christian communities who brought to their faith a widely differing cultural background from that of the West, and this has challenged the whole Christian community to re-examine its beliefs. Biblical criticism, examination of the process of faith development and a greater understanding of human development generally have also caused much rethinking. There are three broad courses of authority to which Christians look for guidance. These are: Scripture Tradition and The Holy Spirit Churches might give particular emphasis to one or more of these. For example Pentecostal Christians might place most emphasis on guidance from the Holy Spirit, while Orthodox Christian emphasise the place of Tradition. The buildings used by different church communities reflect very clearly the different Christian life styles, different Christian theologies and styles of worship. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries saw a high upsurge in theological debate to which Christians have responded in a variety of ways. Forms of radical thought have been developed, including concepts like Ôreligionless ChristianityÕ, Ôsecular ChristianityÕ and Ôthe death of GodÕ. Christians are very involved in caring and relief organisations, eg. Christian Aid, CAFOD and in social, moral and political concerns. Examples of theologically-led political involvement include the liberation theology of Christians working in South America and the involvement of the Church in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. Christians are currently debating issues like population and birth control, women priests, abortion, marriage and divorce and medical ethics and the Church is becoming increasingly involved in political affairs, as a series of political decisions have had a significantly negative impact on the lives of certain individuals and groups in society.

32 Christianity Glossary

Absolution The pronouncement by a priest of the forgiveness of sins AD Anno Domini. In the Year of our Lord. The Christian calendar dates from the estimated date of the birth of Jesus Christ Advent Coming. The period beginning on the fourth Sunday before Christmas (40 days before Christmas in the Eastern Orthodox tradition). A time of spiritual preparation for Christmas Agape The love of God. New Testament word used for the common meal of Christians; a Love Feast Altar Table used for Eucharist, Mass, LordÕs Supper. Some denominations refer to it as the Holy Table or Communion Table Anglican Churches in full communion with the See of Canterbury. Their origins and traditions are linked to the Church of , and are part of the Anglican Communion Apocalyptic (i) Revelatory, of GodÕs present purposes and of the world (ii) Used of a literary genre, eg the Book of Revelation Apocrypha Books of the Old Testament that are in the Greek but not the Hebrew Canon. Some Churches recognise the Apocrypha as part of the Old Testament Canon Apocryphal A modern title for various early Christian books which are non-canonical New Testament Apostle One who was sent out by Jesus Christ to preach the Gospel Ascension Event, 40 days after the Resurrection, when Jesus Ôascended into heavenÕ (Luke 24; Acts 1) Ash Wednesday The first day of Lent. In some Churches, penitents receive the sign of the cross in ashes on their foreheads Atonement Reconciliation between God and humanity; restoring a relationship broken by sin Baptism Rite of initiation involving immersion in, or sprinkling or pouring of, water Baptist (i) A member of the Baptist Church, which grew out of the Anabaptist movement during the 16th century Reformation (ii) A Christian who practises BelieverÕs Baptism Baptistry (i) Building or pool used for baptism, particularly by immersion (ii) Part of a church, where baptism takes place BC Before Christ. Period of history before the estimated birth of Jesus Christ BelieverÕs Baptism The baptism of people who are old enough to understand the meaning of the rite Benediction Blessing at the end of worship. Also, late afternoon or evening service including the blessing of the congregation with the consecrate host (usually in Roman Catholic context) Blessed Sacrament Bread and wine which have been consecrated and set aside for future use (usually in the Roman Catholic Church) Canon Scripture. The accepted books of the Bible. The list varies between denominations

Catholic (i) Universal (ii) Often used as an abbreviation for Roman Catholic

33 Christianity Glossary

Charismatic A modern movement within the Church, emphasising spiritual gifts, such as speaking with tongues Chrismation (i) The Orthodox second sacrament of initiation by anointing with chrism (a special oil). Performed at the same time as baptism (ii) Anointing with oil, eg healing or coronation Christ/Messiah The anointed one. Messiah is used in the Jewish tradition to refer to the expected leader sent by God, who will bring salvation to GodÕs people. JesusÕ followers applied this title to him, and its Greek equivalent, Christ, is the source of the words Christian and Christianity Christmas Festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ (25 December, in most Churches) Church (i) The whole community of Christians (ii) The building in which Christians worship (iii) A particular denomination Confession Contrition; penance, (i) One of seven sacraments observed by some Churches whose priest confidentially hears a personÕs confession (ii) An admission, by a Christian, of wrong-doing (iii) A particular official statement (or profession) of faith Congregationalist Member of a Christian body which believes that each local church should be independent and self-governing under the authority of Christ Consubstantiation Doctrine of the Eucharist associated with Luther, which holds that after consecration the substances of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and the bread and wine co-exist in union with each other Creed Summary statement of religious beliefs, often recited in worship, especially the ApostlesÕ and Nicene Creeds Crucifixion Roman method of executing criminals and traitors by fastening them to a cross until they died of asphyxiation; used in the case of Jesus Christ and many who opposed the Romans Easter Central Christian festival which celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead Ecumenism (Oikoumene). Movement within the Church towards co-operation and eventual unity Episcopacy System of Church government by bishops Epistle From the Greek word for letter. Several such letters or epistles, from Christian leaders to Christian Churches or individuals, are included in the New Testament Eucharist Thanksgiving. A service celebrating the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, using elements of bread and wine (see Holy Communion) Evangelical Group, or church, placing particular emphasis on the Gospel and the scriptures as the sole authority in all matters of faith and conduct Evangelist A writer of one of the four New Testament Gospels Font Receptacle to hold water used in baptism Free Churches Non conformist denominations, free from state control (used of 20 Churches) Good Friday The Friday in Holy Week. Commemorates the day Jesus died on the cross

34 Christianity Glossary

Gospel (i) Good news (of salvation in Jesus Christ) (ii) An account of JesusÕ life and work Grace (i) The freely given and unmerited favour of GodÕs love for humanity (ii) Blessing (iii) Prayer of thanks before or after meals Heaven The place, or state, in which souls will be united with God after Death Hell The place, or state, in which souls will be separated from God after Death Holy Communion Central liturgical service observed by most Churches (see Eucharist, Mass, LordÕs Supper, Liturgy). Recalls the last meal of Jesus, and celebrates his sacrificial and saving death Holy Spirit The third person of the Holy Trinity. Active as divine presence and power in the world, and in-dwelling in believers to make them like Christ and empower them to do GodÕs will Holy Week The week before Easter, when Christians recall the last week of JesusÕ life on Earth Icon/Ikon Painting or mosaic of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, a saint, or a Church feast. Used as an aid to devotion, usually in the orthodox tradition Iconostasis Screen, covered with icons, used in Eastern Orthodox churches to separate the sanctuary from the nave Incarnation The doctrine that God took human form in Jesus Christ. It is also the belief that God in Christ is active in the Church and in the world Jesus Christ The central figure of Christian history and devotion. The second person of the Trinity Justification by Faith The doctrine that God forgives (Ôtreats as justÕ) those who repent and believe in Jesus Christ Kerygma The central message about Jesus proclaimed by the early Christians Kyrie (Greek) O Lord Addressed to Jesus, in ÔKyrie eleisonÕ (Lord have mercy) Lectern Stand supporting the Bible, often in the shape of an eagle Lectionary List of scriptural passages for systematic reading throughout the year Lent Penitential season. The 40 days leading up to Easter Liturgy (i) Service of worship according to a prescribed ritual such as Evensong or Eucharist (ii) Term used in the Orthodox Church for the Eucharist Logos Word. Pre-existent Word of God incarnate as Jesus Christ Lord Title used for Jesus to express his divine lordship over people, time and space LordÕs Supper Alternative term for Eucharist in some Churches (predominantly Non-conformist) Lutheran A major Protestant Church that receives its name from the 16th Century German reformer, Martin Luther Mass Term for the Eucharist, used by the Roman Catholic and other churches Maundy Thursday The Thursday in Holy Week. Commemorates the Last Supper Methodist A Christian who belongs to the Methodist Church which came into existence through the work of John Wesley in the 18th century Missal Book containing words and ceremonial directions for saying Mass

35 Christianity Glossary

Mother of God The title given to the Virgin Mary, mainly in the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches to underline the Trinitarian belief that Jesus was truly God (in this context, God refers to God incarnate as seen in Jesus Christ) New Testament Collection of 27 books forming the second section of the Canon of Christian Scriptures Non-conformist Protestant Christian bodies which become separated from the established Church of England in the 17th century Old Testament That part of the Canon of Christian Scriptures which the Church shares with Judaism, comprising 39 books covering Hebrew Canon, and in the case of certain denominations, some books of the Apocrypha Ordination In episcopal Churches, the Ôlaying on of handsÕ on priests and deacons by a bishop. In non-episcopal Churches, the Ôlaying on of handsÕ on ministers by other representatives of the Church Orthodox (i) Eastern Orthodox Church consisting of national Churches (mainly Greek or Slav), including the ancient Eastern Patriarchates. They hold the common Orthodox faith, and are in communion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople such as Evensong or Eucharist (ii) Conforming to the creeds sanctioned by the Ecumenical councils, eg Nicaea, Chalcedon Palm Sunday The Sunday before Easter, commemorating the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem when he was acknowledged by crowds waving palm branches Paraclete Advocate. Term used for the Holy Spirit Parousia Presence. The second Coming or return of Jesus Christ Passion The sufferings of Jesus Christ, especially in the time leading up to his crucifixion Patriarch Title for principal Eastern Orthodox bishops. Also used for early Israelite leaders such as Abraham, Issac and Jacob Pentecost Whitsun. The Greek name for the Jewish Festival of Weeks, or Shavout, which comes seven weeks (Ôfifty daysÕ) after Passover. On the day of this feast, the followers of Jesus received the gift of the Holy Spirit Pentecostalist A Christian who belongs to a Church that emphasises certain gifts which were granted to the first believers on the Day of Pentecost (such as the power to heal the sick and speak in tongues) Pope The Bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic Church Presbyterian A member of a Church that is governed by elders or ÔpresbytersÕ; the national Church of Protestant That part of the church which became distinct from the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches when their members professed (or ÔprotestedÕ hence Protestant) the centrality of the Bible and other beliefs. Members affirm that the Bible, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, the ultimate authority for Christian teaching Pulpit An elevated platform from which sermons are preached Purgatory In some traditions, a condition or state in which good souls receive spiritual cleansing after death, in preparation for heaven Quaker A member of the Religious Society of Friends, established through the work of George Fox in the 17th century

36 Christianity Glossary

Reconciliation (i) Sacrament of the (Roman) Catholic Church, consisting of Contrition, Confession of sins, and Absolution (ii) The human process of reconciling Christians with one another Redemption Derived from the practice of paying the price of a slaveÕs freedom; and so, the work of Jesus Christ in setting people free through his death Reformation A 16th century reform movement that led to the formation of Protestant Churches. It emphasised the need to recover the initial beliefs and practices of the Church Resurrection (i) The rising from the dead of Jesus Christ on the third day after crucifixion (ii) The rising from the dead of believers at the Last Day (iii) The new, or risen, life of Christians Roman Catholic That part of the Church owing loyalty to the Bishop of Rome, as distinct from Orthodox and Protestant Churches Sacrament An outward sign of an inward blessing, as in baptism or the Eucharist Salvationist A member of the Salvation Army founded by William and Catherine Booth in the 19th century Sanctification The process by which a believer is made holy, to become like Jesus Christ Sin (i) Act of rebellion or disobedience against the known will Of God (ii) An assessment of the human condition as disordered and in need of transformation Synoptic Having a common viewpoint. It is applied to the presentation of JesusÕ life in the first three gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke in contrast with that given in the Gospel of John Tabernacle (i) A receptacle for the Blessed Sacrament, not immediately consumed but set aside or ÔreservedÕ (mainly in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches). The presence of the consecrated elements is usually signalled by a continuously burning light. (ii) Term used by some denominations of their building Transubstantiation Roman Catholic doctrine concerning the Mass, defined at the Lateran Council of 1215, and confirmed at the Council of Trent in 1551. It states that in the Eucharist, at the words of consecration, the substance of the bread and wine becomes the substance of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and that he is thus present on the altar Trinity Doctrine of the threefold nature of God Ð Father, Son and Holy Spirit Unction Sacrament of the Sick. The anointing with oil of a sick or dying person A church formed by the union of English Congregationalists with the Presbyterian Church of England, and subsequently the Reformed Association of the Churches of Christ Vatican The residence of the Pope in Rome, and the administrative centre of the Roman Catholic Church. The chief building of the Vatican is St PeterÕs Basilica, built on the traditional site of St PeterÕs tomb Virgin Birth The doctrine of the miraculous conception of Jesus Christ by the Virgin Mary through the power of the Holy Spirit and without the agency of a human father

37 38 Buddhism

Introduction Buddhism originated about 2,500 years ago in Nepal. It stems from the enlightenment and teachings of Prince Siddharta Gautama, who lived around 480 B.C., thereafter known as the Buddha. An extensive collection of religious writings exists which includes the earliest the ÔPali CanonÕ as well as the ÔMahyanaÕ. Buddhism is a major religion which is mainly found amongst people who originate from South East Asia and the Far East. There are around 300 million Buddhists in the world. Buddhism has existed as a belief in Britain since the turn of society and is a growing movement, with 350 organisations known to the Buddhist Society. These are composed of indigenous Buddhists as well as adherents from the Sri Lankan, Thai, Chinese, Burmese and Malaysian communities. Various Buddhist traditions exist including ÔTheravadaÕ and ÔVajrayanaÕ as well as a range contained within the ÔMahayanaÕ. Buddhism is multi-faceted and is both a philosophy and a way of life. Buddhism is the worldÕs fourth largest organised religion. It is the religion of the majority of the population in: ¥ Thailand ¥ Myanmar ¥ Bhutan ¥ Laos ¥ Japan ¥ Cambodia ¥ Tibet ¥ Sri Lanka ¥ Vietnam ¥ Dagestan It is also very strong in China, Mongolia, North Korea and Taiwan.

Fundamental Beliefs There are four ÔnobleÕ truths: 1. Suffering (dukkha) 2. Cause of suffering and desire (samodaya) 3. Cessation of desire and suffering (nirodha) 4. Way to cessation of suffering by attaining nirvana (magga) Buddhists believe they may attain ÔNirvanaÕ or enlightenment by following the ÔEightfold PathÕ. Suffering can be overcome by letting go of desire. There is general belief in rebirth with the status of the next life being dependent on right action in the present one. This is the law of ÔKarmaÕ. Emphasis is placed upon self responsibility, compassion, the one-ness of humanity and life.

Eightfold Path This consists of right understanding, thought, action, livelihood, speech, effort, mindfulness and concentration.

Main Festivals There are many Buddhist festivals of which the most important are the following:

VASAK (May) Full moon, celebrates the enlightenment of Buddha.

OBON (July to September) Celebrates the passing on of Buddha.

BUDDHIST NEW YEAR Varies from country to country

Diet, Taboos and Social Etiquette There are no particular taboos although, for monks and nuns, lying, stealing and the taking of intoxicants is prohibited. Monks and nuns should also remain celibate. A strong vegetarianism tradition is predominant. No special dress is required except for religious communities. Buddhists undertake to live according to five precepts which are: 1. To refrain from injury to living things 2. To refrain from taking things which are not given 3. To refrain from using oneÕs body to hurt or harm oneself or others 4. To refrain from falsehood, prejudice and anything less than the truth 5. To refrain from the abuse of elements which cloud the mind

39 Buddhism

Rites of Passage In Buddhism, rites of passage are of less significance than in most other religions. At birth or marriage a family might do Dana, (generosity, giving gifts), for example by offering food for monks for that day, and might ask for blessings to be chanted but the ceremonies are simple. Marriage is regarded as a secular rather than religious ritual. The rite of initiation is equally simple. To be accepted as a Buddhist, one takes the Refuges (I take Refuge in the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Sangha) and the precepts repeating them after a monk in Pali. This can be done individually or in a gathering, for example, at a festival. Death is a more religious event and it is customary for monks to be present to chant the scriptures in the hope that the rebirth will be as favourable as the personÕs Kamma (previous actions affecting oneÕs circumstances in future lives) will allow. In the new Kadampa tradition of Tibetan Mahayana, a special puja of rituals and prayers is chanted to force the consciousness of the dead person into a fortunate rebirth. The most important ceremony is ordination into the Sangha. In Theravada countries, this can be from the age of seven. There are two forms of ordination: As a Samanera Ð a novice monk As a Bhikkhu Ð a fully ordained Buddhist monk Bhikkhu ordination is only for men over twenty who are free from debt, disease and responsibility and whose parents give permission. Ordination is not necessarily for life. Disrobing is a common phenomenon which might cause sadness but it is not condemned. Despite knowing that what they opt for is clearly going to be quite a difficult life, many men and some women offer themselves for ordination. Ordinands are questioned as to their suitability. If accepted and ordained they receive robes and requisites from the laity, agree to live by monastic rules and are given a new name and meditation practice. They also take the ten precepts which are the basic rules by which they must live. The first five are identical to those for lay people except that they promise to have no physical contact with a woman. The additional five are: 1. Not eating after midday 2. Not having a luxurious bed 3. Not wearing ornaments and perfumes 4. Not witnessing unseemly shows/dancing 5. Not having money

Buddhism in Britain From small beginnings in 1907, Buddhism has developed into quite a strong minority faith in Britain and is said to be the fastest growing religion in the country. Theravada Buddhists were the first group but all branches of Buddhism are now represented. There are more than 200 groups of Buddhists with an estimate of over 100,000 followers. There are Sri Lankan and Burmese centres and a beautiful Thai temple in Wimbledon, the Buddhapida temple. There are five Thai Forest monasteries, the largest of which is at Harnham near Belsay, Northumberland. Tibetan Buddhism has large centres in Scotland (Samye Ling), Cumbria (the Manjushri Institute) and York (Madhyyamika Centre), an example of the New Kadampa Tradition and one of 200 Dhamma centres world-wide. The best known Soto Zen centre is at Throssel Hole in Northumberland. The Friends of the Western Buddhist Order have a large centre in Bethnal Green. The Order is among the most practical and tries to apply Buddhist teaching to present day living. One emphasis is on Right Livelihood which is demonstrated in commercial ventures such as health food shops and in the establishment of the educational publishers and distributors the Clear Vision Trust. Details of many Buddhist groups can be found in the ÔBuddhist DirectoryÕ available from the Buddhist Society.

40 Buddhism Glossary

Abhidhamma Further or higher teaching. The philosophy and psychology of Buddhism in abstract, systematic form Abhidhamma Pitaka Third of the three principal sections of the canon of basic scripture. A systematic philosophical and psychological treatment of the teaching given in the Sutta Pitaka Anapanasati Mindfulness of the breath. The practice most usually associated with the development of concentration and calm, but also used in the training of Vipassana (insight) Anatta No self, no soul. Insubstantiality; denial of real or permanent self Anicca Impermanence; transience. Instability of all things, including the self Arahat or Arahant Enlightened disciple. The fourth and highest stage of Realisation recognised by the Theravada tradition. One whose mind is free from all greed, hatred and ignorance Atta Self, soul Bhikkhu Fully ordained Buddhist monk Bhikkhuni Fully ordained Buddhist nun Bodhi Tree The tree under which the Buddha realised Enlightenment Ð the Tree of Wisdom Bodhisatta A Wisdom Being. One intent on becoming, or destined to become, a Buddha. Also Gotama, before his Enlightenment as the historical Buddha Brahma Viharas Four sublime states: loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, evenness of mind Buddha Awakened or Enlightened One Dalai Lama Great Ocean. Spiritual and temporal leader of the Tibetan people Dana Generosity, giving, gift Dhamma Universal law, ultimate truth. The teachings of the Buddha. A key Buddhist term Dhammapada Famous scripture of 423 verses Dukkha Suffering; ill; unsatisfactoriness; imperfection. The nature of existence according to the first Noble Truth Gotama Family name of the Buddha Jataka Birth story. Accounts of the previous lives of the Buddha Jhana Advanced meditation Kamma Action. Intentional actions that affects oneÕs circumstances in this and future lives Karuna Compassion Khandha Heap; aggregate. The Five Khandhas together make up the ÔpersonÕ (form, feeling, perception, mental formation and consciousness) Khanti Patience; forbearance Kilesa Mental defilement or fire, such as greed, hatred or ignorance Koan (Japanese) Zen Buddhist term referring to enigmatic or paradoxical questions used to develop intuition. Also refers to religious problems encountered in daily life. Lama (Tibetan) Teacher, or one who is revered Lotus A scripture of major importance to various schools within the Mahayana tradition

41 Buddhism Glossary

Magga Path, leading to cessation of suffering. The forth Noble Truth Mahayana Grand Way or Vehicle. Teachings that spread from India characterised by the Bodhisattva Ideal. and the prominence given to the development of both compassion and wisdom Mala String of 108 beads used in Buddhist practice (like a rosary) Metta Loving kindness. A pure love which is neither grasping nor possessive Metta Sutta Buddhist scripture which describes the nature of loving kindness Metteya One who has the nature of loving kindness. Name of the future Buddha Mudda Ritual gesture, as illustrated by the hands of Buddha images Mudita Sympathetic joy. Welcoming the good fortune of others Nirvana Blowing out of the fires of greed, hatred and ignorance, and the state of secure perfect peace that follows. A key Buddhist term Nirodha Cessation (of suffering). The third Noble Truth Panna Wisdom. Understanding the true nature of things Parami A perfection or virtue. One of the 6 or 10 perfections necessary for attainment of Buddhahood. Parinibbana The training rules of a monk or nun Ð 227 in the case of a Theravada monk Pitaka Basket. Collection of scriptures (see Tipitaka) Rupa Form. Used of an image of the Buddha; also, the first of the Five Khandhas Sakyamuni Sage of the Shakyas (the tribe of the Buddha). Title of the historical Buddha Meditative absorption. A state of deep meditation Samatha A state of concentrated calmness; meditation (see Vipassana) Samsara Everyday life. The continual round of birth, sickness, old age and death which can be transcended by following the Eightfold Path and Buddhist teaching Samudaya Arising; origin (of suffering). The second Noble Truth Sangha Community, assembly. Often used for the order of bhikkhus and bhikkunis in Theravadin countries. In the Mahayana countries, the Sangha includes lay devotees and priests, eg in Japan Sankhara Mental/karmic formation. The fourth of the five Khandhas Sanna Perception. Third of the five Khandhas Satori Awakening. A term used in Zen Buddhism Siddattha Wish-fulfilled. The personal name of the historical Buddha Sila Morality Sutta Text. The word of the Buddha Sutta Pitaka Second of the three collections Ð principally of teachings Ð that compromise the canon of basic scripture Tanha Thirst; craving, desire (rooted in ignorance). Desire as the cause of suffering. The second Noble Truth Tathagata Another epithet of the Buddha Theravada Way of the elders. A principal school of Buddhism, established in Sri Lanka and South East Asia. Also found in the West.

42 Buddhism Glossary

Thupa/Cetiya Reliquary (including pagodas). Tipitaka Three baskets. A threefold collection of texts (Vinaya, Sutta, Abhidamma) Tiratana The triple refuge. Buddha, the Dharamma and the Sangha. Another way of referring to the three jewels Tuiku (Tibetan) Reincarnated Lama Upaya Any skilful means, eg meditation on loving kindness, to overcome anger Upekkha Equanimity; evenness of mind Vajrayana Thunderbolt; Diamond Way. Teachings promulgated later, mainly in India and Tibet. Another term for esoteric Buddhism Vedana Feeling. The second of the Five Khandhas Vihara Dwelling place; monastery Vinaya The rules of discipline of monastic life Vinaya Pitaka The first of the three collections of the canon of basic scripture, containing mostly the discipline for monks and nuns, with many stories and some teachings Vinnana Consciousness. The fifth of the Five Khandhas Vipassana Insight into the true nature of things. A particular form of meditation (see Samatha) Viriya Energy; exertion Wesak Buddha Day. Name of the festival and a month. On the full moon of Wesak (in May or June), the birth, Enlightenment and passing away of the Buddha took place, although some schools celebrate only the birth at this time, eg Zen Zen (Japanese) Meditation. A school of Mahayana Buddhism that developed in China and Japan

43 44 Rastafarianism

Introduction

Rastafarianism dates back to the early 1930s when the Prince Regent, Ras(ÔPrinceÕ) Tafari, was crowned as Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia (1930-74). Indeed, it is from Ras Tafari that this Revivalist Movement gained its name. Rastafarians believe in one God (Jah) and that they and all Africans who have migrated are but exiles in ÔBabylonÕ. They are destined to be delivered out of captivity by a return to Zion or Africa Ð the land of their ancestors. There are believed to be about 250,000 adherents to this religion world-wide, of whom approximately 5,000 live in the United Kingdom.

Fundamental Beliefs The modern characteristics of the Rastafarian movement include a loosely defined belief system, due to its lack of a single authoritative voice. Some consider the Rastafarian movement to be influenced by Marcus GarveyÕs own set of beliefs. He established the Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914 in both the United States and Jamaica. This organisation was the vehicle for GarveyÕs aim to return Black to Africa. His teaching remains the key influence upon this Black religion. Garvey was thought to have predicted the coronation of Emperor Haile Selassie with his alleged phrase ÔLook to Africa when a Black king shall be crowned, for the day of deliverance is nearÕ.

Tenets of Faith Despite the lack of central authority, Rastafarianism is guided by key tenets of faith. The Bible is the main religious text of Rastafarianism. The African race is one of GodÕs chosen races, one of the twelve Tribes of Israel. Jamaica is the biblical ÔBabylonÕ, although all the places to which Africans have been exiled are also included. ÔBabylonÕ is the place which will never see spiritual reform and liberation. ÔJahÕ is believed to reside in each person and there is ÔOnenessÕ between the individual and God. Revivalism, the belief that they are destined to be delivered out of captivity by a return to Zion or Africa, is the key tenet of faith held by the adherents to Rastafarianism.

Rites and Observances Worship takes place at various times depending upon each Rastafarian commune. Nevertheless, a service is conducted at least once a week. Central to the service is music and, sometimes I-TAL (vegetarian, organic and natural food prepared in the colours red, green and gold). Fasting is observed, sometimes as often as twice each week or simply on the first Saturday of every month. On these days, nothing whatever is consumed from noon until evening. Adherents to Rastafarianism consider Saturday to be the Sabbath day. Cutting of hair is prohibited. Dreadlocks symbolise the Ômane of the Lion of JudahÕ (reference to the divine title of Emperor Haile Selassie).

Main Religious Festivals BIRTHDAY OF EMPEROR HAILE SELASSIE 23rd July ETHIOPIAN CHRISTMAS 7th January

Social Life and the Role of Women Within Rastafarian communities, men and women play distinct roles and have different status. Traditional Rastafarianism, in its attitude and expectations of women (womyn), is very similar to traditional Judaism and Islam. Just as womenÕs equality has become a serious issue in other faiths, Rastafarianism is adopting more open-minded and progressive ideas about women. It is accepted that women, within the Rastafarian religion, may become educated. Abortion and birth control are opposed. Women undergo certain restrictions during menstruation, a time perceived as being ÔimpureÕ.

45 Rastafarianism

Language, Culture and Diet Since the Second World War, the influence of Rastafarianism on Jamaican society has been very significant. Music, language and cultural styles of dress have become symbolic of both Jamaica and Rastafarianism. As a consequence, it is difficult to ascertain where Rastafrianism ends and Jamaican culture begins. It would be a mistake to assume that everybody wearing their hair in dreadlocks or even the ÔTamÕ (a woollen hat used by ÔDreadsÕ to cover their locks) is an adherent of Rastfarianism. Nevertheless, some adherents choose to express themselves in music rather than religious observance. Furthermore, the vocabulary of Rastafarianism is largely that of Jamaican Patois. Rasafarianism has, in the past, played a significant role in the politics of Jamaica. Indeed, Rastafarians remain very critical of many aspects of Jamaican politics and way of life. Most adherents of Rastafarianism are vegetarian and avoid stimulants such as alcohol, tea and coffee. However, marijuana (ganja) is consumed and plays a significant role within Rastafarianism.

46 EthnicityNORTH EAST

Community Profiles

Maps Demographic Data Profiles Community Profiles

Introduction The following maps and tables have been compiled using information taken from the 1991 Census. The sections that follow include:

¥ Ethnic Groups These maps provide a geographical spread of the distribution of BME groups in the North East Region.

¥ Demographics These tables provide the number of people within each BME group broken down by ward for each area.

¥ Profiles This section provides an overview of each BME group by area.

The figures relating to the number of Asylum Seekers/Refugees by Ward were compiled using data collected via Council sources.

47 48 Ethnic Groups Distribution of Pakistanis in the North East Region

No of Pakistanis

49 Ethnic Groups Distribution of Bangladeshis in the North East Region

No of Bangladeshis

50 Ethnic Groups Distribution of Indians in the North East Region

No of Indians

51 Ethnic Groups Distribution of Chinese in the North East Region

No of Chinese

52 Ethnic Groups Distribution of Other BME Groups in the North East Region

No of other BME groups

53 Ethnic Groups Distribution of Afro-Carribeans in the North East Region

No of Afro-Carribean

54 Ethnic Groups Distribution of BME Schoolchildren in the North East Region

No of BME Schoolchildren

Local Authority Boundary

55 Ethnic Groups Distribution of Asylum Seekers in the North East Region

No of Asylum Seekers

Local Authority Boundary

56 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Banktop 0 6 4 20 7 10 Central 3 53 4 20 13 14 Cockerton East 0 13 0 0 4 13 Cockerton West 0 1 6 0 3 10 College (Tees Valley) 0 8 0 17 8 12 Eastbourne 0 17 0 5 9 14 Eastbourne South 0 21 0 0 3 16 Harrogate Hill 1 24 1 9 9 8 Haughton East 2 18 0 26 19 38 Haughton West 0 17 6 9 12 30 Heighington 0 3 1 1 5 6 Hummersknott 0 28 3 1 12 30 Hurworth 0 6 0 0 0 12 Lascelles 1 9 0 2 5 9 Lingfield 5 36 0 9 8 17 Middleton-St-George 0 4 0 8 0 12 Mowden 6 34 0 12 0 17 Northgate North 15 35 6 14 7 27 Northgate South 0 14 122 10 12 14 North Road 11 15 0 14 11 10 Park East 0 59 20 3 12 32 Park West 1 10 0 3 1 10 Pierremont 13 40 0 7 9 26 Sadberge 1 0 0 0 0 4 Whessoe 0 0 0 0 4 2

(Information Source 1991 Census)

57 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Durham

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Bournmoor 5 2 0 5 5 11 Chester Central 12 0 0 8 6 6 Chester North 0 1 3 0 5 2 Chester South 0 0 0 23 5 1 Chester West 0 6 0 5 8 1 Edmondsley 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grange Villa 1 4 0 3 0 0 Holmlands Park 0 1 0 0 1 8 Lumley 1 1 0 3 5 1 North Lodge 2 16 0 2 8 24 Ouston 0 5 2 10 1 15 Pelton 0 2 0 4 1 3 Pelton Fell 0 5 0 3 3 3 Plawsworth 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 2 13 7 1 7 Urpeth 0 19 0 4 3 8 Waldridge 0 8 0 7 1 13 6 0 3 6 0 4 Benfieldside 2 23 0 5 20 5 Blackhill 0 7 0 0 0 7 Burnhope 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 4 3 Castleside 0 0 0 0 0 0 Catchgate 0 13 0 5 3 4 North 0 0 10 4 0 1 Consett South 0 5 0 0 1 3 Cornsay 0 0 0 0 0 0 Craghead 0 0 0 0 0 1 Crookhall 0 6 5 0 0 0 Delves Lane 0 5 0 0 0 3 Dipton 0 13 0 1 0 3 Ebchester & Medomsley 0 5 0 0 1 1 Esh 10 8 0 7 0 5 Havannah 0 5 0 5 2 3 Lanchester 3 10 0 0 0 6 Leadgate 1 4 0 7 1 0 South Moor 0 0 6 5 5 1 South Stanley 0 7 0 2 5 3 Stanley Hall 0 1 0 0 8 3 Tanfield 0 4 2 3 2 1 Bearpark 0 0 0 0 0 1 Belmont 0 9 0 7 0 28 Brandon 3 0 1 4 9 7

58 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Durham

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Carville 0 6 0 2 5 7 Cassop-Cum-Quarri 1 5 0 0 0 2 Coxhoe 2 11 0 7 3 5 Croxdale 0 0 0 1 2 4 Deerness 2 1 3 4 2 6 Elvet 6 10 9 15 11 62 Framwellgate 12 10 13 7 14 23 Framwellgate Moor 1 8 8 11 7 77 Gilesgate 1 2 3 19 24 71 Gilesgate Moor 0 10 0 0 2 14 Langley Moor 1 2 0 6 0 7 Nevilles Cross 0 19 0 7 3 26 New Brancepeth 0 5 0 0 0 0 Newton Hall 6 7 0 15 2 17 1 0 0 13 0 1 Pittington & West 0 15 0 7 0 3 Shadforth 0 0 0 0 0 3 Sherburn 1 3 0 0 1 9 Shincliffe 3 6 0 1 2 13 Ushaw Moor 0 5 0 13 3 12 Witton Gilbert 3 4 1 1 5 4 Acre Rigg 0 2 0 4 3 27 Blackhalls 5 3 0 4 3 3 Dawdon 1 40 0 4 7 4 Deaf Hill 0 0 0 4 1 3 Dene House 0 12 0 11 0 13 Deneside 3 3 3 3 1 5 Easington Colliery 0 3 0 9 3 2 Easington Village 0 0 0 0 2 3 Eden Hill 0 1 0 0 5 1 Haswell 0 0 0 0 0 0 High Colliery 0 0 0 1 0 0 Horden North 0 3 0 1 4 9 Horden South 5 6 0 3 3 1 Howletch 0 0 1 1 8 73 Hutton Henry 0 6 0 0 0 2 Murton East 1 35 1 5 5 10 Murton West 0 0 0 0 5 4 Park 0 0 0 0 2 1 Passfield 0 24 3 4 2 35 18 5 0 8 3 10 Shotton 5 5 0 0 0 109 South 0 0 0 10 1 4

59 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Durham

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

South Hetton 0 8 0 0 3 0 Thornley 17 0 0 0 0 1 Wheatley Hill 0 4 0 6 5 1 Wingate 0 2 0 5 3 0 Bishop Middleham 0 0 0 0 0 0 Broom 6 1 0 0 3 0 Byerley 0 3 5 16 1 3 Chilton 1 3 0 8 2 2 Cornforth 1 0 0 4 7 2 Ferryhill 0 0 0 4 1 4 Fishburn 0 8 0 0 1 0 Low Spennymoor 0 10 0 3 7 2 Middlestone 0 0 0 0 2 4 Middridge 0 5 0 18 6 15 Neville 0 0 0 0 4 11 New 0 0 0 3 0 7 Old Trimdon 0 0 0 0 2 0 Sedgefield 0 3 0 3 6 16 Shafto 0 0 0 0 0 8 Simpasture 0 0 0 0 1 1 Spennymoor 0 5 1 8 1 4 Sunnydale 1 0 0 0 1 0 Thickley 0 2 0 0 6 5 Tudhoe 0 5 0 5 0 6 West 0 8 0 1 8 16 Woodham 0 3 0 5 11 32 Barnard Castle East 0 0 0 1 5 9 Barnard Castle West 0 0 3 10 6 7 Cockfield 0 0 0 0 2 3 Cotherstone 0 0 0 0 0 3 Eggleston 0 5 0 0 0 0 Etherley 0 0 1 0 1 0 Evenwood 0 6 0 0 0 0 Gainford 0 0 0 1 0 0 Greta 0 0 0 0 1 2 Hamsterley 1 0 0 0 1 0 Ingleton 0 0 0 1 0 0 Lynesack 0 0 0 0 0 1 Middleton-in-Teesdale 0 0 0 0 0 2 Romaldkirk 0 0 0 0 1 5 Staindrop 0 0 0 0 1 0 Startforth East 0 0 0 0 0 0 Startforth 0 0 0 1 5 1

60 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Durham

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Streatlam 0 0 0 0 3 0 Toft Hill & Lands 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bishop Auckland 0 3 2 4 2 4 Cockton Hill 6 30 7 1 7 31 Coundon 1 2 0 0 5 2 Coundon Grange 0 0 0 1 26 5 Crook North 0 0 0 0 0 0 Crook South 0 5 0 24 1 1 Escomb 0 1 0 0 4 3 Henknowle 2 1 0 2 0 4 Howden 0 5 0 0 0 0 Hunwick 0 2 0 0 0 3 St Helens 0 7 0 0 3 0 St Johns Chapel 0 0 0 0 3 1 Stanhope 0 0 0 9 1 3 Stanley 0 0 0 0 1 2 Tow Law 0 0 0 0 3 0 West Auckland 0 2 1 2 3 6 Wheatbottom 0 9 0 0 7 0 Willington East 0 8 0 3 1 2 Willington West 0 2 0 0 5 2 Wolsingham 0 0 0 0 2 4 Woodhouse Close 1 0 0 2 3 10

(Information Source 1991 Census)

61 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Gateshead

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Bede 24 12 11 19 3 36 25 43 22 23 11 29 Birtley 7 3 5 13 5 12 2 16 0 33 7 24 & 5 20 0 13 1 9 Chowdene 3 28 0 18 7 23 & Greenside 0 2 0 7 4 15 22 6 14 16 3 24 Dunston 7 25 5 19 2 18 Felling 5 27 0 14 6 12 High Fell 5 19 11 12 6 7 0 9 0 17 1 11 Leam 0 11 0 5 2 11 7 18 6 22 15 41 Pelaw & Heworth 12 15 2 7 5 12 Ryton 4 16 0 14 1 19 Saltwell 119 43 20 14 16 59 Teams 6 13 0 4 4 15 North 4 17 15 0 8 20 Whickham South 2 33 0 25 2 10 Winlaton 8 7 1 4 2 6 Wrekendyke 11 24 0 15 1 24

(Information Source 1991 Census)

62 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Hartlepool

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Brinkburn 0 7 0 0 5 4 Brus 19 40 0 2 9 11 Dyke House 3 0 0 8 5 3 Elwick 0 2 0 0 0 1 Fens 0 0 0 0 1 1 Grange 31 1 27 30 7 32 Greatham 0 0 0 0 0 2 Hart 0 2 0 0 7 5 Jackson 23 3 29 10 2 9 Owton 0 0 0 7 2 7 Park 16 58 9 0 1 14 Rift House 0 0 0 4 0 3 Ross Mere 3 10 0 4 3 2 St Hilda 5 0 0 4 0 4 Seaton 0 9 0 6 3 11 Stranton 17 11 7 7 1 13 Throston 0 6 0 12 6 21

(Information Source 1991 Census)

63 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Acklam 55 42 0 10 9 25 Ayresome 15 42 0 9 29 60 Beckfield 5 0 0 5 1 12 Beechwood 11 7 0 1 13 58 0 0 0 8 7 4 Brookfield 20 40 0 16 10 32 10 9 0 0 10 19 Gresham 399 65 0 40 41 60 Grove Hill 62 62 3 23 35 56 4 1 0 0 4 26 Kader 63 131 0 13 4 22 Kirby 93 19 0 4 4 35 352 13 10 9 39 62 Marton 19 34 0 2 5 22 Newham 26 70 0 9 11 69 263 62 0 17 19 48 16 42 6 6 5 22 1 1 0 0 2 17 Park 106 19 7 10 16 28 Parkend 0 0 0 0 12 13 St Hildas 82 13 2 18 27 66 Southfields 417 71 5 34 19 106 Stainton & Thornton 0 0 0 6 9 25 0 13 0 1 4 52 Westbourne 1624 85 16 10 23 120

(Information Source 1991 Census)

64 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Newcastle

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Benwell 17 37 29 34 17 58 15 33 1 41 9 55 0 13 0 22 1 28 Castle 5 107 9 25 31 155 Dene 94 185 9 33 33 87 Denton 16 20 10 24 4 21 Elswick 651 190 733 71 65 404 14 34 7 16 2 45 315 169 9 73 6 61 Grange 50 191 122 72 25 64 Heaton 191 79 66 36 52 94 96 134 52 50 49 168 Kenton 103 108 0 18 8 89 13 51 1 18 8 22 Monkchester 34 17 1 39 8 17 Moorside 140 76 54 249 145 246 0 11 0 12 13 25 Sandyford 64 63 2 98 39 73 Scotswood 21 54 3 17 19 40 South 36 122 29 37 27 157 Walker 1 32 0 3 13 11 4 92 1 34 18 23 West City 57 28 47 36 56 83 19 64 7 20 7 36 Wingrove 959 258 100 86 55 145 0 17 0 13 7 9

(Information Source 1991 Census)

65 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Battlehill 4 22 6 24 6 26 Benton 5 13 0 7 4 27 Camperdown 4 21 5 12 3 21 Chirton 10 44 5 13 25 58 Collingwood 7 11 21 11 4 31 0 11 13 4 6 9 Holystone 4 21 11 31 4 33 8 15 0 11 2 9 2 5 6 1 5 21 9 15 7 3 5 20 2 32 19 10 9 30 (Ward) Northumberland 4 11 12 186 1 12 Riverside 18 27 1 14 14 50 St MaryÕs 12 62 3 24 2 29 Seatonville 8 48 29 34 7 50 5 40 28 21 11 38 Valley 13 14 4 16 1 17 20 27 12 31 12 12 Weetslade 1 9 0 2 5 21 8 30 107 33 5 40

(Information Source 1991 Census)

66 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Northumberland

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Alnwick Castle 0 3 0 0 2 2 Alnwick Clayport 0 7 0 3 0 1 Alnwick Hotspur 0 0 0 0 0 6 Amble East 0 0 0 0 0 0 Amble West 0 0 0 0 0 1 Craster & Rennington 0 0 0 0 0 0 Elsdon 0 0 0 0 0 0 Embleton 0 0 0 0 1 0 Harbottle 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hedgeley 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lesbury 0 0 0 0 0 3 Long Framlington 1 0 0 0 0 0 Long Houghton 2 0 0 0 3 1 Rothbury 0 0 0 1 0 3 Shilbottle 0 1 0 0 0 1 Warkworth 0 2 0 2 2 11 Whittingham 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Beadnell 0 0 0 0 0 2 Belford 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chatton 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cheviot 0 0 0 0 0 0 Edward 0 0 0 0 0 2 Elizabeth 0 2 5 7 4 14 Ford 0 0 0 0 0 0 Islandshire 0 1 0 0 1 3 Millfield 0 0 0 0 4 0 Norhamshire 0 0 0 0 0 0 North 0 1 0 0 0 3 Seton 0 3 0 7 0 3 Spittal 0 0 0 0 0 2 Tower 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wooler 0 0 0 0 1 2 Central 11 0 0 9 1 2 Cowpen 0 1 0 0 0 5 Cramlington East 0 1 7 7 1 9 Cramlington South East 0 11 0 5 0 6 Croft 8 14 5 7 3 5 Hartford & West Cramlington 0 0 0 3 2 37 Hartley 1 0 7 0 1 6 Holywell 0 0 0 0 2 5 Isabella 5 0 0 0 2 1 Kitty Brewster 5 4 0 10 0 8

67 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Northumberland

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Newsham & New Delaval 0 3 18 16 2 18 Parkside 10 5 8 20 5 27 Plessey 4 1 0 1 0 1 Seaton Delaval 0 17 0 9 4 8 Seghill 0 0 0 5 0 4 Village (Northumberland) 0 12 5 0 0 5 Wensleydale 6 7 3 2 2 11 Chevington 5 0 0 2 7 4 Ellington 0 1 1 0 0 3 Hartburn 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hebron, , Mitford 0 0 0 0 0 3 Heddon-on-the-Wall 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 Lynemouth 0 0 0 8 0 0 Morpeth Central 0 1 15 1 2 6 Morpeth Kirkhill 1 0 0 0 0 0 Morpeth North 1 7 0 3 3 24 Morpeth South 0 0 0 0 0 0 Morpeth Stobhill 0 8 8 10 0 3 Pegswood 0 7 0 1 0 3 Ponteland East 4 23 0 4 0 20 Ponteland North 0 3 0 6 0 0 Ponteland South 13 30 0 9 0 8 Ponteland West 6 72 18 18 4 38 Stamfordham 0 0 0 0 1 4 Stannington 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 Whalton 0 1 0 0 0 1 Acomb with Sandhoe 0 0 0 0 0 1 Allendale 0 0 0 0 5 1 Bardon Mill 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bellingham 0 1 0 0 0 2 Broomhaugh & Riding 0 0 0 0 0 0 Broomley & 0 7 0 0 0 4 Castle 0 4 0 0 0 2 Chesters 2 5 0 0 0 0 Chollerton with Whittington 0 0 0 1 0 9 0 0 1 0 1 3 East 0 0 0 0 0 11 Gilesgate 0 0 0 3 0 1 Haltwhistle 0 0 0 1 2 6 Haydon (Tynedale) 0 1 0 0 3 5 Hencoles 0 1 3 0 0 3

68 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Northumberland

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Leazes 0 0 0 5 0 7 Mickley 0 0 0 0 0 3 Ovingham 0 0 0 0 0 0 Priestpopple 0 10 0 2 0 3 Prudhoe North 0 1 0 3 0 4 Prudhoe South 1 0 2 6 1 17 Prudhoe West 0 6 0 1 1 1 Redesdale 0 0 0 0 0 0 Slaley & Hexhamshire 0 0 0 0 0 0 South Tynedale 0 1 0 0 0 1 Tipall 0 0 0 0 0 0 Upper North Tyne 0 0 0 0 0 1 Wanney 0 0 0 0 0 0 Warden & Newbrough 0 0 0 0 0 2 Wark 0 0 0 0 0 0 West Tynedale 0 0 0 0 0 5 Wylam 0 5 0 6 0 6 Central 0 4 0 4 2 5 Bedlington East 1 6 0 6 0 6 Bedlington West 0 10 0 10 0 20 Bothal 0 9 0 23 0 8 Central 8 15 0 13 3 8 0 0 0 7 0 2 College (Northumberland) 13 14 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 7 Haydon (Wansbeck) 0 0 7 0 1 2 Hirst 3 6 0 0 0 7 Newbiggin East 7 8 0 2 0 2 Newbiggin West 0 6 0 0 0 10 Parkside 5 10 0 0 0 0 Seaton 1 4 3 0 1 5 Sleekburn 7 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 1

(Information Source 1991 Census)

69 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Redcar & Cleveland

Ward Name ) Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Belmont 0 3 3 8 4 20 Brotton 0 1 0 0 1 4 Coatham 1 7 2 15 1 11 Dormanstown 0 18 0 13 4 13 Eston 0 5 0 1 1 7 Grangetown 3 7 0 3 3 14 Guisborough 0 5 0 0 2 6 Hutton 0 8 0 11 6 11 Kirkleatham 0 0 0 2 0 15 Lockwood & Skinning 0 0 0 0 2 2 Loftus 0 6 0 7 3 11 Longbeck 0 3 0 11 1 16 Newcomen 1 9 0 4 0 5 Normanby 0 7 0 2 7 18 Ormesby 12 6 0 0 6 26 Redcar 0 2 0 4 2 3 St GermainÕs 0 0 1 0 1 7 Saltburn 0 5 0 12 3 25 Skelton 0 5 0 13 1 1 South Bank 183 63 121 9 7 50 Teesvalley 0 6 0 0 1 9 West Dyke 2 11 4 6 3 9

(Information Source 1991 Census)

70 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

All Saints 15 33 10 7 5 104 Beacon & Bents 20 15 248 5 22 110 Bede 0 22 0 18 1 22 2 16 6 1 1 49 Boldon Colliery 9 36 3 29 3 32 & East Boldon 26 77 7 12 2 54 Cleadon Park 7 19 10 10 4 46 Fellgate & Hedworth 5 13 0 5 1 35 Harton 2 17 0 3 1 21 Quay 9 27 0 10 0 29 Hebburn South 0 7 0 0 1 3 1 8 11 0 1 28 Monkton 0 21 0 2 2 25 Primrose 5 2 0 4 2 32 Rekendyke 20 45 66 32 9 254 & Simonside 5 3 11 12 4 77 Westoe 7 31 29 5 1 76 West Park 20 46 5 15 0 42 Whitburn & Marsden 2 14 0 0 1 43 Whiteleas 1 3 1 15 0 34

(Information Source 1991 Census)

71 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Stockton-on-Tees

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Bishopsgarth 14 27 0 8 7 17 Blue Hall 2 18 0 1 7 15 Charltons 2 1 0 0 1 7 Egglescliffe 7 6 0 34 14 15 Elm Tree 15 18 0 6 0 24 Fairfield 17 19 0 0 0 16 Glebe 16 18 0 6 0 24 Grange 8 9 0 0 3 6 Grangefield 78 3 5 15 0 18 Newtown 68 10 0 0 1 9 Northfields 0 1 0 16 1 5 Norton 8 6 0 20 2 4 Parkfield 462 29 0 27 13 82 Portrack & Tilery 114 21 3 34 2 17 Preston 0 18 0 0 0 19 Roseworth 1 1 0 5 4 14 St AidanÕs 0 0 0 0 1 6 St CuthbertÕs 0 6 0 13 3 16 Stainsby 4 10 0 5 7 10 Victoria 267 103 0 9 0 29 Village (Tees Valley) 45 38 0 6 5 21 Whitton 0 7 0 0 3 15 Wolviston 1 8 0 9 0 5 Yarm 13 29 0 10 8 86

(Information Source 1991 Census)

72 Demographics BME Groups by Ward Ð Sunderland

Ward Name Pakistani Indian Bangladeshi Chinese Afro/Carribean Other

Castletown 0 19 1 6 8 22 Central 15 50 214 66 29 40 Colliery 0 6 10 8 2 20 Fulwell 0 8 13 20 1 14 Grindon 5 14 9 8 5 14 Hendon 19 71 17 40 14 41 27 28 17 9 24 16 4 21 0 12 6 23 St Chads 2 37 0 11 5 29 St MichaelÕs 20 25 21 18 3 46 St PeterÕs 1 5 17 24 7 27 Silksworth 18 34 0 7 8 24 13 11 0 17 4 15 Southwick 1 15 0 2 4 12 0 13 0 20 6 18 Thornholme 71 66 290 138 17 108 Town End Farm 0 6 1 17 4 4 Hetton 0 26 5 3 9 12 Eppleton 5 29 0 8 3 10 Houghton 5 20 0 16 2 7 3 33 9 35 6 22 Washington East 18 39 6 21 9 50 Washington North 9 10 22 9 7 24 Washington South 4 89 6 76 9 151 Washington West 8 35 0 11 5 53

(Information Source 1991 Census)

73 Demographics Number of Asylum Seekers/Refugees by Ward (Regional)

Darlington Total No Durham Total No

Park East 8 Tanfield 1 Haughton East 10 Brandon 3 Lascelles 7 Esh 4 Eastbourne South 14 Gilesgate Moor 5

Gateshead Total No Hartlepool Total No

Chopwell & Rowlands Gill 1 Brus 18 Dunston 32 Fens 10 Teams 37 Owton Moor 13 Bensham 125 St Hildas 10 Saltwell 264 Park 5 Chowdene 8 Dyke House 1 Bede 229 Brinkburn 3 Deckham 49 High Fell 14 Felling 82 Pelaw & Heworth 4 Birtley 1

Middlesbrough Total No Newcastle Total No

St Hildas 24 13 Beckfield 22 Blakelaw 10 Southfield 24 Byker 75 Stainton & Thornaby 9 Denton 9 North Ormesby 8 Elswick 50 Pallister Park 4 Fawdon 22 Thorntree 22 Fenham 19 Park End 19 Grange 1 Beechwood 5 Heaton 7 Gresham 18 Jesmond 1 Marton Grove 6 Kenton 29 Westbourne 35 Moorside 50 Grove Hill 3 Sandyford 8 Linthorpe 2 Scotswood 2 South Gosforth 4 Walker 102 Walkergate 32 West City 61 Wingrove 20 Woolsington 7

74 Demographics Number of Asylum Seekers/Refugees by Ward (Regional)

North Tyneside Total No Redcar & Cleveland Total No

Battlehill 114 Grangetown 78 Chirton 32 Dromanstown 9 Cullercoats 1 Southbank 36 Holystone 4 Ormesby 23 Howdon 26 Guisbrough 8 North Shields 6 Redcar 115 Northumberland 7 St Germains 5 Percy Main 3 Loftus 39 Riverside 78 Skelton 18 Wallsend 47 Brotton 5 Whitley Bay 2 Lockwood & Skinningrove 2

South Tyneside Total No Stockton on Tees Total No

Bede 9 Portrack & Tillery 32 Rekendyke 25 Parkfield 200 Horsley Hill 56 Tyne Dock & Simonside 30 All Saints 20

Sunderland Total No

Colliery 5 Eppleton 21 Grindon 42 Houghton 3 Ryhope 2 Shiney Row 3 South Hylton 21 Southwick 30 St Chads 3 St Michaels 12 Thorney Close 22 Thorneholme 10 Town End Farm 10 Washington East 26 Washington North 53 Washington South 18

75 76 Profiles Pakistani Community in the North East

NORTH OF THE REGION Newcastle The Pakistani community numbers 2920 people. This is the highest number in and the largest ethnic minority group in Newcastle. The community is particularly concentrated in the wards of Elswick, Fenham and Wingrove as shown in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Pakistani Pakistani pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Elswick 9379 1734 651 6.94 Fenham 10248 577 315 3.07 Wingrove 9611 1474 959 9.98

There are 634 Pakistani households, of which 85% are owner occupied, the remaining 25% are either privately renting (16%) or renting from the social housing sector (6%). The number of households without central heating is 14%, less than half the national average (34.4%). 26% of households have more than one person per room and 29% have a person with long term illness. Some 32% of households have no car.

North Tyneside At 130 people in 38 households this is the smallest in Tyne and Wear. The largest group is in the Wallsend ward (20 people). As the community is small and dispersed, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

South Tyneside The Pakistani community numbers 156 people in 26 households. The ward with the largest group is Cleadon and East Boldon (26 people). As the community is small and dispersed relatively evenly throughout the wards, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Gateshead The Pakistani community numbers 271 people in 26 households. The largest group is in the Saltwell ward (119 people). As the number community is small and dispersed, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Sunderland The Pakistani community numbers 250 people. The highest concentrations of the community are to be found in the wards of Thornholme and Houghton as shown in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Pakistani Pakistani pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Thornholme 10152 589 71 0.70 Houghton 11109 89 50 0.45

There are 73 Pakistani households, of which 73% are owner occupied, 11% are renting privately and 7% are renting from the social housing sector. As the Pakistani community in Sunderland is small and relatively evenly distributed, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Northumberland The number of Pakistanis in the Northumberland area is small and dispersed (136 people) therefore no representative patterns can be obtained.

77 Profiles Pakistani Community in the North East

SOUTH OF THE REGION

Tees Valley (ie., Darlington, Hartlepool, Midd;esbrough, Redcar & Cleveland and Stockton) The Pakistani community numbers over 5200 people living in just over 1000 households, 85% of which are owner occupied. This community represents the largest ethnic group in Tees Valley (0.9% of the total population, in line with the national average). Some 25.6% of households are overcrowded, significantly below the national average of 29.2%. The largest community is based in Middlesbrough (3650 people), 85% of whom live in the wards of Gresham, Southfield and Westbourne, as shown in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Pakistani Pakistani pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Gresham 4950 610 400 8.2 Southfield 4210 650 420 10.0 Westbourne 5250 1880 1620 30.8

In these three wards, the number of Pakistani residents born in the UK (by ethnic origin of head of household) are Gresham 230; Southfield 240 and; Westbourne 960. Elsewhere in Tees Valley, the Pakistani population numbers less than 60 in Darlington (mainly in Northgate North, North Road and Pierremont wards), over 100 in Hartlepool (50% of whom live in Greatham & Owton wards), over 200 in Redcar & Cleveland (almost all in South Bank Ward) and over 1200 in Stockton (70% of whom live in Parkfield, Victoria and Pertrack & Tilery wards).

County Durham The Pakistani community numbers just over 220 and includes small groups of less than 20 living in Durham City, Chester-le-Street, Seaham and Thornley. No representative patterns can be established.

78 Profiles Bangladeshi Community in the North East

NORTH OF THE REGION

Newcastle The Bangladeshi community numbers 1300, the highest number in Tyne and Wear. The largest concentrations in Newcastle are in Elswick, Grange and Wingrove wards, as summarised in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Bangladeshi Bangladeshi pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Elswick 9379 1734 733 7.82 Grange 11703 469 122 1.04 Wingrove 9611 1474 100 1.04

There are 246 Bangladeshi households, of which 47% are owner occupied, 26% are renting privately and 26% are renting from the social housing sector. This latter figure is the highest percentage of Bangladeshis renting from the social housing sector in Tyne and Wear. 43% of Bangladeshi households have more than one person per room and 66% do not have a car. 28% of Bangladeshi households have a person with long term illness. The Bangladeshi male to female ratio in Newcastle is 50:50. 47.9% of the Bangladeshi population in Newcastle is under 15 years of age.

North Tyneside The Bangladeshi community numbers 288. The highest concentration is in Whitley Bay ward (107 people, 1.14% of total ward population). The rest of the community is evenly dispersed amongst the other wards. There are 56 Bangladeshi households in North Tyneside, of which 73% are owner occupied, 5% are privately renting and the remaining 16% are renting from the social housing sector. In North Tyneside 32% of Bangladeshi households have more than one person per room. As the Bangladeshi community in North Tyneside is small and dispersed, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

South Tyneside The Bangladeshi community numbers 409 almost 250 of whom live in Beacon and Bents ward. As the community is small no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Gateshead At 114 this is the smallest Bangladeshi community in Tyne and Wear. The Bensham ward has the highest number (22 people). As this community is small and evenly dispersed throughout all of the wards in Gateshead no representative patterns can be obtained.

79 Profiles Bangladeshi Community in the North East

Sunderland

The Bangladeshi community numbers 661. The highest concentrations are in Central and Thornholme wards as summarised in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Bangladeshi Bangladeshi pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Central 11093 381 214 1.93 Thornholme 10152 589 290 2.86

There are 109 Bangladeshi households of which 67% are owner occupiers, 22% are privately rented and 7% rent from the social housing sector. 50% of Bangladeshi households have more than one person per room, 10% have no central heating, 20% have a person with long term illness and 50% have no car. The male to female ratio is 51:49 and 55% of the total Bangladeshi population in Sunderland is under 15 years of age.

Northumberland The Bangladeshi community numbers 101 people, with the highest concentration being in the Newsham and New Delaval ward in Blyth. However, as the number of Bangladeshis in Northumberland is so small and scattered, no representative patterns can be obtained.

SOUTH OF THE REGION

Tees Valley (ie., Darlington, Hartlepool, Midd;esbrough, Redcar & Cleveland and Stockton) With 440 people the Bangladeshi community is one of the smallest minority ethnic groups in Tees Valley. The largest group live in Darlington (170, of which 72% reside in Northgate South). Elsewhere, the Bangladeshi population numbers about 75 in Hartlepool (almost all of whom live in Grange and Jackson wards), about 130 in Redcar & Cleveland (almost all in South Bank ward), 54 in Middlesbrough (mainly in Westbourne and Linthorpe wards) and 8 in Stockton (in Grangefield and Portrack & Tilery wards).

County Durham The Bangladeshi community numbers 110 people with small groups residing in Sacriston, Consett and Framwellgate. Otherwise no representative patterns can be established.

80 Profiles Indian Community in the North East

NORTH OF THE REGION

Newcastle The Indian community numbers 2198, the largest in Tyne and Wear and the second largest ethnic minority group in the Newcastle area. The highest concentration are in the wards of Grange, Elswick, Fenham and Wingrove as shown in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Indian Indian pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Elswick 9379 1734 190 2.03 Fenham 10248 577 169 1.65 Grange 11703 469 191 1.63 Wingrove 9611 1474 258 2.69

The remaining Indian community is relatively evenly distributed amongst the remaining wards. The smallest being in the Newburn ward (11 people). There are 631 Indian households in Newcastle and some 79% (501) are owner occupied, with 11% privately renting and 6% renting from the social housing sector. Some 26% of Indian households in Newcastle have no access to a car and 22% have a person with long term illness. 9% of Indian households in Newcastle have more than one person per room and a further 9% have no central heating. Some 27.9% of the Indian population in Newcastle are under 15 years of age.

North Tyneside The Indian community numbers 481 in 137 households. The highest distribution is in St MaryÕs ward in Whitley Bay (62 people) with the rest of the population being distributed relatively evenly distributed amongst the remaining wards. As the Indian community in North Tyneside is small and dispersed, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

South Tyneside The Indian community numbers 463 in 134 households. The highest concentrations are in Cleadon and East Boldon (77 people) and West Park (46 people) with the remaining community being relatively evenly distributed throughout the other wards. As the Indian community in South Tyneside is small and relatively evenly dispersed, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Gateshead The Indian community numbers 377 in 113 households, with the highest concentrations being in Bensham and Saltwell (each 43). The remaining community is dispersed amongst the other wards in an even fashion. As the Indian community within Gateshead is small and relatively evenly distributed no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Sunderland The Indian community numbers 709 in 227 houholds, the largest minority ethnic group in the area and the second largest Indian community in Tyne and Wear. On the whole the community is evenly dispersed with Washington South ward having the highest number of people (89). As the Indian community is so evenly dispersed amongst the wards, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Northumberland The number of Indians in Northumberland is 386. The largest concentration is in the ward of Ponteland West (72 people). The remaining community is dispersed evenly throughout the other wards. As the numbers of Indians in Northumberland is generally small and widely dispersed, no representative patterns can be obtained.

81 Profiles Indian Community in the North East

SOUTH OF THE REGION

Tees Valley (ie., Darlington, Hartlepool, Midd;esbrough, Redcar & Cleveland and Stockton) The Indian community of over 2200 people living in 520 households, the second largest ethnic group in Tees Valley (0.3% of total Tees Valley population - significantly lower than the national average of 1.7%). The largest community is in Middlesbrough (850) with the wards of Kader and Westbourne having the largest number of Indian residents (130 and 90 people respectively). The remaining Indian population of Middlesbrough is fairly evenly dispersed throughout the remaining wards. Elswhere in Tees Valley, the Indian population numbers about 470 in Darlington (mainly in Park East, Central, and Pierremont wards), over 160 in Hartlepool (over 60% of whom live in South Bank ward) and about 550 in Stockton (one fifth of whom live in Victoria ward).

County Durham The Indian community numbers about 650. The largest single community, in Dawdon, numbers only 40 and the rest are dispersed throughout the remaining wards. Such is the scattered distribution in the Durham area, no representative patterns can be established.

82 Profiles Chinese Community in the North East

NORTH OF THE REGION

Newcastle The Chinese community numbers 1213 in 380 households, the largest Chinese community in the Tyne and Wear area. The highest concentrations are in Moorside and Sandyford wards as summarised in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Chinese Chinese pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Moorside 8015 690 249 3.11 Sandyford 9257 277 98 1.06

The male to female ratio is 57:43 and 22.4% of the Newcastle Chinese population is under 15 years of age.

North Tyneside The Chinese community numbers 497 in 142 households. The highest concentration is in the Northumberland ward (183 people). The rest of the community is relatively evenly distributed throughout the other wards.

South Tyneside The Chinese community numbers 183 the smallest in Tyne and Wear. The highest concentration is within the Rekendyke ward with the rest of the community being relatively evenly dispersed throughout the other wards. As the community is small and dispersed no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Gateshead The Chinese community numbers 310 in 96 households, with the largest concentration being in Blaydon ward. The rest of the community is relatively evenly dispersed amongst the other wards. As the community is small and relatively evenly dispersed, no representative patterns can be obtained.

Sunderland The Chinese community numbers 620 in 181 households. The wards of Thornholme and Washington South have the highest concentration of Chinese as shown in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Chinese Chinese pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Thornholme 10152 589 138 1.36 Washington South 19467 201 79 1.03

The rest of the Chinese community is dispersed relatively evenly amongst the remaining wards.

Northumberland The Chinese community numbers 280 people. The highest number of Chinese residents is in the Bothal ward (Wansbeck District) where the community numbers 23 people. Elsewhere in Northumberland, the Chinese community is evenly distributed amongst the remaining wards. As the numbers of Chinese residents is small, no representative patterns can be obtained.

83 Profiles Chinese Community in the North East

SOUTH OF THE REGION

Tees Valley (ie., Darlington, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar & Cleveland and Stockton) The Chinese community numbers about 900 people (0.1% of the total population). The largest group live in Stockton (270, of which one third reside in Egglescliffe, Portrack & Tilery and Parkfield wards). Elsewhere, the Chinese population numbers about 250 in Middlesbrough (mainly in Gresham and Southfields wards), 170 in Darlington, 120 in Redcar & Cleveland and 100 in Hartlepool (a third of whom live in Grange ward). The population is dispersed on a wide basis, therefore no representative patterns can be established.

County Durham TThe Chinese community numbers about 500 people. Other than small groups residing in Durham City, Crook and Chester-le-Street the community is relatively evenly dispersed throughout the remaining County. Accordingly, no representative patterns can be established.

84 Profiles Afro-Carribean Community in the North East

NORTH OF THE REGION

Newcastle The Afro-Carribean community numbers 950 people in 324 households. The highest concentration of the black community in Newcastle are in Elswick and Moorside wards, as shown in the table below:

Ward Total pop. Minority Black Black pop Ethnic pop. pop. as % of Ward

Elswick 9379 1734 89 0.95 Moorside 8015 690 171 2.13

Some 85 households are owned by people of Black Carribean origin, 160 of Black African origin and 79 of other Black origin. People from other Black origins are more likely to own their own home (32%) than Black Caribbeans (24%) or Black Africans (31%). 38% of Black Africans are privately renting compared to Black Caribbeans (29%) and people of other Black origin (23%). People from Afro/Caribbean origin are more likely to rent from the social housing sector (46%) than Black Africans (28%) and people from other Black origins (44%). Of these households 13% of people from other Black origins have no central heating compared to Afro/Caribbeans (12%) and Black Africans (9%). Some 11% of Black African households have a person with long term illness compared to 20% of Afro/Caribbean households and 22% of households of other Black origin. Afro/Caribbeans are least likely to have a car (71%) compared to 65% of Black Africans and 54% of other Black origin. This compares to 54% for the total population Newcastle who have a car.

North Tyneside The black community numbers 320 people in 122 households, with the highest concentration being in the Chirton ward (42 people). The rest of the community is relatively evenly dispersed amongst the remaining wards. As the Black community in North Tyneside is small and dispersed, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

South Tyneside The black community numbers 391 people in 161 households. The highest concentration is in the Rekendyke ward (74 people) with the rest of the community being relatively evenly dispersed throughout the remaining wards. As the Black community in South Tyneside is small and dispersed, no further representative patterns can be obtained.

Gateshead The black community numbers 192 people in 62 households. The highest concentration being in the Low Fell ward. As this community is small and evenly dispersed throughout all of the wards in Gateshead, no representative patterns can be obtained.

Sunderland The black community numbers 304 people in 90 households. The community is relatively evenly dispersed in the wards with the highest concentration being in the Hendon area. As this community is small and widely dispersed, no representative patterns can be obtained.

Northumberland The black community numbers 80 people. None of the wards has more than 7 black residents. As the population is so small and scattered, no representative patterns can be obtained.

85 Profiles Afro-Carribean Community in the North East

SOUTH OF THE REGION

Tees Valley (ie., Darlington, Hartlepool, Midd;esbrough, Redcar & Cleveland and Stockton) The Black community numbers about 1300 and comprises about 380 Black Caribbeans, 400 Black Africans and 520 from other groups. The largest groups in all three categories live in Middlesbrough, whose black population numbers about 600, and where the largest communities reside in Gresham, Linthorpe, Grove Hill and Ayresome. Elsewhere in the Tees Valley, the black population numbers about 280 in Darlington (about 130 of whom are Black Caribbean), about 200 in Stockton and 120 in Redcar & Cleveland (half of whom are Black Caribbeans and Black Africans) and about 80 in Hartlepool. As these populations are small and dispersed across a large area, no representative patterns can be obtained.

County Durham The black community numbers about 450 of which 26, all Black Caribbeans, live in Counden Grange and 24 in Gilesgate of whom 15 are from Black African origin. The rest of the community is relatively evenly dispersed throughout the county therefore no representative patterns can be obtained.

86 EthnicityNORTH EAST

Directory

Community Groups and Organisations

Names & Addresses Community Groups & Organisations

Introduction

Information for this section of the Directory was collated through a postal questionnaire. Those working with members of the Black and Minority Ethnic community were invited to give information about the service their organisation provided.

It is proposed that the directory will be updated on a regular basis. If you would like your existing entry updated or you would like your organisation to be included in any future updates produced please complete the questionnaire overleaf and return to the address provided.

87 88 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: AFRIKA

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: c/o SCAP 79 Ellesmere Road Benwell

Telephone: 0191 273 0719

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: Provides support for African people and dependants, helps to link people into existing community structures.

Organisation: Angelou Centre

Contact Name: Fazeelat Iqbal

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 2 Brighton Grove Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5NR

Telephone: 0191 226 0394

Fax: 0191 272 2984

e-mail:

Aim: Centre for women of ethnic minorities and female refugees offering English classes, training courses and health sessions. There are cr•che facilities and a Summer play scheme.

89 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Apna Ghar Minority Ethnic WomenÕs Centre

Contact Name: Vilma Storey

Catchment Area:

Address: 124 Ocean Road Tyne & Wear NE33 2JF

Telephone: 0191 456 4147

Fax: 0191 456 2872

e-mail:

Aim: Centre run by and for ethnic minority women. By providing a wide range of vocational and non-vocational training opportunities, the Centre aims to develop confidence and empower women, allowing them to recognise their full potential and also to maintain their cultural identity.

Organisation: ArthurÕs Hill Community Project

Contact Name: Jacqui Gilchrist

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 41 Tamworth Road ArthurÕs Hill Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5AJ

Telephone: 0191 272 1885

Fax: 0191 273 5976

e-mail:

Aim: To work with black, minority ethnic community and white residents to facilitate their involvement in decision making processes that effect policy, planning and provision of services. Enabling them to improve their quality of life by having input into decisions that effect their daily lives.

90 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Asian WomenÕs Group

Contact Name: Najma Parven

Catchment Area: Gateshead

Address: Bensham Grove Community Centre Bensham Road Gateshead NE8 2XD

Telephone: 0191 477 2263

Fax: 0191 478 6251

e-mail:

Aim: Centre for Asia women aged 18 and over, offering educational opportunities, 10 week courses and taster sessions in computers etc.

Organisation: Azaad Youth Project Ltd

Contact Name: Vinay Kapur

Catchment Area: Middlesbrough

Address: 123 Marton Road Middlesbrough TS1 2DU

Telephone: 01642 254520

Fax: as above

e-mail:

Aim: The Centre is an independent organisation which actively seeks to respond to the social, cultural, educational and recreational needs of the Asian and other black minority communities resident in Middlesbrough.

91 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: BECON (Black & Ethnic Minority Community OrganisationsÕ Network)

Contact Name: Beverley Prevatt Goldstein

Catchment Area: North East Region

Address: 4A Callerton Place Fenham Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5NQ

Telephone: 0191 245 3850

Fax: as phone

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To challenge oppression and exclusion of black people. Promote, support and provide information and training opportunities to the BME voluntary and community sector. Facilitate BME groups to network, support each other, share experiences and resources and to influence decision makers

Organisation: Bentick Community House

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 100 Durham Street Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne

Telephone: 0191 272 5131

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: The Community House serves as a general meeting place where residents can host meetings, clubs and special events.

92 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Black & Ethnic Minority Counselling Service

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: St Nicholas Hospital Jubilee Road Gosforth Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 3XT

Telephone: 0191 213 0151 (Extension 28244)

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: A service provided by trained and experienced black counsellors, giving support and an opportunity to talk in safe and confidential surroundings.

Organisation: Black Family Health Project

Contact Name: Shubh

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: 1 Gosforth High Street Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 1JL

Telephone: 0191 246 1379

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: To promote social, physical and mental well being of black and ethnic minority communities. Offers advice and information on health related issues and services, grants, benefits etc.

93 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Black Mental Health Forum

Contact Name: Shehla Navqui

Catchment Area: North East Region

Address: c/o RHSG 71 Mill Lane Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6TB

Telephone: 0191 273 3250

Fax: 0191 272 5155

e-mail:

Aim: This project provides a unique point of contact for the Black Community and statutory bodies, the group emphasises the Ôcommon groundÕ of Black experience and the need to ensure that Black people are afforded equal access to appropriate mental health services.

Organisation: BOW Community Projects

Contact Name: Paul Bayman

Catchment Area: North of England & Scotland

Address: North Sands Business Centre Liberty Way Sunderland SR6 0QA

Telephone: 0191 567 9856

Fax: 0191 514 3450

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To support the community, especially tenants and residents, assisting them to develop projects which improve their quality of life and increases local peopleÕs control over their environment

94 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Brunswick Young PeopleÕs Project

Contact Name: Leon Mexter

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: Brunswick Methodist Church Brunswick Place Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7BJ

Telephone: 0191 232 4323

Fax: 0191 230 2222

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: Providing support to young, vulnerable people in and around the Newcastle area.

Organisation: Chinese Youth Forum

Contact Name: Simon Fan

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: Westgate Community College West Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 9LU

Telephone: 0191 241 0211

Fax: 0191 241 0220

e-mail:

Aim: To advance the education of young people from the Chinese community in Newcastle and empowering them by offering access to educational, social, cultural and vocational activities in an accessible environment. To help unemployed young people gain better access and guidance on job opportunities.

95 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: COCASB (Combating Criminal & Anti-Social Behaviour)

Contact Name: Bea Ord

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: Mill Lane Youth Centre Sceptre Street Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6PR

Telephone: 0191 273 9127

Fax: 0191 272 0877

e-mail:

Aim: This is a multi agency project that identifies young people responsible for anti- social behaviour. The project challenges that behaviour before it gets out of hand and impacts on the local community.

Organisation: Corner House Youth Project

Contact Name: Lesley Makin

Catchment Area: Borough of Stockton

Address: 98 Dovecot Street Stockton TS18 1HA

Telephone: 01642 868331

Fax: 01642 605838

e-mail:

Aim: The project is totally focused on the needs of young people and the services offered include: support for young people with substance abuse problems, individual mentoring, education taster sessions, life skills, social activities, Black & Asian youth work, Jobslink Service and support for young people on the streets

96 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Dekh Bhal Asian Carers Project

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 4 Callerton Place Fenham Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5NQ

Telephone: 0191 272 2877

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: Provides support via home visits, informal counselling, advocacy, confidential advice and drop in facility to Asian carers of disabled children and young adults.

Organisation: DIVA

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: Floor E Milburn House Dean Street Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 1LE

Telephone: 0191 241 2100

Fax: 0191 241 2289

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: Provides support via home visits, informal counselling, advocacy, confidential advice and drop in facility to Asian carers of disabled children and young adults.

97 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Employment Services (Working Links Ltd)

Contact Name: Claire Copeland

Catchment Area: Middlesbrough, Redcar & Cleveland

Address: Training & Enterprise House 2-4 QueenÕs Square Middlesbrough TS2 1AA

Telephone: 01642 341500

Fax: 01642 254258

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: Working with people aged 25 and over to help the long term unemployed find work.

Organisation: English as an Additional Language Service (North Tyneside)

Contact Name: Claire Copeland

Catchment Area: Tyne & Wear

Address: Whitehouse Primary School Whitehouse Lane North Shields NE29 8PE

Telephone: 0191 200 6384

Fax: 0191 200 5458

e-mail:

Aim: Provides English language support for children in schools and English language classes for adults. Offers advice for filling in forms, visits to the doctor and liaison with other agencies.

98 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL)

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: Westgate Community College West Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 9LU

Telephone: 0191 241 0211

Fax: 0191 241 0220

e-mail:

Aim: Delivers English classes to English speakers of other languages and computer training in community based settings. Also offers classes for women only and refugees.

Organisation: Families First

Contact Name: Sabana Ahmed

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: Bond Street Benwell Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 8BA

Telephone: 0191 272 4990

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim:

99 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Fenham & Wingrove Children & Young PeopleÕs Forum

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address:

Telephone: 0191 286 6687

Fax: 0191 271 0029

e-mail:

Aim: Advice/Information, Black/Ethnic Minority, Children, Education/Training, Families, Health, Leisure, Parenting, Young People.

Organisation: First Step

Contact Name: Gail Starling

Catchment Area: Middlesbrough

Address: 114 Marton Road Middlesbrough TS1 2DY

Telephone: 01642 231476

Fax: 01642 232239

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To support individuals throughout their rehabilitation, enabling them to gain the confidence and motivation to return to living drug or alcohol fee and independently in the community.

100 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Gateshead Visible Ethnic Minorities Support Group

Contact Name: Bahal Singh

Catchment Area: Tyne & Wear

Address: 89 Salcombe Gardens Low Fell Gateshead Tyne & Wear NE9 6UB

Telephone: 0191 487 3059

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: Assist the ethnic minority community with access to services, provide support in any discrimination issues including family counselling.

Organisation: Gateshead Voluntary Organisations Council

Contact Name: Colin Roberts

Catchment Area: Gateshead

Address: John Haswell House 8 & 9 Gladstone Terrace Gateshead NE8 4DY

Telephone: 0191 478 4103

Fax: 0191 477 1260

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To support and advise community groups and organisations with respect to constitutions, fund raising, and training.

101 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Jewish Community Services (North East)

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: Lionel Jacobson House Graham Park Road Gosforth Newcastle upon Tyne

Telephone: 0191 285 1968

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: Provides care and welfare within the community, co-ordinating services and addressing community needs.

Organisation: Fenham & Wingrove Children & Young PeopleÕs Forum

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: 6 Tavistock Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 3JA

Telephone: 0191 286 6687

Fax: 0191 271 0029

e-mail:

Aim: Advice/Information, Black/Ethnic Minority, Children, Education/Training, Families, Health, Leisure, Parenting, Young People.

102 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: MECSS

Contact Name: Shumil Choudhury

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: 4 Callerton House Callerton Place Fenham Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 8TR

Telephone: 0191 273 3264

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim:

Organisation: Millin Centre

Contact Name: Imran Hussain

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 160-162 Ellesmere Road North Benwell Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 8TR

Telephone: 0191 272 5115

Fax: 0191 272 5445

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To offer support and a social centre for local residents of ethnic minorities offering English classes, Ôwork finderÕ and citizens advice service.

103 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Minority Ethnic Communities

Contact Name: Colin Wales

Catchment Area:

Address: Newport Settlement Newport Road Middlesbrough

Telephone: 01642 353494

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim:

Organisation: Newcastle Ethnic Minorities Team

Contact Name: Simon Fan

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: 4 Callerton Place Fenham Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5NQ

Telephone: 0191 273 3264

Fax: 0191 226 1596

e-mail:

Aim: To provide advice to individuals, groups and community development; welfare rights support and it complements other directorateÕs mechanisms which seek to ensure that the usual services of the local authority are available to all on the basis of equality.

104 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Newcastle Youth Congress

Contact Name:

Catchment Area:

Address: 262 Westgate Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6AQ

Telephone: 0191 230 5805

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim:

Organisation: North Benwell Residents Support Group

Contact Name: Nazrul Islam

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 160/162 Ellesmere Road North Benwell Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 7TR

Telephone: 0191 272 5115

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: A voluntary organisation operating as a drop in centre to support local residents offering English classes, Ôwork finderÕ and other social activities.

105 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: North East Refugee Service

Contact Name: Daoud Zaaroura

Catchment Area:

Address: 19 Bigg Market Newcastle upon Tyne

Telephone: 0191 222 0390

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim:

Organisation: Ojalah WomenÕs Project

Contact Name: Saryia Ahmed

Catchment Area: Middlesbrough

Address: c/o Age Concern 190 Borough Road Middlesbrough TS1 2EH

Telephone: 01642 805500

Fax: 01642 807004

e-mail:

Aim: Open to women over 50 years old from an ethnic minority background, especially those excluded from mainstream activities because of their cultural diversity. The project offers support to members and aims to prevent isolation by confidence building, empowering members to learn skills and challenge discrimination.

106 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Panah Ltd

Contact Name: H Nisar

Catchment Area:

Address: PO Box 27 Newcastle upon Tyne NE3 1UP

Telephone: 0191 284 6998

Fax: as phone

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To provide a safe and secure refuge for black women and children fleeing or threatened by domestic violence. An outreach service is also provided.

Organisation: Participation in Leisure

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: West of Newcastle

Address: The Acadamy MacDonald Road Benwell Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 8XU

Telephone: 0191 273 6599

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: To offer support to communities who are interested in participating in cultural activity including sport, arts and environmental issues.

107 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Play & Youth Service East

Contact Name: Ian Pike

Catchment Area: East of Newcastle

Address: Heaton Complex Trewitt Road Heaton Newcastle upon Tyne

Telephone: 0191 276 4264

Fax: 0191 276 5686

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To enable children and young people (age 5 Ð 25) to develop their attributes, skills, knowledge and experience so that they can realise their potential, achieve their personal goals and contribute to society and community.

Organisation: Play & Youth Service Inner West

Contact Name: Bill Niblo

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: Mill Lane Youth Centre Sceptre Street Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6PR

Telephone: 0191 273 9127

Fax: 0191 272 0877

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To enable children and young people (age 5 Ð 25) to develop their attributes, skills, knowledge and experience so that they can realise their potential, achieve their personal goals and contribute to society and community.

108 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Play & Youth Service Outer West

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: North West Newcastle

Address: West Denton Community Association Hill Heads Road Newcastle upon Tyne

Telephone: 0191 229 0648

Fax: 0191 229 0738

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To enable children and young people (age 5 Ð 25) to develop their attributes, skills, knowledge and experience so that they can realise their potential, achieve their personal goals and contribute to society and community.

Organisation: Racial Equality Development Initiative

Contact Name: Yasmin Khan

Catchment Area: Middlesbrough, Stockton, Redcar, Cleveland, Hartlepool

Address: New Exchange Buildings QueenÕs Square Middlesbrough TS2 1AA

Telephone: 01642 211165

Fax: 01642 219670

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To eliminate racial discrimination and harassment while promoting good relations between different racial groups within .

109 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Racial Harassment Support Group (West)

Contact Name: Desmond Hill

Catchment Area: West of Newcastle

Address: 71 Mill Lane Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6TB

Telephone: 0191 273 3250

Fax: 0191 272 5155

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To provide a confidential support service to those who experience racial harassment that respects racial, cultural and personal circumstances. Dealing with reported incidents of racially motivated harassment through casework support to individuals, groups and families.

Organisation: Riverside Community Health Project

Contact Name: Sarah Hunter

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: Benwell Library Basement Atkinson Road Benwell Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 8XS

Telephone: 0191 226 0754

Fax: 0191 273 1270

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To improve health prospects and well being of people living in West End of Newcastle. Community development work to enable residents to take action around common concerns.

110 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Roshni Asian WomenÕs Association

Contact Name: Sapna Hussain

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: 10 Dilston Road Fenham Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5NP

Telephone: 0191 273 0972

Fax: 0191 272 3134

e-mail:

Aim: To provide information, advice, and education to women of all ages from minority ethnic communities.

Organisation: Saheli

Contact Name: Justine King

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 4A Callerton Place Fenham Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 4NQ

Telephone: 0191 272 2574

Fax: 0191 245 3779

e-mail:

Aim: Organisation for black women only, holding social events, networking and raising awareness of anti-oppressive practise.

111 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: SAKHI

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: c/o Newcastle Healthy City Project 14 Greta North Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4PS

Telephone: 0191 232 3357

Fax: 0191 232 3917

e-mail:

Aim: Advice/Information, Befriending, Black/Ethnic Minority, Education/Training, Health, Mental Health, Self Help/Support Group, Women.

Organisation: Search Project

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: 74 Adelaide Terrace Benwell Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 9JN

Telephone: 0191 273 7443

Fax: 0191 272 5135

e-mail:

Aim: Advice/Information, Black/Ethnic Minority, Health, Leisure, Older People, Welfare Rights.

112 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: SEHAT Project

Contact Name: Zarda Khan

Catchment Area: Stockton on Tees

Address: 70 Dovecot Street Stockton Teesside TS18 1LL

Telephone: 01642 802730

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: To tackle inequalities in health and healthcare amongst the ethnic minority community residing in the Stockton on Tees area.

Organisation: Senior Black Boys Group

Contact Name: Habib Rahman

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: Mill Lane Youth Centre Sceptre Street Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6PR

Telephone: 0191 273 9127

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: To offer a centre based support and social group for boys aged 15 Ð 25. Using the facilities to provide education and support on issues that effect the everyday lives of young people.

113 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Shena Project

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 71 Mill Lane Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6TB

Telephone: 0191 273 3250

Fax: 0191 233 1973

e-mail:

Aim: To provide a safe, supportive environment for children and families to interact and engage with one another and develop community infrastructures. Tutoring in swimming is offered to promote health and fitness, improve physical skills, mobile dexterity and raise confidence.

Organisation: South Tyneside Multicultural Project

Contact Name: Sue Copeland

Catchment Area: South Tyneside

Address: Stanhope Complex Street South Shields Tyne & Wear NE33 4SZ

Telephone: 0191 454 0306

Fax: 0191 456 9971

e-mail:

Aim: To promote every aspect of racial harmony, integration and social welfare for the benefit of all ethnic minority communities. Promoting equal opportunities for all individuals regardless of race, religion and culture.

114 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Stanhope Street North British Residents Association

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 162 Cottingwood Court Stanhope Street Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 3PN

Telephone: 0191 272 4423

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: Black/Ethnic Minority, Community Development, Families, Housing, Older People, Social Activities.

Organisation: Stanley Youth Centre

Contact Name: Gillie Littlemore

Catchment Area: Stanley & Surrounding Area

Address: Tyne Road South Stanley County Durham DH9 6PZ

Telephone: 01207 232186

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: To work with young people (age 11yrs upwards) both in centre based and outreach context. Providing social activities and health education with particular emphasis on drug issues.

115 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Streetwise

Contact Name: Iram Shah

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: 35-37 Groat Market Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 1UQ

Telephone: 0191 230 5400

Fax: 0191 221 1722

e-mail:

Aim: To offer information, advice, support and counselling for young people aged 13- 25yrs. Run contraception and sexual health sessions four times per week and an under 18 drugs service in conjunction with Plummer Court.

Organisation: Sunderland Youth & Community Service

Contact Name: Abdul Amin

Catchment Area:

Address: Havelock Towers 270 Hylton Road Sunderland SR4 7XJ

Telephone:

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim:

116 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Support for Action Project (SCAP)

Contact Name:

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 79 Ellesmere Road Benwell Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 8TS

Telephone: 0191 273 9719

Fax: 0191 273 0784

e-mail:

Aim: To provide health education and benefit information to ethnic minority groups.

Organisation: Sure Start

Contact Name: Nick Strong

Catchment Area: Middlesbrough

Address: 159 Southfield Road Middlesbrough TS1 3HF

Telephone: 01642 249595

Fax: 01642 245319

e-mail:

Aim: To work with parents and children to promote the physical, intellectual and social development of pre-school children Ð particularly those who are disadvantaged.

117 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Teesside Awaaz Federation

Contact Name: Habib Rehman

Catchment Area: Teesside

Address: PO Box 16 St MaryÕs Centre 82/90 Corporation Road Middlesbrough TS1 2RW

Telephone: 07773 089892

Fax:

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: Awaaz (means ÔvoiceÕ) undertakes a variety of activities, which include, research, consultation and campaigning on issues relevant to the Asian Community of Teesside and assisting members with bi-lingual support. Working with other agencies to develop services and provisions relevant to the needs of a modern multi-cultural society.

Organisation: Tyne & Wear Black Housing Project

Contact Name: Muhammad Arshad

Catchment Area: Tyne & Wear

Address: 35 West Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 9PU

Telephone: 0191 272 0736

Fax: 0191 272 0762

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To work towards meeting the housing needs of black minority ethnic communities and individuals in Tyne & Wear. Develop links between housing providers and BME communities and promote equal opportunities in housing.

118 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Tyne & Wear Racial Equality Council

Contact Name: Jamiel Bux

Catchment Area: Tyne & Wear

Address: 2nd Floor, Mea House Ellison Place Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8XS

Telephone: 0191 232 7639

Fax: 0191 232 5751

e-mail:

Aim: To advance race equality and good race relations principally in Tyne & Wear. The REC provides services to all victims of racial discrimination and harassment.

Organisation: United Black Youth Association (Boys)

Contact Name: Habib Rahman

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: Mill Lane Youth Centre Sceptre Street Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6PR

Telephone: 0191 273 9127

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: To provide a social centre and one to one support for boys aged 11 Ð 25 offering activities and education to raise awareness of issues that effect their everyday lives.

119 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: United Black Youth Association (Girls)

Contact Name: Fhamshad Iqbal

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 10 Dilston Road Fenham Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5NP

Telephone: 0191 273 9127

Fax:

e-mail:

Aim: To work with young women aged 9 Ð 25 offering sports and activities within a safe environment, providing support and encouragement, empowering them to fulfil their potential, raising awareness of issues that effect their everyday lives.

Organisation: West End Youth Enquiry Service

Contact Name: Tracey Leach

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: 4 Grangerville North West Road Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6UJ

Telephone: 0191 273 3997

Fax: 0191 273 3726

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: To advise inform and support young people aged 11-25 living or working in the West End of Newcastle. Operates a drug and alcohol abuse advice session by appointment.

120 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Young Asian Voices

Contact Name: Suki Shergill

Catchment Area:

Address: St John & St PatrickÕs School Church Street East Hendon Sunderland SR1 2BB

Telephone: 0191 553 7837

Fax: 0191 553 7832

e-mail:

Aim: To pursue all charitable objectives calculated to the benefit of the Asian Community and in particular the younger members. Young Asian Voices believes in working for equality of opportunity and social justice for all the people residing in the City of Sunderland, irrespective of race, class, gender, sexual orientation and cultural background.

Organisation: Young Explorers

Contact Name: Paul Thompson

Catchment Area: Newcastle

Address: Mill Lane Youth Centre Sceptre Street Elswick Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 6PR

Telephone: 0191 256 7195

Fax: 0191 272 0877

e-mail: [email protected]

Aim: The Explorers are a group of young people from different cultures and social backgrounds with the aim of bringing black and white teenagers together and breaking racial barriers.

121 Community Groups & Organisations

Organisation: Young PeopleÕs Racial Harassment Project

Contact Name: Habib Rahman

Catchment Area: West End of Newcastle

Address: Mill Lane Elswick Newcastle on Tyne NE4 6TB

Telephone: 0191 256 7195

Fax: 0191 272 0877

e-mail:

Aim: To work with black and white young people, supporting victims of racial harassment and at the same time working with the perpetrators. Using sport and recreation as a theme to raise awareness of racial issues and overcome inequality.

122 Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

Abu-Baker Mosque 9 Park Road North Middlesbrough

Africa Community Association 12 Blenheim, High Fields, , Newcastle NE12 6QG 0191 268 2757

AFRIKA c/o SCAP 79 Ellesmere Road, Benwell Newcastle 0191 273 0719

Afro Caribbean Peoples Club 2 Elm Grove, Killingworth Village North Tyneside NE12 0AN

Al Hazar Mosque Laygate, South Shields South Tyneside 0191 454 9064

Angelou Centre Fazeelat Iqbal 2 Brighton Grove Newcastle NE4 5NR 0191 2260394

Anglo Italian Association Mr A Gibbon 7 Cottonwood, Thorntree Middlesbrough

Apna Ghar Vilma Storey 124 Ocean Road, South Shields South Tyneside NE33 2JF 0191 4564147

Arthurs Hill Community Project Jacqui Gilchrist 41 Tamworth Road Newcastle NE4 5AJ 0191 272 1885 123 Asian Cultural Association Mohinder Singh 30-32 Brighton Parade, Hebburn 0191 4890111

Asian Social Centre 143 Canning Street Newcastle NE4 8UJ

Asian Womens Group Najma Parven Bensham Grove Community Centre, Bensham Rd Gateshead NE8 2XD 0191 477 2263

AsianYouths Volleyball Association 20 Falmouth Street Middlesbrough

Azaad Youth Project Vinay Kapur 123 Marton Road Middlesbrough TS1 2DU 01642 254520

B S Dhindra, c/o Gateshead Law Centre 89 Salcombe Gardens, Low Fell Gateshead

Bangladesh Association The Station House, Station Road Corbridge Northumberland NE45 5AY

Bangladesh Muslim Welfare Association 52 Middlesbrough Road, South Bank Middlesbrough

Bangladesh Womens Association 19 Whinfell Close, Nunthorpe Middlesbrough

Bangladeshi Association Gateshead Mr A R Choudhury 55 Coatsworth Road Gateshead NE8 0191 477 2644

Bangladeshi Community Association c/o Romna Restaurant, Esplanade, Whitley Bay

Bangladeshi Health Project Carole Elliott The Linds, 137 The Broadway Sunderland SR4 8HE

Bangladeshi Muslim Cultural Association 3-5 Baring Street, South Shields Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

Bazme Urdyu Adab Cleveland (Urdu Literacy) 44 Wellesley Road Middlesbrough BECON Beverley Prevatt Goldstein 4A Callerton Place, Fenham Newcastle NE4 5NQ 0191 245 3850 Bentick Community House 100 Durham Street, Elswick Newcastle 0191 272 5131 Black & Ethnic Minority Counselling Service St Nicholas Hospital, Jubilee Road, Gosforth Newcastle NE3 3XT 0191 213 0151 Black Family Health Project Shubh 1 Gosforth High Street Newcastle NE3 1JL 0191 246 1379 Black Mental Health Forum Shehla Naqui c/o RHSG, 71 Mill Lane, Elswick Newcastle NE4 6TB 0191 2733250 Black Practice Learning Centre Unit29.1 Lynwood Terrace Newcastle NE4 6UL Black Youth Forum, c/o CRT 41-43 Westmoreland Road Newcastle NE1 4EH Bossnia & Herzegovia Club Ljiljan Heaton Library, Heaton Park View, Heaton Newcastle NE6 5AH 0191 276 5179

124 BOW Community Projects Paul Bayman North Sands Business Centre, Liberty Way Sunderland SR6 0QA 0191 5679856 Brunswick Young PeopleÕs Project Leon Mexter Brunswick Methodist Church, Brunswick Place Newcastle NE1 7BJ 0191 2324323 Central Mosque Southfield Road Middlesbrough Centre for Multi-Cultural Education Perveen Ahmed Worcester Street Middlesborough TS1 4NU Chinese Association 66 Dovecot Street Stockton TS18 1LI Chinese Association 8 Woodlands Road Middlesbrough TS1 3BE Chinese Community Association 51 Bridgemere Drive, Framwellgate Moor Durham DH1 5FG Chinese Youth Forum Simon Fan Westgate Community College, West Road Newcastle NE4 9LU 0191 241 0211 Cleveland Asian Sports Association 88 Parliament Road Middlesbrough Cleveland Asian Womens Association Mrs Hussaini 42 Gore Sands, Acklam Middlesbrough Cleveland Bangladesh Society 89 Wheatlands Park Redcar Cleveland Council of Churches 81 The Slayde, Yarm Cleveland Indian Association c/o , 56 Westbourne Grove, North Ormesby Middlesbrough Cleveland Pakistan WomenÕs Association 149 Ayresome Street Middlesbrough Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

Cleveland Review Bilingual Magazine 13 Clifton Street Middlesbrough Cleveland Somali Association 31 Granville Road Middlesbrough TS1 3PR Cllr.Z.Khan (Pakistan Muslim) COCASB Bea Ord Mill Lane Youth Centre, Scepte St. Elswick Newcastle NE4 6PR 0191 2739127 Community Chinese Centre 25-27 Stowell Street Newcastle NE4 Community Resource Team 41 Tamworth Road, ArthurÕs Hill Newcastle NE4 5AJ 0191 272 1885 Constance Okai 113 Kenton Lane, Gosforth Newcastle NE3 4LD Corner House Youth Project Lesley Makin 98 Dovecot Street Stockton TS18 1HA 01642 868331 Council for Racial Equality Mehdi Husaini 42 Gore Sands, Acklam Middlesbrough

125 Darlington Panjabi School Association 61 Cockton Hill Road, Bishop Auckland Durham DL14 6HS Dekh Bhal Asian Carers Projects 4 Callerton Place, Fenham Newcastle NE4 5NQ 0191 272 2877 Denton Sikh Assoc. for Women 62 Teal Road Darlington DL1 1DF DIVA Floor E, Milburn House, Dean Street Newcastle NE1 1LE 0191 241 2100 DPAS Drugs Prevention Advisory Service Veena Soni 11th Floor,Wellbar House, Gallowgate Newcastle NE1 4TD 0191 233 1972 Durham and Darlington REC Surinder Dale 123 Victoria Road Darlington 01325 283900 Elswick Health Centre Tajul Hussain/Lucy Hall Sceptre Street, Elswick Newcastle NE4 6SH 0191 219 5251 Elswick Support Group 71 Mill Lane, Elswick, Newcastle

Employment Services (Working Links Employment Ltd) Claire Copeland Training & Enterprise House, 2-4 QueenÕs Square Middlesbrough TS2 1AA 01642 341500

English as Additional Language Service Claire Copeland Whitehouse Primary School, Whitehouse Lane North Shields NE29 8PE 0191 200 6384 English for Speakers of Other Languages Westgate Community College, West Road Newcastle NE4 9LU 0191 241 0211 Ethnic Minority Achievement Service PHEDC, Dr Hasnain Farahat West Road Newcastle 0191 274 7595 Fairbridge in Tyne & Wear Walker Riverside, Pottery Bank, Walker Newcastle NE6 3SX 0191 265 0666 Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

Families First Sabana Ahmed Bond Street, Benwell Newcastle NE4 8BA 0191 272 4990

Fenham & Wingrove Children & Young PeopleÕs Forum 6 Tavistock Road Newcastle NE2 3JA 0191 286 6687

First Step Gail Starling 114 Marton Road Middlesbrough TS1 2DY 01642 231476 Gateshead Asian Parents Association c/o 250 Windsor Avenue Gateshead NE8 4PA 0191 477 0583 Gateshead Hebrew Congregation Bewick Road Gateshead 0191 477 2373 Gateshead Interfaith Forum Mr Nils Chittenden St GeorgeÕs House Kingsway, Gateshead NE11 ONA 0191 487 8941 Gateshead Law Centre Swinburne House, Swinburne Street Gateshead NE8 Gateshead Muslim Society Mr Younas Malik 6 Avondale Terrace Gateshead NE8 4NE 0191 477 0411

126 Gateshead Visible Ethnic Minority Support Group Bahal Singh 89 Salcombe Gardens, Low Fell Gateshead NE 9 6UB 0191 487 3059

Gateshead Voluntary Organisations Council (GVOC) Mr Colin Roberts John Haswell House, 8/9 Gladstone Terrace Gateshead NE8 4DY 0191 478 4103

Hari Shukla Hillhead Parkway, Chapel Park Newcastle 0191 243 3630 Health Development Service Elswick Health Service, Sceptre Court Newcastle NE4 6SH 0191 219 5248

Heaton Bangladeshi Muslim Child Association 1 Rothbury Terrace, Heaton Newcastle NE6 5XH

Heaton Mosque 1 Rothbury Terrace, Heaton Newcastle Hindu Cultural Society 21 Acle Burn, Newton Aycliffe Durham DL3 4XB Hindu Nari Sangha Mayfield, Boldon Lane Sunderland SR6 7RT 0191 536 7121 Hindu Temple 56 Westbourne Grove, North Ormesby Middlesbrough Hindu Temple Krishan Attri West Road/Corner of Baxter Avenue Newcastle NE4 9QP Hindu Womens Association 49 Cleveland Terrace Darlington DL3 2NE Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

Indian Association of Cleveland Mr D Puri 23 Runnymede, Nunthorpe Middlesbrough Indian Ladies Association of Cleveland 3 Woodlands Drive, Yarm

International Centre, Management Committee The Secretary 7 Abingdon Road Middlesbrough TS1 2DP

International Student Centre Margaret Wingfield Brunswick Methodist Church, Brunswick Place Newcastle NE1 7BJ 0191 232 2592 Iranian Centre North East Callerton House, 4 Callerton Place, Fenham Newcastle Iraqi Community Association A Alnakash 3 Newham Grange Avenue Middlesbrough Islam Society of Darlington WomenÕs Forum 30 Leith Road Darlington DL3 8BG Islamic Central Mosque Malvern Street Newcastle NE4 6SU 0191 2260562

127 Islamic Cultural Association South Bank 62 Redcar Road, South Bank Middlesbrough Islamic Society 133A Waterloo Road Middlesbrough Islamic Society of Darlington Dr M A Quader 22 Wilton Drive Darlington DL3 9PS J & K Muslim Mosque Community 28 Clifton Street Middlesbrough Jamia Mosque 133 Waterloo Road Middlesbrough TS1 3JB Jewish Community Council 43 Whitehall Road Gateshead NE8 1EB Jewish Community Services Lionel Jacobson House, Graham Park Road, Gosforth Newcastle 0191 285 1968 Jewish Welfare Society Graham Park Road, Gosforth Newcastle 0191 284 0959 Kemet 4A Callerton Place, Fenham Newcastle NE4 0LY 0191 272 2574 Lanbaurgh Multi-Cultural Association 10 Ann Street, South Bank Middlesbrough

Langbaurgh Islamics Qusonic Cultural Association 51 South Terrace, South Bank Middlesbrough

Madrisa Sia ul Quran 2a Bowes Street Middlesbrough TS1 4BT Maren Project Aker McNulty Ltd., Commercial Road South Shields NE33 1RZ Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

MECSS Shumil Choudhury 4 Callerton House, Callerton Place, Fenham Newcastle NE4 5NQ 0191 273 3264 Metz Bridge Gypsies & Travelling Community Emily Clark Plot 10, Metz Bridge Caravan Site, Riverside Park Road Middlesbrough Middlesbrough Law Centre St MaryÕs Centre, Corporation Road Middlesbrough Mill Lane Youth Club Habib Rahman Mill Lane Youth Club Elswick 0191 2739127 Millin Centre Imran Hussain 160-162 Ellesmere Road, North Benwell Newcastle NE4 8TR 0191 272 5115 Minority Ethnic Communities Colin Wales Newport Settlement, Newport Road Middlesbrough 01642 353494 Multi Cultural Association Shamshia Ali St Alban Church, Princes Road Multi-Cultural Information Centre Room A314, North Tyneside College, Embleton Avenue Wallsend NE28 8NJ Multicultural Centre Goathland Primary School Newcastle NE12 8LB 0191 200 7408

128 Muslim Association 94 Milton Road Hartlepool Naam Mill Lane Youth Centre, Sceptre Street Newcastle NE1 8XS NACRO Northumbria Services 29 Wellbeck Road, Byker Village Newcastle NE6 2HU Nartington Road Mosque Community 7 Eggleston Terrace Stockton NERS 27 Borough Road Middlesbrough Newcastle Bangladesh Association 3 Cliftonville Avenue Newcastle NE4 8RT Newcastle Bangladesh Association 39 Cotswold Gardens, Newcastle NE7 7AE Habib Rahman Mill Lane Youth Club, Elswick Newcastle NE4 0191 2733997 Newcastle CVS Mea House, Ellison Place Newcastle NE1 8XJ Newcastle Ethnic Minorities Team Siman Fan 4 Callerton Place, Fenham Newcastle NE4 5NQ 0191 273 3264 Newcastle Youth Congress 262 Westgate Road Newcastle NE4 6AQ 0191 230 5805 North Benwell Black Residents Support Group Nazrul Islam 160/162 Ellesmere Road, North Benwell Newcastle NE4 7TR 0191 272 5115 North East Chinese Association Tony Chu 11 Melmersby Close, Whitebridge Park, Gosforth Newcastle NE3 5JA North East Refugee Service Daoud Zaaroura 19 Bigg Market Newcastle 0191 2220390 Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

North Eastern Chinese Association North Shields Peoples Centre, 51 North Tyneside NE29 0AT 0191 248 7411 North of England Chinese Association c/o Hospitality Inn, Fry Street Middlesbrough North of England Chinese Association Peter Lee 8 Woodlands Road Middlesbrough TS1 3BHY North of England Refugee Council Peter Widlinski 308 Middlesbrough TS1 3QX North of England Refugee Service 2 Jesmond Road Newcastle NE2 4PQ 0191 2457311 Northern Regional Forum of VYCWODU, PHEDC Cate Blatherwick West Road Newcastle 0191 274 3620 Northumberland TEC Heather Mills 2 Craster Court Cramlington NE23 6XX Ojalah Womens Group Saryia Ahmed c/o Age Concern Health House, 190 Borough Road Middlesbrough TS1 2EH 01642 805500 Pakistan Muslim Association Cllr. Z. Khan 15 Shipley Avenue, Fenham Newcastle NE4 8QY

129 Pakistan Welfare Association of Cleveland 2 Muirfield, Nunthorpe Middlesbrough Panah Black Womens Refuge H Nisar PO Box 27 Newcastle NE3 1UP 0191 284 6998 Panjab Hindi Association Mr Onkar Singh Rana 29 Killinghall Street Darlington DL1 2NE Participation in Leisure The Acadamy, MacDonald Road, Benwell Newcastle NE4 8XU 0191 273 6599 Play & Youth Service (East) Ian Pike Heaton Complex, Trewitt Road, Heaton Newcastle 0191 2764264 Play & Youth Service (Inner West) Bill Niblo Mill Lane Youth Centre, Sceptre St., Elswick Newcastle NE4 6PR 0191 2739127 Play & Youth Service (North) West Denton Community Assoc., Hill Heads Rd. Newcastle 0191 2290648 President Heaton Mosque 1 Rothbury Terrace, Heaton Newcastle PROUD The Old School, Church St. East, Hendon Sunderland Racial Equality Development Initiative Yasmin Khan New Exchange Buildings, QueenÕs Square Middlesbrough TS2 1AA 01642 211165 Racial Harassment Support Group West Desmond Hill 71 Mill Lane, Elswick Newcastle NE4 6TB 0191 2733250 Regeneration Exchange c/o Regeneration Scheme, PO Box 100, Civic Centre Sunderland SR2 7DN Riverside Community Health Project Sarah Hunter Riverside Centre, Benwell Library, Atkinson Road Newcastle NE4 8XS 0191 226 0754 Roshni Asian Womens Association Sapna Hussain 10 Dilston Road, Fenham Newcastle NE4 5NP 0191 273 0972 Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

S.C.A.F.R.O. Bart Caulker The Great House, 474 Durham Road, Low Fell Gateshead NE9 4AQ Saheli Justine King 4a Callerton Place, Fenham Newcastle NE4 4NQ 0191 272 2574 SAKHI c/o NÕtle City Health Project, 14 Greta North Rd. Newcasle NE2 4PS 0191 232 3357 Sathi Project Zakia Chaudhry 14 - 18 Portland Street, Elswick Newcastle NE4 6TE Save the Children Unit 3, Dispensary lane,Blackfriars Newcastle NE1 0191 222 1816 Search Project 74 Adelaide Tce., Benwell Newcastle NE4 9JN 0191 273 7443 SEHAT Project Zarda Khan 70 Dovecot Street Stockton TS18 1LL 01642 802730 Senior Black Boys Group Mill Lane Youth Centre, Sceptre Street, Elswick Newcastle NE4 6PR 0191 273 9127 Shena Project 95 Anson Court, off Anson Street, ArthurÕs Hill Newcastle NE4 5JG 0191 2733250

130 Sikh Community Welfare Association 126 Clifton Road Darlington DL1 5QY Sikh Cultural Society 87/89 Commercial Street, Crook Durham DL15 OAA Sikh Gurdwara 20 Lorne Street Middlesbrough Sikh Gurdwara Sports Club 69 Brignallmoor Crescent Darlington DL1 4SQ Singh Sabha Tynedale Close, Fenham Newcastle NE4 5RJ Sino-Anglo Cultural Eschange Association 86/88 Wingrove Road Newcastle NE4 9BR 0191 2722424 Sitara Sahana Majid Multicultural Centre, Harcourt Road, Southbank Middlesbrough Social Service Zakia Choudhury Cruddas Park, Park Rd, Elswick Newcastle NE4 0191 273 1121 Somali Youth Association Mr Hassan International Centre, 7 Abingdon Road Middlesbrough South Tyneside Arab Yemeni Association Welfare Association, 19 New Green St South Tyneside NE33 5DL 0191 456 2554 South Tyneside Multicultural Project Sue Copeland Stanhope Complex, Gresford Street, South Shields South Tyneside NE33 4SZ 0191 454 0306 Stanhope Street North British Residents Assoc 162 Cottingwood Court, Stanhope Street Newcastle NE4 5HF 0191 272 4423 Stanley Youth Centre Gillie Littlemore Tyne Road, Stanley Durham DH9 6PZ 01207 232 186 Stockton International Family Centre Sacha Bedding 66 Dovecot Street Stockton TS11 1LL Index of Community Contacts

Organisation Contact Name Number and Street Town Post Code Telephone

Streetwise Iram Shah 35-37 Groat Market Newcastle NE1 1UQ 0191 230 5400 Sunderland Hebrew Congregation Sunderland Synagogue, Ryhope Road Sunderland 0191 565 0224 Sunderland Mosque Mr S J Miah 75 Chester Road Sunderland SR2 7PN 0191 565 8708 Sunderlands Youth & Community Service Abdul Amin Havelock Towers, 270 Hylton Road Sunderland SR4 7XJ Support for Action Project (SCAP) 79 Ellesmere Road, Benwell Newcastle NE4 8TS 0191 273 9719 Sunderland Bangladeshi Centre Tathum Street Sunderland Teesside African Caribbean Society c/o NERS, 308 Linthorpe Road Middlesbrough Teesside Afro-Caribbean Association Mr Kerr c/o International Centre, 7 Abingdon Road Middlesbrough Teesside Awaaz Mr Habib c/o 1 Albert Terrace Middlesbrough TS1 3PA Teesside Awaaz Federation Habib Rehman PO Box 16, St MaryÕs centre,82-90 Middlesborough TS1 2RW 07773 089892

131 Teesside Bangladeshi Association Zafar Uddin 28 Eastbourne Road, Lynthorpe Middlesbrough TS5 6QW Teesside Bengali Institute Mr Sinha Roy c/o International Centre, 7 Abingdon Road Middlesbrough Turkish Community Centre 25 Grainger Park Road Newcastle NE4 8SA Tyne & Wear Black Housing Project Muhammad Arshad Room 248 Civic Centre Newcastle 0191 232 8520 Tyne & Wear Racial Equality Council Jamiel Bux 2nd Floor, Mea House, Ellison Place Newcastle NE1 8XS 0191 232 7639 United Black Youth Assoc (Boys) Habib Rahman Mill Lane Youth Centre, Sceptre Street, Elswick Newcastle NE4 6PR 0191 273 9127 United Black Youth Assoc (Girls) Fhamshad Iqbal 10 Dilston Road, Fenham Newcastle NE4 5NP 0191 273 9127 VONNE Gillian Role Tower Buildings, 9 Old Gate Morpeth Northumberland NE61 West End Health Resource Centre Adelaide Terrace, Benwell Newcastle NE4 8BE 0191 272 4244 West End Youth Enquiry Service Tracy Leach 4 Grangerville North, West Road Newcastle NE4 6UJ 0191 273 3997 West Indian Association Mr Tony Lindsay 20 Glenfield Road Darlington DL3 8DZ Young Asian Voices Suki Shergill The Old School, Church St East, Hendon Sunderland SR1 2BB 0191 553 7837 Young Explorers Paul Thompson Mill Lane Youth Centre, Sceptre St., Elswick Newcastle NE4 6PR 0191 256 7195 Young PeopleÕs Racial Harassment Project Habib Rahman Mill Lane, Elswick Newcastle NE4 6TB 0191 256 7195 Yusef Abdullah 47 Eglesfield Road, South Shields South Tyneside NE33 5PS Useful Addresses

Drugs Prevention Advisory Service 11th Floor Wellbar House Gallowgate Newcastle NE1 4TD Tel: 0191 233 1972 Fax: 0191 233 1973

Government Office North East Wellbar House Gallowgate Newcastle NE1 4TD Tel: 0191 201 3300 Fax: 0191 202 3998

One NorthEast Great North House Sandyford Road Newcastle NE1 8ND Tel: 0191 261 2000 Fax: 0191 232 9069

North East Regional Assembly Guildhall Quayside Newcastle NE1 3AF Tel: 0191 261 7388 Fax: 0191 232 4558

Tyne & Wear Racial Equality Council 2nd Floor MEA House Ellison Place Newcastle NE1 8XS Tel: 0191 232 7639 Fax: 0191 232 5751

North East Consortium for Asylum Support Services 2 Jesmond Road West Newcastle NE2 4PQ Tel: 0191 211 6714 Fax: 0191 211 6710

132 Community Groups & Organisations

QUESTIONNAIRE

It is proposed that all information provided will be used to update future inserts into the Directory ÒEthnicity in the North EastÓ. If you would like your existing entry to be updated or would like your organisation to be included in any future updates, please photocopy the questionnaire, complete and return to the address below.

Project Name:

Address:

Tel No:

Fax No:

Email Address:

Contact Name:

Could you describe your organisation - e.g. aims, duration, target group, catchment area, etc...... Please write the names of any BME projects that you feel we should contact? ......

Please return completed questionnaire to: VEENA SONI DPAS NORTH EAST 11th FLOOR, WELLBAR HOUSE GALLOWGATE NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NE1 4TD

THANK YOU

133 134