2016
Author LANTATION PECIES ATRIX FOR Anuj Sharma P S M ROADSIDE PLANTATION
REPORT FOR NATIONAL GREEN HIGHWAYS MISSION- NHAI
PLANTATION SPECIES MATRIX IS A FRAMEWORK TO FACILITATE SELECTION OF SUITABLE TREE/SHRUB SPECIES FOR ROADSIDE PLANTATION. CONTENTS Executive Summary...... 3 Introduction ...... 4 Green Belt Development ...... 4 Plantation Species Matrix ...... 5 Criteria for Selection of Tree/Shrub species ...... 6 Operation Model for Plantation Species Matrix ...... 10 selecting appropriate species for median plantation ...... 15 Selecting appropriate species for Avenue Plantation ...... 17 Selecting Appropriate Tree/Shrub Species for Block Plantation ...... 21 Negative List of Tree/Shrub Species ...... 22 Bibliography ...... 25
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PLANTATION SPECIES MATRIX FOR ROADSIDE PLANTATION
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Highways are acknowledged as the growth engine of economic development. Interstate road infrastructure enables movement of goods, facilitates trades and bridges the geographical divide amongst Cities. The fact that National Highways account for only 2 % of the paved roads but still carries 40 % of the automobile traffic signifies its importance in Indian economy. The incessant movement of vehicles on the highways emitting harmful gaseous & solid pollutants is a major source of air and noise pollution. High level of Green house gases and extended dust particles in air poses an imminent health threat for the commuters and also endangers the biodiversity of the region. Under such circumstances it is important to take proactive measure for pollution containment on highways. Various research, case studies and pilot project conducted over the years have confirmed that green corridors/belts are the effective means of pollution control. Green corridors work as vegetation buffer around the pollution source and helps in sorption of GHG gases and collection of dust particles.
Given that green corridors have to face stressed climatic conditions with intake of high level of gaseous emission (SO2, CO, CO2 & NOX) and Suspended Particulate Matters), it is important to select the species which are tolerant and at the same time capable in effective mitigation of pollution. Plantation Species Matrix is a framework to facilitate National Green Highways Mission - NHAI in selection of suitable tree/shrub species for green corridor development.
For identification of suitable tree/shrubs an Excel based model has been developed which compares different plant species on three fundamental Principals – Ecological, Economic and Aesthetic Value. The model provides ranking of different tree/shrub species based on their suitability in a particular bio climatic zone. The criteria and indicators for the model were developed based on the Central Pollution Control Board, MoEF guidelines (ENVIS Centre, 2000) and the existing guidelines (IRC) SP 21:2009 of Indian Road Congress. Over 200 tree/shrub species were compared and assessed on this tool for identifying the best suitable species for median and avenue plantation.
There are certain species which have been considered under Negative list of species as some of them have been found invasive, toxic or performed poorly on the tool.
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INTRODUCTION India has the world's second largest road network after USA. Out of 46.80 lakh KM long road networks, National Highways account for 1 lakh km stretch which passes through urban, rural and forest areas of the country. Clearance of forest and tree felling activities are inevitable process of highway development which results in large scale environmental degradation in form of biodiversity loss and release of carbon stocked in trees. Although to counter the losses Highway projects are bundled with median and avenue plantations but they are seldom equivalent to the natural ecosystem existing before the development. The situation becomes critical with incessant movement of vehicles on these roads contributing further in release of Green house gases and other suspended particulate matters. Pollutants released in air by vehicles travels to farther areas, posing an imminent health threat for humans as well as wildlife.
In this respect Ministry of Road, Transport, Highways & Shipping has recently unveiled Green Highway Policy - 2015 with the vision "to develop highways for economic development and growth in a sustainable manner with participation of local self government/private agencies/forest department".
The policy envisions participatory approach for development of green corridors along highways, which will help in sequestering GHG emissions and will also create millions of man-days' of employment. National Green Highways Mission- NHAI has been given the responsibility to implement the Green Highway project and provision of 1% of the Total Project Cost (TPC) of all National Highway projects has been made for Green Corridor development along National Highways.
The concern for neutralizing ill effects of pollutions is shared globally; various researches, case studies and pilot projects conducted over the years identifies green belt as the effective means of pollution control. As Green belts have to face stressed climatic conditions involving intake of high level of pollutants (SO2, CO, CO2 & NOX & SPM), it is important to select species with high pollution tolerance index and effective pollution sorption capacity.
GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT Vehicles are the mobile sources of gaseous as well as particulate pollution. Components of green belts on roadside hence should be both absorbers of gases as well as of dust particulates including even lead particulates. The choice of plants should include shrubs of heights between 1 to 4 m and tree of 3 to 205 m height, the intermixing of trees and shrubs should be such that the foliage area density in vertical is almost uniform. A green belt of such a design and having width of 30 to 50 m will enable higher pollution attenuation capacity.
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For any green belt development Tree/shrub species shall be selected based on its ecological importance, economic value and suitability for roadside plantation. The focus shall be on planting native tree/shrubs species with ecological importance contributing towards higher GHG sequestration, soil-water conservation, nitrogen fixation etc. Tree/shrubs species with economic benefits such as fuel, fodder, flower, fruit and timber value shall also be given due consideration.
The objectives of roadside plantation as envisaged in Green Highway Policy-2015 are
To develop a systematic framework for plantation along National Highways To reduce the impact of air pollution and dust To provide shade on glaring hot roads during summers To reduce the impact of noise pollution due to rising traffic To reduce soil erosion at embankment slopes To reduce the effect of wind and incoming UV radiation
PLANTATION SPECIES MATRIX Not every tree/shrub species is capable in fulfilling the objectives as desired for green corridor. Plantation Species Matrix is a mathematical decision making tool for selection of suitable tree/shrub species for roadside plantations.
For identification of suitable tree/shrubs an Excel based model has been developed which compares different plant species on three fundamental Principals- Ecological, Economic & Aesthetics. The criteria and indicators for the model were developed based on the Central Pollution Control Board, MoEF guidelines for Green Corridor Development and in compliance to the existing guidelines (IRC SP 21:2009) of Indian Road Congress for plantation and landscaping.
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CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF TREE/SHRUB SPECIES
Economic Sustainability
Highways for Sustainable Environment
Aesthetics & Road Ecologiclal Safety Security
Economic Aesthetics & Road Environment Conservation Sustainability Safety Min. Eligibility Suitability to a Agro
Criteria climatic zone Pollution Attenuation Criteria-1 Utility Height Capability Criteria-2 Evergreen or Deciduous Ease of Criteria-3 Growth Rate Flowering Pattern Maintenance Criteria-4 Tolerant/Stressed
ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION
AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE It is assumed that the plantations will be managed through silviculture operations, thus enabling use of manures required to fulfill any micro nutrients deficiency found in the soil. Similarly irrigation facility can be managed to avoid water stressed conditions. But to create a micro climate suitable for natural growth of tree/shrub is not possible on a large scale. Hence, the species suitable to particular agro-climatic conditions can be eligible for further evaluation.
Agro climatic zones provides important information about edaphic factors such as Soil characteristics (Texture, pH, drainage) etc and climatic variables such as rain fall and temperature. Any species which is suitable to a particular climatic zone will be eligible for further evaluation on the mathematical model of Plantation Species Matrix.
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As per the planning commission report India has been divided into 15 Agro-climatic zones which are further sub divided into sub zones.
1. Pollution Attenuation Capability
Every tree/shrub species has different capability for sorption, which depends on various factors such as its Canopy Size, Leaf Area, Stomata Size, tolerance capability etc. It is also important to mention that in moist conditions tree/shrubs show higher pollution sorption capacity.
The pollution attenuation factor (Af) for sources releasing at ground level is given by: Af = Qwa/ QB Af = ratio of mass flux of pollutant reaching at distance X1 and X2 in the absence of GB (QWB) to the mass flux reaching at the same distance in the presence of the GB (QB).
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Relationship of aforesaid indicators with Pollution attenuation criteria is described in detail:
a. Canopy shape & size Dense foliage helps in better trapping of pollutants and also works as wind break. Openness in canopy allows better filtration capacity whereas large canopy surface area works as noise barrier.
b. Leaf Area Larger leaf size helps in greater retention of pollutants. Leaf area density has direct correlation with pollution attenuation coefficient. Large and broad leaves with axilliary hairs have better dust retention capacity; similarly leaves with complex shape and large circumference posses' higher dust capture capability.
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c. Stomatal Index
Phyllosphere is the sink site for pollutant. Stomatal apertures inside phyllosphere is the entry point for gaseous pollutants where it gets absorbed and further converted into sugars and amino acids by mesophyll cells through metabolism process. Stomatal index is deduced by measuring the size of guard cells through microscope. High stomatal density, high index and large stomata give high transpiration rate thereby allowing higher sorption capacity.
2. Evergreen or Deciduous Longer duration of foliage enables round the year sorption capacity. Thus, evergreen trees/shrubs will have higher pollution attenuation coefficient as compared to deciduous or semi –deciduous tree/shrubs
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3. Growth Rate Trees/shrubs with higher growth rate are able to reach maturity earlier. Early formation of Canopy is better for pollution sorption as well as for creating barrier for noise.
4. Tolerant or Stressed
Vehicles emit various kinds of pollutants. Primary pollutants are SO2 , NOX, SPM and HF. There may be cases where a particular species can hold on one type of pollutant better but is sensitive towards the other, resulting in damage to the plant. Selection of species with tolerance capability for primary pollutants helps in maintaining the longevity of green belt.
ECONOMIC VIABILITY 1. Ease of Maintenance Tree/shrubs which can survive in water stressed and micro nutrient deficient soil will have higher survival ratio. Also tree/shrubs whose leaves are not palatable can survive without protection. Thus hardy species with less monitoring requirement are expected to provide better results in remote locations.
2. Utility Plants have different economic and social usage Plants which can provide fruit, fodder, flower, fuel-wood or commercial timber value are likely to be conserved for inherent benefits. Sustainable harvesting of commercially desirable tree/shrubs will ensure economically viability of plantation management operations.
AESTHETIC & ROAD SAFETY Indian Road Congress in (IRC) SP 21:2009 provides exhaustive guidelines for plantation and landscaping with the point of view of maintaining aesthetic beauty of highways and also ensuring road safety. Plantation of similar type of tree/shrubs in a row along the median & avenue provides homogeneity to the landscape and is also soothing to eye of the commuter. Similarly selection of tree species with appropriate height helps in reducing glare of light from the vehicles. Ornamental trees/shrubs with longer duration of flowering season can provide round the year panoramic view.
OPERATION MODEL FOR PLANTATION SPECIES MATRIX Over 200 tree/shrub species were compared and assessed on this tool for identifying the best suitable species for green belt plantation. The weightage allotted to different edaphic and climatic characteristics of tree species have been mentioned in the Scoring Matrix.
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S.no Characteristics Score Remarks Any species which has shown tolerance for primary pollutants of vehicular emission have been rated tolerant Tolerance/ 1 1/0 and sensitive species have been categorized as Stressed. Stressed Tolerant species have been given a fixed score of 1 mark and stressed species have got 0 marks. Evergreen/ Semi- Evergreen trees/shrubs have been given 1 marks, semi- 2 deciduous/ 1/0/5/0 deciduous have been given 0.5 marks and deciduous have /Deciduous got 0 marks. Growth rate of the tree/shrub have been classified in three categories Fast –Species which can grow in very short span of time - Growth Rate 1 Marks 3 (Fast/ Quick/ 1/0.5/0 Quick- Species which can grow in short span of time – 0.5 Slow) marks Slow- Species which requires longer duration to grow – 0 marks The tree/shrub in the database having highest canopy Canopy Surface 4 1 surface area has been given 1 mark and others have been Area given score relative to the tree with highest CSA. The tree/shrub in the database having highest leaf area 5 Leaf Area 1 has been given 1 mark and others have been given score relative to the tree with highest LA. The tree/shrub in the database having highest stomatal 6 Stomatal Index 1 index has been given 1 mark and others have been given score relative to the tree with highest SI. Canopy Shape Spreading Canopy - 1 Mark (Spreading/ 1/0.75/ Round Canopy- 0.75 marks 7 Round/Oblong/ 0.5/ 0.25/ Oblong Canopy – 0.5 marks Flat-crown/ 0 Flat Crown – 0.25 marks Conical) Conical - 0 mark Trees/shrubs having round the year flowering season Flowering 8 0.5 have been given 0.5 marks and others have been rated Seasonality relative to them. Trees with highest recorded uses have been given 1 mark 9 Utility 1 and others have been rated relative to the tree/shrub with highest UI. Total 8.5
Based on the above mentioned scoring methodology tree/shrub have been given score out of 8.5 marks. Brief results of 50 top scoring tree/shrub species have been shown for reference. Comprehensive database is enclosed at Annexure – 1.
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Common Stressed/ Growth Evergreen/ Scientific Name Type Score Name Tolerant Rate Deciduous
Azadirachta indica Neem tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 5.7103
Tamarindus indica tamarind Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 5.4609 Linn
Cocos nucifera Linn Coconut tree Tree Tolerant Slow Evergreen 5.1685
Thorny Bambusa arundinacia Shrub Tolerant fast Evergreen 4.9222 bamboo Ficus benghalensis Banyan Tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.7907 Linn
Zizyphus mauritiana Ber Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.7104
Caesalpinia White gold Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.567 pulcherrima mahur
Trema oreintalis Charcoal tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.5319
Alstonia scholaris Devil tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.5103
Peltophorum Copper pod Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.4574 pterocarpum tree
Samanea saman Jacq Rain tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.4525
Duranta repens Duranta Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.4037
Anona squamosa Linn Custard Apple Tree Tolerant Fast Evergreen 4.4004
Dendrocalamus lathi bans Shrub Tolerant fast Evergreen 4.4 strictus
Thespesia populnea Umbrella tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.393
Iron wood Cassia siamea Lamk Tree Tolerant Fast Evergreen 4.3719 tree
Anthocephalus kadam Tree Tolerant Fast Deciduous 4.341 chinensis
Prosopis cineraria khejri Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.3218 Linn India Acacia nilotica Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.2974 gum/babul
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Ficus semicordata Drooping fig Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.2961
Madhuca longifolia Mahua Tree Tolerant Quick evergreen 4.2912
Barringtonia powder-puff Tree Tolerant Fast Evergreen 4.275 racemosa Roxb tree
Ficus benjamina Linn Weeping fig Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.2565
Pongamia Derris indica Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.2362 pinnata
Terminalia Arjuna Arjun Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.2147
Tabernaemantana crape jasmine Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.2138 divaricata Golden Bambusa vulgaris Shrub Tolerant fast Evergreen 4.2 bamboo Acacia farnesiana Cassia flower Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1917 Heterophragma Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1842 roxburghii DC Umbrella Acacia tortilis Hayne Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1833 thorn tree Bullock's Anona reticulata Linn Tree Tolerant Fast Evergreen 4.1614 heart
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Jasud Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1579
Guazma ulmifolio Rudraksh Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1451 Lamk Barringtonia India oak Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1361 acutangula Ficus elastica Rubber tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1233
Cassia pumila Lamk Yellow cassia Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1124
Prosopis chilensis Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.112 Prosopis pallida kiawe Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.1083
Dalbergia sisso Roxb Sheesham Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.0876
The persian Melia azdirachta Linn Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.0762 lilac
Citrus aurantium Linn bitter orange Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.0686
Kigelia africana Lamk Sausage tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.0467
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Calophyllium Alexandrian Tree Tolerant Slow Evergreen 4.0449 inophyllum Linn laurel
Ficus gibbosa Blume Datir Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.0299
Hamelia patens Scarlet bush Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.995
Aphanamixis Rohituka tree Tree Tolerant Slow Evergreen 3.9876 polystachya
Tree/Shrub suitable to agro climatic zone and having good score on plantation species matrix can be considered for Green belt plantation. Top 30 tree/shrub species for Western Himalayan Agro Climatic Zone specifically for High Altitude Temperate sub zone are mentioned below. Comprehensive database for respective agro climatic zones are enclosed at Annexure- 2.
Scientific Common Stressed/ Growth Evergreen Utility Type Height Score Name Name Tolerant Rate Deciduous Index Azadirachta Neem Tree Tolerant Quick 20 Evergreen 4 5.71 indica tree Tamarindus tamarind Tree Tolerant Quick 20 Evergreen 3 5.46 indica Linn Ficus Banyan benghalensis Tree Tolerant Quick 20 Evergreen 1 4.79 Tree Linn Zizyphus Ber Tree Tolerant Quick 10 Evergreen 4 4.71 mauritiana
India Acacia nilotica gum/ Tree Tolerant Quick 8 Evergreen 2 4.29 babul Ficus Drooping Tree Tolerant Quick 10 Evergreen 1 4.29 semicordata fig Ficus Weeping benjamina Tree Tolerant Quick 12 Evergreen 1 4.25 fig Linn Terminalia Arjun Tree Tolerant Quick 15 Evergreen 3 4.21 Arjuna Tabernaemant crape Shrub Tolerant Quick 3 Evergreen 1 4.21 ana divaricata jasmine Rubber Ficus elastica Tree Tolerant Quick 12 Evergreen 2 4.12 tree Ficus gibbosa Datir Tree Tolerant Quick 10 Evergreen 1 4.02 Blume
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Aphanamixis Rohituka Tree Tolerant Slow 13 Evergreen 2 3.98 polystachya tree Acacia Climbing Shrub Tolerant Quick 8 Evergreen 1 3.90 pennata Wattle Meilletia Moulmein Tree Tolerant Quick 10 Evergreen 1 3.89 peguensis Rosewod Ficus religiosa Peepal Tree Tolerant Slow 20 Evergreen 1 3.81 Linn Buchanania Chironji Tree Tolerant Quick 13 Evergreen 2 3.77 lanzan spreng yellow Tecoma stans trumpet Shrub Tolerant Quick 5 Evergreen 2 3.73 Linn bush
Acacia catechu khair Shrub Tolerant Quick 3 Evergreen 2 3.69
Albizia lebbeck Siris tree Tree Tolerant Quick 20 Deciduous 3 3.68
Uimus Kashmir wallichiana Tree Tolerant Quick 15 Evergreen 2 3.65 elm Planch Eucalyptus Mysore Tree Tolerant Quick 20 Evergreen 3 3.63 hybrid gum Acacia Silver Tree Tolerant Quick 15 Evergreen 2 3.58 dealbata Link Wattle
Albizia Silk Tree Tree Tolerant Quick 15 Evergreen 2 3.56 moluccana
Albizia odoratissima Black siris Tree Tolerant Quick 18 Evergreen 2 3.52 Benth
Ailanthus Tree of Tree Tolerant Quick 12 Deciduous 4 3.42 altissima heaven
Aegle Bel tree Tree Tolerant Slow 12 Evergreen 2 3.32 marmelos Dalbergia India rose semi Tree Tolerant Quick 20 1 3.28 latifolia Roxb wood deciduous
SELECTING APPROPRIATE SPECIES FOR MEDIAN PLANTATION The shortlisted tree/shrub species were further evaluated for their suitability for median plantation based on (IRC) SP 21:2009 guidelines, pollution resistant dwarf tree/shrub species are preferred in the median to prevent glare from the vehicles moving in opposite direction during night, whereas flowering shrubs enhances the aesthetic beauty of the
National Green Highways Mission Page 15 highway. Following 20 species have been found appropriate for median plantation. Agro Climatic zone specific median plantation species can be referred from Annexure -3.
Common Stressed/ Growth Evergreen/ Flowering Scientific Name Type Score Name Tolerant Rate Deciduous Season
throughout Duranta repens Duranta Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.40 the year Tabernaemantana crape throughout Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.21 divaricata jasmine the year Hibiscus rosa- throughout Jasud Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.15 sinensis the year
Hamelia patens Scarlet bush Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Oct-Jan 3.99
Bougainvillea throughout Bougainvillea Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.97 spectabilis the year Murraya Kamini Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen June-Oct 3.96 paniculata Clerodendrum Banjai Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Nov-Jan 3.94 inerme Climbing Acacia pennata Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen June-Aug 3.90 Wattle Clerodendrum Hin Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Oct-Jan 3.79 infortunatum Lawsonia inermis Henna Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen April-July 3.79 Linn Grewia falsa Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Apr-June 3.77 subinequalis
Zizyphus oenoplia Jackal jujube Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Dec-Feb 3.77
Calotropis Swallow wart Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen December 3.75 procera
Ricinus communis Castor Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Sep-Oct 3.74
Tecoma stans yellow Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Feb-April 3.73 Linn trumpet bush May- Acacia catechu khair Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.69 August Common Sesbania sesban Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Aug-Dec 3.63 sesban Prosopis Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Dec-Feb 3.62 stephaniana Poinciana peacock Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Oct-Jan 3.61 pulcherrima flower
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Zizyphus rugosa lao Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Dec-Feb 3.57 Lamk Zizyphus xylopyra Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Apr-June 3.57 Wild
There are certain small trees with ornamental value which can also be considered for median plantations, a small list is mentioned below:
Common Stressed/ Evergreen/ Flowering Scientific Name Type Height Score Name Tolerant Deciduous Season
Caesalpinia White gold throughout Tree Tolerant 4 Evergreen 4.56 pulcherrima mahur the year Acacia Cassia Tree Tolerant 5 Evergreen Aug-March 4.19 farnesiana flower Citrus bitter Tree Tolerant 5 Evergreen Sept-Nov 4.06 aurantium Linn orange Acacia Safed Khair Tree Tolerant 4 Evergreen Jan-Feb 3.98 ferruginea Callistemon Bottle throughout Tree Tolerant 5 Evergreen 3.96 citrinus brush the year
SELECTING APPROPRIATE SPECIES FOR AVENUE PLANTATION One of the main objectives of Roadside Avenue is to provide shade. These tree species should be of local significance and should be mostly evergreen in nature, which ensure no substantial leaf-fall in winters preventing the problem of blockage of roadside drains. Depending on the available ROW, plantation pattern should be worked out as follows: i) The first row along the Highways will be of small to medium sized ornamental trees. ii) Subsequent rows, depending on the availability of width, will comprise of ornamental and/or shade bearing species, of more height than those in the first row. iii) In rural sections, the last row will always be of shade bearing tall trees.
List of tree/shrub species suitable for Row I is mentioned below
Common Stressed/ Growth Evergreen/ Scientific Name Type Utility Row I Name Tolerant Rate Deciduous
Caesalpinia White gold Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen Ornamental 4.56 pulcherrima mahur
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Medicinal, Charcoal Trema oreintalis Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen fuel-wood , 4.53 tree fiber
Duranta repens Duranta Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Ornamental 4.40
Tabernaemanta crape Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen ornamental 4.21 na divaricata jasmine Acacia Cassia medicinal, Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.19 farnesiana flower fodder Hibiscus rosa- Jasud Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen ornamental 4.15 sinensis Citrus bitter fruit, Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 4.06 aurantium Linn orange medicinal Scarlet Ornamental, Hamelia patens Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.99 bush medicinal Acacia utility wood Safed Khair Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.98 ferruginea items, gum Murraya medicinal & Kamini Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.96 paniculata bee-keeping Callistemon Bottle Tree Tolerant Slow Evergreen ornamental 3.96 citrinus brush Clerodendrum medicinal, Banjai Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.94 inerme ornamental Saraca asoka Ashoka Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen ornamental 3.93 Roxb. flame of Ixora coccinea Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen ornamental 3.92 woods
Ixora rosea Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen ornamental 3.89
Ixora arborea medicinal, Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.86 Roxb ornamental Clerodendrum Hin Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen medicinal 3.79 infortunatum Lawsonia Henna Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen Beauty care 3.79 inermis Linn Gardenia floriculture, Gandharaj Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.79 jasminoides dye Zizyphus Jackal medicinal, Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.77 oenoplia jujube dry fruit medicinal, Calotropis Swallow Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen floriculture, 3.75 procera wart fibre Ricinus medicinal , Castor Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.74 communis ornamental Tecoma stans yellow ornamental, Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.73 Linn trumpet fodder
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Fuel-wood, Acacia catechu khair Shrub Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.69 fodder, food Psidium guayava Medicinal, Guava tree Tree Tolerant Quick Evergreen 3.68 Linn Fruit
List of tree/shrub species suitable for Row II & Row III is mentioned below
Scientific Common Stressed/ Evergreen/ Type Utility Row II Row III Name Name Tolerant Deciduous
Fruit, Azadirachta medicinal, Neem tree Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 5.71 indica food, organic pesticide fruit, Tamarindus tamarind Tree Tolerant Evergreen medicinal, - 5.46 indica Linn food Cocos nucifera Coconut ornamental, Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 5.16 Linn tree fiber, fruit fiber, timber, Bambusa Thorny Shrub Tolerant Evergreen food, - 4.92 arundinacia bamboo handicraft Ficus Banyan benghalensis Tree Tolerant Evergreen Religious - 4.79 Tree Linn Fodder, fruit, Zizyphus timber, Ber Tree Tolerant Evergreen 4.71 - mauritiana biodiesel, medicinal medicinal Alstonia Devil tree Tree Tolerant Evergreen and utility - 4.51 scholaris wood Peltophorum Copper pod Ornamental, Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 4.45 pterocarpum tree fodder Samanea Rain tree Tree Tolerant Evergreen ornamental - 4.45 saman Jacq Anona Custard Tree Tolerant Evergreen fruit, 4.40 - squamosa Linn Apple Dendrocalamu lathi bans Shrub Tolerant Evergreen utility, - 4.4 s strictus Thespesia Umbrella Tree Tolerant Evergreen handicraft 4.39 - populnea tree Cassia siamea Iron wood food, Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 4.37 Lamk tree medicinal
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ornamental, timber, Anthocephalus kadam Tree Tolerant Deciduous paper - 4.34 chinensis making, floriculture Prosopis Fuel-wood, khejri Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 4.32 cineraria Linn fodder, food medicinal, India Acacia nilotica Tree Tolerant Evergreen fuel-wood , 4.29 - gum/babul fodder Ficus Drooping Tree Tolerant Evergreen fodder 4.29 - semicordata fig Madhuca flower, oil, Mahua Tree Tolerant evergreen - 4.22 longifolia medicinal Barringtonia powder- Tree Tolerant Evergreen 4.27 - racemosa puff tree Ficus Weeping Tree Tolerant Evergreen Habitat - 4.25 benjamina fig Oil tree/ bio-diesel, Derris indica Pongamia Tree Tolerant Evergreen medicinal, 4.23 - pinnata ornamental Terminalia medicinal, Arjun Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 4.21 Arjuna tussar silk, Bambusa Golden Shrub Tolerant Evergreen ornamental - 4.2 vulgaris bamboo Heterophragm Tree Tolerant Evergreen medicinal - 4.18 a roxburghii fodder, Acacia tortilis Umbrella furniture, Tree Tolerant Evergreen 4.18 - Hayne thorn tree gum, aromatic Anona Bullock's Tree Tolerant Evergreen fruit 4.16 - reticulata Linn heart fodder, fuel- Guazma Rudraksh Tree Tolerant Evergreen wood, 4.145 - ulmifolio Lamk medicinal Barringtonia Medicinal, India oak Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 4.13 acutangula ornamental Rubber ornamental, Ficus elastica Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 4.12 tree latex Cassia pumila Yellow gum, food, Tree Tolerant Evergreen - 4.11 Lamk cassia pesticide
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SELECTING APPROPRIATE TREE/SHRUB SPECIES FOR BLOCK PLANTATION There are various land parcels near flyovers and road alignments which are available with NHAI. These lands can be for block plantation of commercial agroforestry crop, which also performs well on Plantation Species Matrix. A list of possible tree species which can be considered for block plantations is mentioned below:
Stressed/ Scientific Name Common Name Type Utility Score Tolerant
Tamarindus indica tamarind Tree Tolerant fruit, medicinal, food 5.46 Linn
Cocos nucifera Linn Coconut tree Tree Tolerant ornamental, fiber, fruit 5.16
Bambusa fiber, timber, food, Thorny bamboo Shrub Tolerant 4.92 arundinacia handicraft Anona squamosa Custard Apple Tree Tolerant fruit, 4.40 Linn Dendrocalamus lathi bans Shrub Tolerant utility, 4.4 strictus
Anthocephalus ornamental, timber, kadam Tree Tolerant 4.34 chinensis paper making, floriculture
Madhuca longifolia Mahua Tree Tolerant flower, oil, medicinal 4.29
Oil tree/ bio-diesel, medicinal, Derris indica Pongamia Tree Tolerant 4.23 ornamental pinnata
Terminalia Arjuna Arjun Tree Tolerant medicinal, tussar silk, 4.21
Dalbergia sisso Roxb Sheesham Tree Tolerant wood, medicinal 4.08
Aphanamixis Rohituka tree Tree Tolerant timber, biodiesel 3.98 polystachya Artocarpus Jack fruit Tree Tolerant food 3.63 heterophylius Lamk
Eucalyptus hybrid Mysore gum Tree Tolerant Pulpwood, Dyes, Oil, 3.63
Achras sapota Sapota Tree Tolerant fruit 3.62
Mangifera indica Mango Tree Stressed fruit, medicinal 3.27
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ornamental, timber, Butea monosperma Palash Tree Tolerant resin, fodder, medicine, 3.26 Lamk and dye
Buchanania lanzan Chironji Tree Tolerant medicinal, dry fruit 3.775 spreng
This list is not exhaustive, plantation of any particular tree/shrub species which fits in the criteria of Plantation Species Matrix can be taken up.
NEGATIVE LIST OF TREE/SHRUB SPECIES There are certain species which have been considered under Negative list of species as some of them have been found invasive, toxic, stressed or performed poorly on the tool. These species may have detrimental effect on other species of green belt or will not fulfill the requirement for pollution sorption. List of 50 such tree/shrub species is mentioned below:
Common Stressed/ Growth Evergreen/ Scientific Name Type Height Score Name Tolerant Rate Deciduous
Populus nigra Lombardy- Tree Stressed Quick 20 Deciduous 0.7 Linn poplar Himalayan Alnus nitidia Endl Tree Stressed Quick 20 Deciduous 0.82 Alder Alnus nepalensis Alder Tree Stressed Quick 20 Deciduous 0.86 White Populus alba Linn Tree Stressed Quick 15 Deciduous 1.2 poplar Populus ciliata himalayan Tree Stressed Quick 20 Deciduous 1.2 Wall poplar
Populus deltaides Caroline Tree Stressed Quick 20 Deciduous 1.2 Bartr poplar
Populus India poplar Tree Stressed Quick 10 Deciduous 1.2 euphratica Olivier Coriaria Mussarie Shrub Stressed Quick 5 Deciduous 1.25 nepalensis Wall berry Himalayan Acer campbellii Tree Stressed Quick 12 Deciduous 1.5 maple Betula alnoides Indian birch Tree Stressed Quick 15 Deciduous 1.52 Ash leaved Acer negundo Tree Stressed Quick 12 Deciduous 1.7 maple Corylus colurna Turkish Tree tolerant Quick 10 Deciduous 1.7
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hazel Ouigeinia sandan Tree Tolerant Quick 12 Deciduous 1.78 oojeinensis Acacia sinuata Shikakai shrub Tolerant Quick 10 1.9 Jacaranda Gulmohar Tree Stressed Quick 10 Deciduous 1.93 mimosaefolia Plyalthia false ashoka Tree Stressed Quick 15 Evergreen 2.06 longifolia Strychnos nux- poison nut Tree Tolerant Quick 12 Deciduous 2.22 vomica
Pinus kesiya khasi pine Tree Stressed Slow 10 Evergreen 2.24
Adina cordifolia Haldu Tree Tolerant Slow 20 Deciduous 2.24 Roxb Salix tetrasperma Indian Tree Tolerant Quick 15 Deciduous 2.25 Roxb. willow
Aesculus indica Himalayan Tree Stressed Quick 20 Deciduous 2.25 Hook chestnut
Delonix regia Flame tree Tree Stressed Quick 15 Deciduous 2.27 Sterculia guttata Kukur Tree Tolerant Quick 15 Deciduous 2.28 Roxb.
Pinus roxburghii Chir pine Tree Stressed Slow 10 Evergreen 2.31
Himalayan Pinus wallichiana Tree Stressed Slow 12 Evergreen 2.31 pine Sterculia foetida Jangli Tree Tolerant Quick 15 Deciduous 2.32 Linn Badam Juniperus Common Shrub Stressed Quick 10 Evergreen 2.33 communis juniper Bauhinia Kanchan Shrub Tolerant Quick 3 Deciduous 2.45 acuminata Linn Kashmir Salix fragilis Linn Tree Tolerant Quick 18 Deciduous 2.52 Willow
Terminalia alata Saaja Tree Tolerant Quick 20 Deciduous 2.52
European Salix alba Linn Tree Tolerant Quick 20 Deciduous 2.52 willow Gliricidia sepium Cocoo Tree Tolerant Quick 10 Deciduous 2.54 Bauhinia Banraj Tree Tolerant Quick 5 Deciduous 2.56 racemosa Lamk Bauhinia semla Semla Tree Tolerant Quick 10 Deciduous 2.57 Wanderlin Salix caprea Linn The sallow Shrub Tolerant Quick 5 Deciduous 2.59
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Acacia mellifera black thorn Tree Tolerant Quick 10 Deciduous 2.60
champion Quercus rubra Tree Tolerant Quick 15 Deciduous 2.65 Oak Aleurites fordii Tung tree Tree Tolerant Quick 8 Deciduous 2.67 Acacia Safed Babul Shrub Tolerant Quick 3 Deciduous 2.67 leucophloea Acacia mearnsii Black Wattle Tree Tolerant Quick 20 Evergreen 3.5 de wild
Nerium indicum oleander Shrub Tolerant Quick 5 Evergreen 3.65
Gigantic Calotropis swallow Shrub Tolerant Quick 5 Evergreen 3.75 gigantea wart
Thevetia yellow Shrub Tolerant Quick 6 Evergreen 4.04 peruviana oleander
Lantana camara Lantana Shrub Tolerant Quick 3 Evergreen 4.12 Linn
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BIBLIOGRAPHY B.D. Tripathi, S. P. (October,2008). Anticipated Performance Index of Tree. Journal of Environment Management .
ENVIS Centre, C. (2000). Guidelines for Developing Green Belts.
IRC. Guidelines on Landscaping & Tree Plantation.
Air Pollution and Plants: A State-of-The-Art-Report. Ed. Subramanyam G V D.N. Rao
C K Varshney and D K Biswas: Mintstry of Environ. and Forests, Govt of India. 1985 pp193.
Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants Ed. T.A. Mansf1eld. Society for Expenmental Series 1 Cambridge Univ. Press. 1976.
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