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Management-Oriented Environmental Research In Management-Oriented Environmental Research in Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone HKKH Technical Paper Franco Salerno, Bastian Flury, Sudeep Thakuri, Marcello Basani, Ramesh Maskey, Sanjay Khanal, Atindra Sapkota, Dinesh Bhuju, Pramod Jha and Silu Bhochibhoya Ev-K2-CNR Project Activity Code (s): A.1.2.2 August 2009 This document was produced in the framework of the Project ‘Institutional Consolidation for the Coordinated and Integrated Monitoring of Natural Resources towards Sustainable Development and Environmental Conservation in the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya Mountain Complex’ financed by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs – DGCS. The presentation of material in this document and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of any of the agencies involved, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 2 of 187 LIST OF ACRONYMS AKRSP Aga Khan Rural Support Program BZMC Buffer Zone Management Council CAS Chinese Academy for Science and Technology CBO Community-based Organization CC Climate Change CESVI Cooperazione e Sviluppo CFU Community Forming Unit CKNP Central Karakoram National Park in Pakistan DDO Dobani Development Organization DEM Digital Elevation Model DESE Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (Kathmandu University) DGCS Directorate General for Development Cooperation, Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation DST Decision Support Toolbox EMM Ecosystem Management Model Ev-K2-CNR Ev-K2-CNR Committee GIS Geographic Information System GLOF Glacial lake outburst flood GPS Global Positioning System HKKH Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalaya HLF Himalaya Light Foundation ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development ICT Information and Communication Technologies IGSNRR Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research at Chinese Academy for Science and Technology INGO International non-Governmental Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KU Kathmandu University MGPO Mountain Glacier Protection Organization MoU Memorandum of Understanding MRD Mountain Research and Development (journal) MSc Master of Science NAST Nepal Academy of Science and Technology NGO Non-governmental Organization PhD Doctor of Philosophy (doctoral degree) QNP Quomolongma Nature Preserve RDBMS Relational Data Base Management System SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SNP Sagarmatha National Park SNPBZ Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone SPCC Sagarmatha Pollution Control Committee SWM Solid Waste Management TAR-China Tibet Autonomous Region of PR China TRPAP Tourism for Rural Poverty Alleviation Project UNDP United Nations Development Programme UV Ultra-violet light VDC Village Development Committee WQL Water Quality Laboratory (in Namche) WWF World Wildlife Fund 3 of 187 Table of contents 1 Executive Summary.......................................................................................... 13 1.1 Sagarmatha National Park ........................................................................................ 14 1.2 Background of the research carried out in SNPBZ ................................................... 15 2 Water pollution.................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Authors...................................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Background ............................................................................................................... 16 2.4 Methods .................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 water quality analysis (physical, chemical and micro-biological parameters).................18 2.4.2 nutrient-content analysis on different types of waste ......................................................21 2.4.3 Survey on potential and actual sources of water pollution..............................................22 2.4.4 Phycological analysis to assess autodepurative capacity of streams.............................22 2.5 Data........................................................................................................................... 22 2.5.1 Data collected for water pollution model .........................................................................22 2.5.2 Research raw data ..........................................................................................................23 2.6 Findings..................................................................................................................... 31 2.6.1 Biological contamination..................................................................................................31 2.6.2 Nitrate ..............................................................................................................................32 2.6.3 Phosphorus .....................................................................................................................32 2.6.4 Heavy metals...................................................................................................................34 2.6.5 Other parameters ............................................................................................................34 2.6.6 Algae ...............................................................................................................................35 2.6.7 Fertilizer use....................................................................................................................35 2.6.8 Sanitation.........................................................................................................................35 2.7 Discussion................................................................................................................. 35 2.8 Management options................................................................................................. 36 2.8.1 Build septic tanks (evaluation of this option in the model possible)................................36 2.8.2 Improve management of septic tanks .............................................................................37 2.8.3 Check use of chemical fertilizers.....................................................................................37 2.9 References................................................................................................................ 38 3 Indoor Air Quality and Respiratory Health in Thame, SNP...........................40 3.1 Authors...................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 41 3.3 Background ............................................................................................................... 41 3.4 Methods .................................................................................................................... 41 4 of 187 3.4.1 Questionnaire ..................................................................................................................44 3.5 Data........................................................................................................................... 47 3.6 Findings..................................................................................................................... 49 3.7 Discussion................................................................................................................. 51 3.8 Management options................................................................................................. 51 Building new chimneys (evaluation of this option in the model possible)......................................51 3.9 References................................................................................................................ 51 4 Forest condition and anthropogenic pressure on forests in SNP................ 53 4.1 Authors...................................................................................................................... 53 4.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 53 4.3 Background ............................................................................................................... 54 4.4 Methods .................................................................................................................... 55 4.5 Data........................................................................................................................... 60 4.5.1 Plant specimen and floristic data.....................................................................................60 4.5.2 Forest structure and community characteristics..............................................................60 4.5.3 Human impact on forest condition...................................................................................61 4.6 Findings..................................................................................................................... 72 4.6.1 Exposure and Coverage..................................................................................................72
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