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International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review Thinking In International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review Available Online at: www.ijcrr.info ISSN: 0976-4852 Volume 11|Issue 01, January, 2020| Corresponding Author: Thinking in the Future of Plant Taxonomy Wafaa Kamal Taia Received: 2019-12-21 Accepted 2020-01-08 Wafaa Kamal Taia Publish Online 2020-01-09 Alexandria University- Faculty of Science-Botany and Microbiology Department-Alexandria-Egypt DOI: https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v11i01.776 Abstract: This review is a trial to summarize the history of plant taxonomy to understand the situation of the taxonomical works and their progression. Taxonomy starts as an artificial classification and gradually with the increase of knowledge, civilization and facilities, plant taxonomy developed. Here, the most affected steps in the progression of plant taxonomy have been mentioned. Starting from the oldest period of using vegetative, floral and anatomical characters to the most recent works on palynology, chemotaxonomy and molecular biological data. Thinking of the modern plant taxonomy has been mentioned in response to the environmental changes and peoples thinking. Experimental biology and breeding experiments must be done to understand the way of speciation and to protect the wild species from extinction. Taxonomy must be cooperating with ecology for better understanding of the changing in the taxonomic characters and to precise identifications. Taxonomists have to survey the vegetation and try to find ways to protect the plants. We have to understand the relationships between the taxa in the populations. We have to modulate our thinking according to the new situation. Meanwhile the environmental conditions and their effect on plant characters must be kept in mind, as new species may arise and other extinct Key words: Anatomy- Chemotaxonomy- Future- morphology- Palynology-Taxonomy. Introduction: objects in order to produce similar groups, is from Taxonomy, which is the science of grouping and the objectives of taxonomy. It is a necessary organizes any things according to morphological process of all living creatures to maintain an similarities, has been known from the first day of overview of the complex environment around them human creature. To predict the future of plant by reducing the amount of information captured by taxonomy, we have to scan how this branch perception. Modern biology and as well as developed through time. If we go through the ecology, pharmacology and all aspects of history of plant taxonomy science we can knowledge could evolve only when a universal understand how peoples were in need to organize classification of all living beings was finally and classify everything in their surroundings possible, first proposed by Carolus Linnaeus in according to their needs and uses. Gradually and 1735. A species without a name does not exist in with the increase in knowledge, materials, ways terms of science and conservation. Each plant and techniques of examinations and analyses, this species has a unique scientific name that is the tag branch of science developed gradually. that allows it to be found, counted, researched, and Classification, which is the grouping of similar International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review www.ijcrr.info , Vol. 11, Issue. 01 Page no: 20212-20218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v11i01.776 Page | 20212 Wafaa Kamal Taia / Thinking In the Future of Plant Taxonomy monitored, and the index key that retrieves natural system. From the time of Theophrastus everything we know about it from the Internet, (372-287 BC) till Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) books, studies, databases and specimens. The vegetative and floral characters were the main specimens in turn document the physical attributes ways for classifying plants. Thus, the modern of plant, and its geographic distribution. When we taxonomists have agreed to consider the year 1753 mention the science of taxonomy, here in this as the starting point of nomenclature of paper, plant taxonomy will be our main interest. Phanerogams, Pteridophyta, and Sphagnum. In Taxonomy is the work that gives the plant its Linnaeus “Philosophia Botanica” principles of scientific name and classifies it among all the other botanical nomenclature have been laid down, plants in the world. The classification give us which later formed the basis of the International information about which other species are related Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Till now, and to our plant, and thus indexes yet more information more recently, many taxonomists still relay on about it – such as the diseases that attack its morphological variations between taxa. Few relatives, poisonous chemicals or drugs it contains. examples of such works are those of Taia and Taxonomy is the same as other areas of biology; it Ismael (1994 a, b& 1995) on the vegetative and develops with the increase of the available floral morphological characters of family information. More information is always useful, caryophyllaceae in Egypt. Taia (1994) and Taia and sometimes makes us change our minds; in Mohammed (1994 & 1995) continued their works taxonomy a ranking change based on new found on the seed morphology of the caryophyllaceae. information which takes the form of a change in Borba et al. (2002) who made a morphometric scientific name or taxonomic position. analyses of vegetative and floral characters in 21 populations of five Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) Classification, generally speaking, may be and their results were in agree with the taxonomic described as the arrangement of plants into groups delimitation of the species. Mbagwu and Onuoha of objects or phenomena which are related to one (2007) studied the floral and vegetative another by the possession of certain genes giving morphology on five variants of genus Viscum and some characters in common. The principle of their investigation showed some variations that classification, is one which is "inherent in the could be exploited taxonomically. Moawed et human mind"; it is a principle " which we find al.(2015) studied the macro- and pervading all science, and without which all micromorphological beside vein architectural knowledge would exist as a disorderly and characters of 34 taxa of Euphorbiaceae (14 genera, shapeless mass, too huge for the memory to grasp 29 species and eight varieties) which facilitate the and too heterogeneous for the understanding to recognition of the studied species. Taia al. (2015 employ." & 2017) studied the vegetative and floral Brief History of the Progression in Taxonomical variations between the Fagonia species in both Tools: Egypt and Libya. Mobarak et al. (2017) studied the morphological variation among Moringa oleifera If we go to the history of the tools of populations in 8 sites in Egypt. They concluded classifications, we have to start from vegetative that the variations in the morphology of this morphological tool. This was the first way of species in the different population may be not only classifying plants according to the similarity in related to environmental conditions, but also shape, life forms and span, leaf and stem genetic differences within species. El-Gazar et al. characters. Really, it is very important tool till now (2018) studied 58 morphological characters in 76 as mentioned by Davis and Heywood (1973) that species from family Asclepiadaceae R.Br. and the neglect of vegetative morphological characters recognized two groups representing two considered from the serious errors in the history of subfamilies. Soliman et al. (2018) studied the classification and delay the achievement of a morphological variations among members of International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review www.ijcrr.info , Vol. 11, Issue. 01 Page no: 20212-20218 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v11i01.776 Page | 20213 Wafaa Kamal Taia / Thinking In the Future of Plant Taxonomy Ludwigia stolonifera grown in 32 different Bureau (1864) was the first who apply the internal populations and recorded seven morphotypes structure in plant classification beside the external grown in five different habitats. Amer et al. (2019) morphological characters. After wards taxonomists studied the morphological variations in Brassica start to use the internal structure of the closely nigra growing in 26 different populations and related species. Although Wedell (Monograph of recorded two varieties among this species. Turki et Utricaceae, 1856) had indicated to the possible al. (2019) used the morphological characters, value of using the internal structures of the plants habit, inflorescence type, bract shape, calyx, pod in their taxonomy, but the microscopes were not in shape and seed coat pattern to distinguish between use and the lens was the only way of investigation. the three genera Anthyllis, The first publication of using the internal structure Hymenocarpos and Tripodion. After Linnaeus of the plant in taxonomy was that of Duval-Jouve's plant-taxonomists conceived the idea that the work on the Equisetum (1863) and followed by his plants belonged to some natural groups rather than works on Coniferae and Gnetaceae and by their vegetative and floral characters, and they tried Bureau's work on the Bignoniaceae (1864). to designate and distinguish such groups and tried Gradually, and with the development of the to classify the plant kingdom accordingly. Such examining tools and microscopes, Plant anatomy systems are known as natural systems of becomes a necessary tool in plant taxonomic classification. The natural system of classifications investigations. Bailey
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