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Transformation of the Swahili Stone Houses a Case of Stone Town, Zanzibar TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES A CASE OF STONE TOWN, ZANZIBAR CHAUDHARY JAHANGIR IQBAL B02/39403/2011 BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE 2016/2017 THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES A CASE OF STONE TOWN, ZANZIBAR By CHAUDHARY JAHANGIR IQBAL B02/39403/2011 2016/2017 i DEDICATION To ALLAH the ALMIGHTY, And To my family. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the ALLAH the almighty, the giver of all. To my parents; for all the sacrifices you made and not giving up on me. Am grateful for your love and endless support that you have given me. To my siblings; for all the support you gave me. To the chairman Arch. Musau Kimeu and my tutor, Arch.James Kimanzi , for pushing me beyond my limits and thank you for your , guidance and inspiration that you gave me throughout the process. All lecturers, Department of Architecture and Building science who give insight during the academic course and I thank you for guiding me through the final lap. For my study, I appreciate the Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority office (STCDA) for its help in accessing the various case studies in Zanzibar. In particular, I thank the Director, Issa Makarani, for taking his time to help me understanding the history of Zanzibar and access drawings for selected buildings of study. To Bi. Madina, Bi. Asha, Bi. Sabiha, Bi. Mafunda, Saidi I say thank you for all the assistance given. To Mr Nabil, Mr Yakuub and family I say thank you for all the assistance and support. To my friends and class mates, Thank you for the best and tough times we spent together in ADD. iii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and to the best of my knowledge has not been presented for the award of a degree in the University of Nairobi or any other institution. The thesis is submitted in part fulfilment of the examination requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Architecture degree, Department of Architecture & Building Science, University of Nairobi. Author: CHAUDHARY JAHANGIR IQBAL Signature....................................................................Date................................................................. Tutor: Arch. James Kimanzi Signature……………………………………………Date…………………………………………. Year master: Arch. Erastus Abonyo Signature……………………………………………Date…………………………………………. Chairman, Department of Architecture & Building Science, University Of Nairobi. Arch. Musau Kimeu Signature....................................................................Date................................................................. iv Table of Contents Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................v List of figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....................................................ix List of tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xii List of Terminologies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...xvi CHAPTER ONE 1.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………….2 1.2. Problem statement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 1.3. Aims and objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..2 1.4. Research questions……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………3 1.5. Justification of study…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….3 1.6. Purpose of study………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………3 1.7. Scope of study……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………...4 1.8. Limitations of study……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..4 1.9. Literature reviewed…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………4 1.10. Structure of the paper…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………7 CHAPTER TWO 2.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………...………………………….......11 2.1. Theories behind transformation………………………………………………………………………………………………….......11 2.2. The theory of determinants of form…………………………………………………………………………………….......………..12 2.3. Summary of precedent studies on transformation of house built forms………………………………………………….......……...12 2.4. Historical background of Stone Town, Zanzibar………………………………………………………………………….......……..13 2.4.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….......…………....13 2.4.2. Early Arab rule and rise of Swahili……………………………………………………………………….......……………13 2.4.3. Portuguese rule…………………………………………………………………………………….......…………………...14 2.4.4. Omani rule………………………………………………………………………………………….......…………………..14 2.4.5. European rule and influence……………………………………………………………………….......…………………...14 v 4.4. Caravanserai. …………………………………………………………………..............................………………………….........................55 4.4.1. Case A .Caravanserai Kajificheni. …………………………………………………………………….......………………55 4.4.2. Case B: Malindi Caravanserai. ………………………………………………………………………….......……………..57 4.4.3. Transformation of the Caravanserai in Zanzibar. ………………………………………………………….......…………..59 4.5. Indian shop house. ………………………………………………………………….........................…………………………......................60 4.5.1. Case A: House No. : 2454, Sokomuhogo (Nasser residence), Zanzibar. …………………………………….......……….60 4.5.2. Case B: House No.2418 (Ibrahim Residence). ……………………………………………………………….......………..62 4.5.3. Transformation of the Indian shop house in Zanzibar.. ……………………………………………………….......……….64 4.6. Traditional Swahili house.. …………………………………………………………………...........…………………………....................65 4.6.1. Case A: Traditional Swahili house Malindi: Kahtan house.. ………………………………………………….......………65 4.6.2. Case B. Traditional Swahili house Vuga: Bi Salama residence……………………………………………….......……….67 4.6.3. Transformation of the Traditional Swahili house in Zanzibar.. ………………………………………………….......…….69 4.7. Comparative analysis between Swahili Stone houses in Zanzibar to foreign cases. …………………………………………….......………70 4.7.1. Comparison between Omani houses in Zanzibar and Omani house in Oman………………………………….......………70 4.7.2. Comparison between Veranda houses in Zanzibar and Veranda house in India... …………………………….......………71 4.7.3. Comparison between Caravanserai in Zanzibar and Caravanserai in Iran……………………………………….......…….72 4.7.4. Comparison between Shop houses in Zanzibar and shop house in India... …………………………………….......……...73 CHAPTER FIVE 5.1. Introduction. ………………………………………………………………….................…………………………......................................73 5.2. Chapters summary…………………………………………………………………..........………………………….....................................73 5.3. Response to aims and objectives... …………………………………………………………………………………….......………..............74 5.4. Recommendations. …………………………………………………………………............………………………….................................78 References…………………………………………………………………................................…………………………..................................xvi Apendices…………………………………………………………………..............................………………………….....................................xix viii defined. defined. ix x xi List of tables xiii List of terminologies i. Boriti- these are mangrove poles used as support elements in the construction of flat roofs and suspended floor slabs in the Swahili houses. ii. Mabati - this is a Swahili term for corrugated iron sheets used mostly as roofing material. iii. Mtaa (Plural Mitaa) - This term refers to wards. Swahili towns were arranged into groups of related houses having family or ethnic relations. iv. UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. v. Wikio - This is an enclosed upper level passage or room bridging the street to connect two Traditional stone houses. vi. Stone Town - The part of town that is primarily built of permanent material. Usually it denotes the old part of the town when referring to Swahili City states. vii. Daka-exterior covered entry with stone seating. viii. Swahili - a cultural group in the Eastern Coast of Africa. Arab traders called the Inhabitants along the coast the Swahili, a term derived from the Arabic word sahil or ‘coast’. ix. Ibadi - Muslim sect that originated in Oman. Musafarkhana –Also known as Caravanserai, it means the house of travellers. x. Makuti - thatch material used for roofing and shade structures; the word also means a roof covered with thatch, or a house covered with a thatch roof xiii ABSTRACT Swahili stone houses in Stone town, Zanzibar have changed over time since the town is subjected to the pressures of development. The traditional stone houses are being altered despite conservation efforts by the Conservation authority in Stone Town ,Zanzibar .Therefore the research attempts to address the transformations that have taken place in Swahili stone houses in stone town, the factors that have influenced the transformations and which direction the houses taking. In order to carry out the study the author uses the case study strategy for the field work. The author studies the urban character of the stone town and then selects a street to carry out further analysis. To further the research the author studies the stone houses by selecting two cases from each of the typologies established in the literature review which are taken as representatives for those typologies. The typologies are: The traditional Swahili house, the veranda house, Indian shop houses, Omani houses and the traditional Swahili house. There is evidence from the study that
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