TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES A CASE OF STONE TOWN, ZANZIBAR
CHAUDHARY JAHANGIR IQBAL
B02/39403/2011
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE 2016/2017 THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES A CASE OF STONE TOWN, ZANZIBAR
By
CHAUDHARY JAHANGIR IQBAL
B02/39403/2011
2016/2017
i DEDICATION
To ALLAH the ALMIGHTY, And To my family.
ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank the ALLAH the almighty, the giver of all. To my parents; for all the sacrifices you made and not giving up on me. Am grateful for your love and endless support that you have given me. To my siblings; for all the support you gave me. To the chairman Arch. Musau Kimeu and my tutor, Arch.James Kimanzi , for pushing me beyond my limits and thank you for your , guidance and inspiration that you gave me throughout the process.
All lecturers, Department of Architecture and Building science who give insight during the academic course and I thank you for guiding me through the final lap.
For my study, I appreciate the Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority office (STCDA) for its help in accessing the various case studies in Zanzibar. In particular, I thank the Director, Issa Makarani, for taking his time to help me understanding the history of Zanzibar and access drawings for selected buildings of study.
To Bi. Madina, Bi. Asha, Bi. Sabiha, Bi. Mafunda, Saidi I say thank you for all the assistance given. To Mr Nabil, Mr Yakuub and family I say thank you for all the assistance and support.
To my friends and class mates, Thank you for the best and tough times we spent together in ADD.
iii DECLARATION
This thesis is my original work and to the best of my knowledge has not been presented for the award of a degree in the University of Nairobi or any other institution. The thesis is submitted in part fulfilment of the examination requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Architecture degree, Department of Architecture & Building Science, University of Nairobi.
Author: CHAUDHARY JAHANGIR IQBAL
Signature...... Date......
Tutor: Arch. James Kimanzi
Signature……………………………………………Date………………………………………….
Year master: Arch. Erastus Abonyo
Signature……………………………………………Date………………………………………….
Chairman, Department of Architecture & Building Science, University Of Nairobi.
Arch. Musau Kimeu
Signature...... Date...... iv Table of Contents Dedication…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………...... v List of figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………...... ix List of tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xii List of Terminologies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...xvi CHAPTER ONE 1.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………...……………………………….2 1.2. Problem statement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 1.3. Aims and objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..2 1.4. Research questions……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………3 1.5. Justification of study…………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….3 1.6. Purpose of study………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………3 1.7. Scope of study……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………...4 1.8. Limitations of study……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..4 1.9. Literature reviewed…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………4 1.10. Structure of the paper…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………...…………………………...... 11 2.1. Theories behind transformation…………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 11 2.2. The theory of determinants of form……………………………………………………………………………………...... ………..12 2.3. Summary of precedent studies on transformation of house built forms…………………………………………………...... ……...12 2.4. Historical background of Stone Town, Zanzibar…………………………………………………………………………...... ……..13 2.4.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………...... …………....13 2.4.2. Early Arab rule and rise of Swahili………………………………………………………………………...... ……………13 2.4.3. Portuguese rule……………………………………………………………………………………...... …………………...14 2.4.4. Omani rule…………………………………………………………………………………………...... …………………..14 2.4.5. European rule and influence………………………………………………………………………...... …………………...14 v 4.4. Caravanserai. …………………………………………………………………...... …………………………...... 55 4.4.1. Case A .Caravanserai Kajificheni. ……………………………………………………………………...... ………………55 4.4.2. Case B: Malindi Caravanserai. …………………………………………………………………………...... ……………..57 4.4.3. Transformation of the Caravanserai in Zanzibar. …………………………………………………………...... …………..59 4.5. Indian shop house. …………………………………………………………………...... …………………………...... 60 4.5.1. Case A: House No. : 2454, Sokomuhogo (Nasser residence), Zanzibar. ……………………………………...... ……….60 4.5.2. Case B: House No.2418 (Ibrahim Residence). ………………………………………………………………...... ………..62 4.5.3. Transformation of the Indian shop house in Zanzibar.. ………………………………………………………...... ……….64 4.6. Traditional Swahili house.. …………………………………………………………………...... …………………………...... 65 4.6.1. Case A: Traditional Swahili house Malindi: Kahtan house.. …………………………………………………...... ………65 4.6.2. Case B. Traditional Swahili house Vuga: Bi Salama residence………………………………………………...... ……….67 4.6.3. Transformation of the Traditional Swahili house in Zanzibar.. …………………………………………………...... …….69 4.7. Comparative analysis between Swahili Stone houses in Zanzibar to foreign cases. ……………………………………………...... ………70 4.7.1. Comparison between Omani houses in Zanzibar and Omani house in Oman…………………………………...... ………70 4.7.2. Comparison between Veranda houses in Zanzibar and Veranda house in India... ……………………………...... ………71 4.7.3. Comparison between Caravanserai in Zanzibar and Caravanserai in Iran………………………………………...... …….72 4.7.4. Comparison between Shop houses in Zanzibar and shop house in India... ……………………………………...... ……...73
CHAPTER FIVE 5.1. Introduction. …………………………………………………………………...... …………………………...... 73 5.2. Chapters summary…………………………………………………………………...... …………………………...... 73 5.3. Response to aims and objectives... ……………………………………………………………………………………...... ………...... 74 5.4. Recommendations. …………………………………………………………………...... …………………………...... 78
References…………………………………………………………………...... …………………………...... xvi Apendices…………………………………………………………………...... …………………………...... xix
viii defined. defined.
ix x xi List of tables
xiii List of terminologies
i. Boriti- these are mangrove poles used as support elements in the construction of flat roofs and suspended floor slabs in the Swahili houses.
ii. Mabati - this is a Swahili term for corrugated iron sheets used mostly as roofing material.
iii. Mtaa (Plural Mitaa) - This term refers to wards. Swahili towns were arranged into groups of related houses having family or ethnic relations.
iv. UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.
v. Wikio - This is an enclosed upper level passage or room bridging the street to connect two Traditional stone houses.
vi. Stone Town - The part of town that is primarily built of permanent material. Usually it denotes the old part of the town when referring to Swahili City states.
vii. Daka-exterior covered entry with stone seating. viii. Swahili - a cultural group in the Eastern Coast of Africa. Arab traders called the Inhabitants along the coast the Swahili, a term derived from the Arabic word sahil or ‘coast’.
ix. Ibadi - Muslim sect that originated in Oman. Musafarkhana –Also known as Caravanserai, it means the house of travellers.
x. Makuti - thatch material used for roofing and shade structures; the word also means a roof covered with thatch, or a house covered with a thatch roof
xiii ABSTRACT Swahili stone houses in Stone town, Zanzibar have changed over time since the town is subjected to the pressures of development. The traditional stone houses are being altered despite conservation efforts by the Conservation authority in Stone Town ,Zanzibar .Therefore the research attempts to address the transformations that have taken place in Swahili stone houses in stone town, the factors that have influenced the transformations and which direction the houses taking. In order to carry out the study the author uses the case study strategy for the field work. The author studies the urban character of the stone town and then selects a street to carry out further analysis. To further the research the author studies the stone houses by selecting two cases from each of the typologies established in the literature review which are taken as representatives for those typologies. The typologies are: The traditional Swahili house, the veranda house, Indian shop houses, Omani houses and the traditional Swahili house. There is evidence from the study that the Swahili stone houses have transformed and also that these transformations will continue. However since the study focuses on the stone town of Zanzibar ,further research can be carried out on the other towns with in Zanzibar to investigate what transformations have taken place .
xiv CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER ONE This chapter looks at: 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Problem statement 1.3. Aims and objectives 1.4. Research questions 1.5. Justification of study 1.6. Purpose of study 1.7. Scope of study 1.8. Limitations of study 1.9. Literature reviewed 1.9.1 Published 1.9.2.Unpublished 1.9.3Internet sources 1.10 Structure of the paper
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 1 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction: From a historic perspective human beings have continuously changed their housing environment to meet their essential needs that are imposed by various forces that change from time to time. It is this continuous change that bring about the phenomena of transformation. Various studies have been carried out in the past that have tried to address the issue of housing transformation .In the case for Zanzibar, documentation was done by Francesco Siravo in 1996 that covered an aspect of housing transformation taking in to consideration the additions and alterations however the study did not focus solely on the Swahili housing typologies mentioned by Siravo, that is what transformations have taken place in these typologies. 1.2 Problem statement The Swahili culture is a manifestation of the interaction between the Bantus and other cultures Fig 1. 1; Image showing Water front of Stone Town Zanzibar .Source: https://kukly-bratc.ru/?p=73 namely the Arabs, Indians, Portuguese and Persian that came to Africa to mainly do trade. This was wide spread across the eastern coast of Africa from Somalia to Mozambique. This was also manifested in the Swahili built form. It is still wide spread today but as a result of modern influence, this is leading to the gradual loss of the Swahili heritage and the Swahili stone houses. As such, the town is subjected to the pressures of development such as, changes of land uses, change in use of space and the lack of and high expense of accommodation inside the Stone Town. This has led to old buildings to be retrofitted internally and also externally in some cases losing some of the elements while other have been increased in height distorting the skyline such that is they do not respect the historic context. 1.3. Aims and objectives 1. To establish the overall transformation that has taken place between 19th century and 21st century.
Fig 1. 2; Image showing the Swahili coastal towns along the 2. To determine the factors that are influencing the transformation of the traditional Swahili East African coast. houses 3. To determine generally the direction in which the Swahili house is going and if any,the Source:http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/upload/img_400/ Map_Swahili_400.gif emerging trends
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 2 CHAPTER ONE
1.4. Research questions 1. How has the Swahili built form on Zanzibar Island transformed? 2. What are the factors influencing the transformation of the Swahili stone houses? 3. Which direction is the Swahili stone house in the town taking and whether there are emerging trends?
1.5. Justification: Today it is seen that these current developments such as the bwawani hotel as illustrated in Fig 1. 3 and recent Park Hayat hotel as well as the retrofitted ones and future ones maybe different from what Zanzibar is known for, which is its diverse cultural influence and rich character of Fig 1. 3; Image showing Bwawani hotel. the buildings. Hence the Swahili is slowly fading away and is posed with great threat. The study Source:http://sciencepole.com/bwawani therefore seeks to show the need for continuity of the Swahili heritage or character in built form. There is need for future developments to take recognition, respect and enhance the stone town heritage in the 21st century reason being the current transformations if continued may pose a threat to the existing urban fabric as illustrated in Fig 1. 5 and Fig 1. 6.
1.6. Purpose of study: The island has preserved most of its character and carries a rich history of the Swahili from a cultural and building technology perspective. Even though this may be the case today there are external forces or pressures at play all the time. These forces manifest themselves in the form of change in land uses to meet the demand for tourist accommodation, use of new material technology that is different from what is there locally, changes in the architectural language due to foreign influence which is not Swahili (Fig 1. 4 ) and promotion of mass tourism.it is therefore necessary to know or determine the direction of the island today .In order to get to know this, the past and current transformations together with their influences need to be studied. This will Fig 1. 4; Image showing a modern Building in stone town.
Source: Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 3 CHAPTER ONE
provide further insight as to how the Swahili can adapt in the modern setting and attain continuity.
1.7. Scope of study The study will mainly look at the transformation that took place between the 19th century and 21st century. However the pervious historical information before the 19th century will also be looked at in passing to have a holistic perspective of the transformation that has taken place. Siravo (1996) identified the various Swahili housing typologies fig: that are found in Zanzibar, therefore the study will look at how these typologies have changed as discussed in chapter four.
1.8. Limitations of study The research is limited by finance since the author could not make multiple trips to the area of Fig 1. 5; Image showing an extension done on a stone house study .In addition The time allocated for the research is not enough for the author to carry out a with modern materials. Source: Author (2016) thorough study on all the sections of the island therefore a small section of the city was chosen where the main focus was on the stone house typologies only. Lack of cooperation by some of the owners of the stone houses was also a hindrance to the study. 1.9. Literature reviewed
1.9.1 Published 1. Francesco Siravo (1996), Zanzibar; A plan for the Historic Town. The Aga khan trust for culture; historic cities support programme- the gallery publications. The book shows the development of stone town as the capital of Zanzibar Archipelago; it gives the history and development and takes into account the building typologies in the island the author further discusses the future for conservation of the heritage and built form Fig 1. 6: Image showing use of modern materials of stone town, Zanzibar. resulting to a loss of the Swahili character and elements. Source: Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 4 CHAPTER ONE
2. Ghaidan, U. (1975): Lamu, A study of the Swahili Town. Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi. The book is concerned with historical development, functions, structure and patterns of development of specific towns in the east African coast. The focus though is Lamu archipelago and further Lamu town. The author discusses its history, structure, spatial organization of the town as well as the Swahili concept of space in the Swahili house. 3. Rapoport A. (1969): House, form and culture. University of Wiscon-sin, Milwaukee. This book is of great relevance since it gives an outline that aids one in observing the great variety of the housing typologies and their forms. It also takes great cognisance the forces that affect the primitive and vernacular dwellings which of great relevance.
Fig 1. 7; Image showing a gujerati door along 4. Siravo F. & Pulver A. (1986): Planning Lamu: Conservation of an East African seaport, Sokomuhogo Street. Source: Author (2016) NationalMuseums of Kenya.
The book gives a general historical and architectural perspective on the development along the East African coastline, and looks at specifically the Swahili architecture in lamu town. The author delves further to show the various building typologies and construction of the Swahili town. The author goes further to give conservation guidelines to preserve the original built form and for future developments in the town.
5. Linda Groat and David Wang (2002), Architectural Research Methods, JohnWiley& sons, New York.
6. Al-Radi, Selma. Brief History of the East African Coast. In The Architecture of Housing, edited by Robert Powell. Singapore: Concept Media/Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 1990.
Fig 1. 8; Image showing extension done on a stone house. Source: Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 5 CHAPTER ONE
1.9.2Unpublished
1. Peninah W. Mutonga (2014), Evolution of Swahili Architecture: A case study of Mombasa, Lamu & Zanzibar. B. Arch Thesis (UON). This dissertation is of great use since it gives information on the various factors that influenced the evolution of Swahili architecture. It also gives a lot of information on the history of the East African coast as it tries to go back, demystify and link the origination of the Swahili architecture. 2. Mwangi Billy Ndegwa, (2014), Indian Architecture and its Influence on the built form in Stone Town, Zanzibar. B. Arch Thesis (UON). This particular thesis looks at the Indian influences on the Swahili built forms of the Stone Town, Zanzibar. It looks at these influences during a time when trade activity was at its epitome. It gives insight on the Indians that came to the east African coast and also their contribution to the architecture in Stone Town. 3. Nzilani Christine, (2015), Traditional Swahili Stone House: Its suitability for the warm humid climate, B. Arch Thesis (UON). The thesis investigates the human comfort levels of the Swahili stone houses along the Swahili coast, with focus on Mombasa, Lamu and Zanzibar. The thesis goes a step further in ascertaining the houses suitability in the warm humid climate where they are situated. It provides basic knowledge on the Swahili stone house typologies together with their history Fig 1. 9: Image showing intricate carving of an Omani and development. Zanzibar door. Source:https://purpleviolas.com/2013/06/13/zanzibar-doors-a- 4. Manda Kakaire, (2016), Thermal comfort analysis of buildings in Stone town and Ngambo, carved-business-card/ Zanzibar, B. Arch Thesis (UON).
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 6 CHAPTER ONE
The thesis investigates the human comfort levels of the Swahili stone houses mainly looking at the old building typologies in stone town and the modern built typologies in Ngambo. 5. Huba M. Nguluma, (2003) Housing Themselves, Transformations, Modernisation and spatial qualities in informal settlements in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Doctoral Thesis (KTH)
The thesis investigates the issues of housing transformation that take place in informal settlements in Dar Es Salaam .It provides knowledge on the transformations hat have been taking place .
1.9.3 Internet sources Credible websites will be looked at from the internet in order to gather relevant information on Zanzibar and its stone houses. The information will include maps and images from these websites. Some of these websites are: http:// www.UNESCO. Com http:www.wikipedia.com
1.10 Structure of paper
1.10.1 Chapter 1: Introduction Introduces the subject matter, highlights the problem statement by looking at the transformation of the stone houses in their context. This chapter also states the aim and objectives of the study which is mainly to establish the transformation that has taken place in the Stone Town.
1.10.2 Chapter 2: Literature review This chapter looks in to the theories behind transformation and the theory of determinants of form to better understand the topic of transformation. Further in this chapter the following are delved
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 7 CHAPTER ONE into: Historical background of Stone Town, Zanzibar and The architecture of Stone Town, Classification and features of the Swahili house typologies in the town, conservation and design guidelines for Swahili Town and finally the origins of these house typologies will be looked at.
1.10.3 Chapter 3: Research methodology The intention of this chapter is to show how this study is carried out. Furthermore it describes the research design, the strategy, data collection and analysis methods that will be used for the study and finally how it will be presented.
1.10.4 Chapter 4: Case studies The author looks at ten Swahili buildings in this chapter. There are five typologies of these buildings found in the towns of study. Under each typology, two buildings will be studied and compared against each other in order to determine the transformation that has taken place. In addition the author will also compare the local cases to their foreign cases studied under the literature review to have a holistic perspective of transformation.
1.10.5 Chapter 5: Conclusions and recommendations In this chapter, the author provides conclusions after carrying out the study and gives recommendations on related areas for further research.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Theories behind transformation 2.2 The theory of determinants of form 2.3 Historical background of Stone Town, Zanzibar 1. Introduction 2. Early Arab rule and rise of Swahili 3. Portuguese rule 4. Omani rule 5. European rule and influence 2.4 The architecture of stone town 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Urban structure and town scape 2.4.3 Street character 2.5 What constitutes a house type and typology? 2.5.1 Classification of Swahili house typologies of Stone Town, Zanzibar 1. Omani houses 2. Indian shop 3. Caravanserai/ Musafarkhanas 4. Swahili house 5. Veranda house 6. Arab House 2.6 Features of Swahili Stone houses 1. Wikio 2. Daka 3. Plaster work 4. Doors a) Gujerati door b) Arab door 5. Niches 2.7 Conservation and design guidelines for Swahili stone 2.8 Origins of the Swahili houses from their foreign lands [Date] 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction 2.1 Theories behind transformation According to the oxford dictionary transformation is defined as a noticeable change in nature, form and appearance. Tipple’s idea on transformation from a housing perspective is defined as the alteration of a dwelling by the use of locally available material and technology however Kim (2005) described it as the remodelling of buildings causing a change in its appearance or character. Analysing these definitions and placing them with in the housing context, it can be said that housing transformation is the changing or the alteration of the buildings original form and spatial layout. Settlements are shaped by their need for compatibility with social norms and lifestyles. This is further reflected in the built environment due to the connection between the built or building, the social and cultural characteristics of the society. According to a study Mahta2009 on the process of housing transformation, the traditional Iranian house changed over time due to external forces. These forces are changes in the building technology, economic changes, modernisation and change in lifestyle. This lead to physical transformations where Inward- looking courtyard houses were changed to outward-looking residential complexes with a shared courtyard. The arrangement of the spaces, which used to follow geometric rules changed to follow the geometry of land parcels. Another major contributing factor noted by Mahta to the transformation in Iranian houses is the transitional period of the Qajar dynasty. A study carried out by Kellet in 1993 on housing transformation in Chile showed that the users of the houses were the ones who initiated change. This alteration comprised of modification to the existing structure of the building or physical alterations and also change of layout and usage of the space. The reasons behind these changes were: Efforts by the user to personalise their space, income generation and change in use of their requirements of the space. Furthermore the house hold size is another contributor to transformation, increase on the house hold size through increase in the number of dependants changes the need and demand for the available space.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
Studies carried out by Salim (1998) and Tipple (2005) showed that the space users or occupiers changed their houses in order to meet their needs or the needs of the household. This shows that the transformation is an initiative that is carried out by the space users. According to Huba M. Nguluma 2003,”transformation takes place through unplanned or planned changes. Some parts of houses are repaired, maintained or improved upon.
2.2 The theory of determinants of form
According to Rapaport there are factors that determine the house form in architecture .These factors are Climate, economies, materials and technology, Rapaport mentions that the vision that people have towards creating or envisioning an ideal life for themselves is what determines the form and changes the space. As for the case for Zanzibar it is seen that the vision of the sultan Bargash propelled the economy, material and building technology of the Swahili houses. In addition he argues that that even under conditions of severe constraints of climate, economies, materials and technology, there is always a certain “freedom of choice” concerning house form. However Vestbro (1975) criticises Rapaport’s theory for having a static standpoint as it assumes that vernacular buildings retain great uniformity in space and time. Despite the criticisms Rapaport’s theory on socio-cultural forces, which influence house form bears relevance to the housing transformation .The assumption made is that apart from the multiple factors influencing house forms, socio-cultural factors are more impelling. This is because people transform their houses to accommodate demands from increased household sizes and separation of functions so as to enhance privacy within the specific cultural settings.
2.3: Summary of precedent studies on transformation of house built forms From the studies on transformation the following can be summarised as factors that contribute to transformation: Climate, economy, materials and building technology, change and use of space, household size.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.4 Historical background of Stone Town, Zanzibar 2.4.1 Introduction Zanzibar as an island mainly developed due to the trading activities that had taken place over Centuries between various cultures that go back to the 11th century along the East African Swahili coast. Amongst the first of these traders were the Arabs who came to the coastal region .Later on as time progressed other Traders from foreign lands began to settle in small numbers on Zanzibar. It was during the late 11th and early 17th century, intermarrying with the indigenous inhabitants of the island and giving rise to Swahili culture. The development of the island began mainly at the western tip known as Shangani. However it isn’t until the start 19th century that Zanzibar stone town became the main focus for trade and development .The Sultan Fig 2. 1 :Image showing trade routes. Source: http:// encouraged Indian merchants to settle and set up business along the coastline in view of growing keywordsuggest.org/gallery/513810.html the Indian Ocean trade. It was during this time period that Zanzibar was experiencing a boom in trade, economic activity and power which propelled the rapid development of stone town. By mid-19th century around the 1840s the town was growing leading to an increment in the number of stone houses being built as compared to the mud buildings.
2.4.2 Early Arab rule and rise of Swahili Traders from the Arabian lands who were mostly of Yemeni origin, visited Zanzibar during the early 2nd century AD. They used the strong monsoon winds to sail from their lands to Zanzibar Island. The island gave them a good foundation from which they could make contacts with the locals and also trade with them. Traders later began to settle in small numbers on the Zanzibar coast line mainly Shangani area in the 7th and 12th century, who then started intermarrying with the indigenous locals.
Fig 2. 2 Image showing the Swahili speaking regions along east Africa. Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/8180488/
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 12 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.4.3 Portuguese rule Vasco da Gama came to Zanzibar island in the late 15thcentury around the 1690s.this influenced the movement of the Portuguese empire to the island in the early 1500s.Zanzibar during this era became part of the Portuguese empire after the sultan at that time was forced to give tribute to the empire in exchange for peace. They did not only take over Zanzibar, they also took over Mombasa during this time. Around 1560 the Portuguese built a church and small trading settlement to exchange goods with the locals on a western portion of the island which later became Zanzibar Town. Later on the Portuguese lost to the Omanis.
2.4.4 Omani rule In 1698, Zanzibar fell under the ruler ship of the sultan of Oman. To consolidate his grip on the island, a fort was built in Zanzibar Town, on the site where the Portuguese built their church. Zanzibar during the 18th century was a major commercial centre and had also become very important due to its strategic location along the east African coast. During this time slave trade was at its epitome. Zanzibar did not thrive fully until it came under the reign of the new Sultan Bargash in the 19th century who during his time increased trade which led to a boom in the development of the main town of Zanzibar known as stone town.
2.4.5 European rule and influence In the 19th century there was the scramble for Zanzibar between the British Germans and Fig2.3: Image of Sultan Bargash, Sultan of Zanzibar Source:https:// French, due to conflicts between the European nations, the slave trade began to decline. www.zanzibarhistory.org/assets/images/Bargh ash. However during this time the British government arranged for a joint commission between them and the two European nations, Germany and France to establish which boundaries they would each control while the mainland was still officially under the control of the Sultan of Zanzibar.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 13 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.5. The architecture of stone town 2.5.1 Introduction The stone town of Zanzibar is one of the Swahili towns located along the east African coast that has retained its dense urban fabric for over two centuries which is a representation of the multi- cultural influences that occurred there. However Siravo (1996) noted that after the 1964 revolution the town was undergoing a state of deterioration and change even after the initiation of the conservation plan in the 1980s by the government. Furthermore in 2000 UNESCO declared the town as a heritage so as to preserve its rich culture and architecture.
2.5.2 Urban structure and town scape According to Siravo (1996) the 19th century town is a product of settlement of the diverse cultures for over more than two centuries that led the town to transform from its mud houses to its urban character into a compact settlement comprising of densely clustered stone buildings surrounded by narrow streets which. This new urban layout was further developed as each new group came to settle, stayed together which resulted in the formation of interrelated buildings that were based on ethnic and family ties. This development gave rise to the system of wards or mitaa that were demarcated by the main paths which overtime eventually became main streets further giving the town its unique haphazard and organic morphology as illustrated in Fig 2. 4 Fig 2. 4: A sketch plan of Zanzibar based on Captain Charles This can be seen in streets like Sokomuhogo and Changa bazaar which are considered to be of Guillain’s map of 1846. This map is the earliest detailed record of great significance according to Siravo (1996) since the streets consist of a groups of building the town that shows an established Stone Town surrounded by mud and thatch houses. frontages that when taken as a whole contribute and represented the towns overall character. Source: Siravo (1997)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 14 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.5.3 Street character As mentioned by Siravo (1996) the character of the town remains in the narrow streets and also in the clustered buildings. The narrow nature and orientation of these streets as illustrated in Fig 2. 5 allowed wind to be channelled through the buildings keeping the town cool. In addition the buildings in the town also aided to this by virtue of their heights.
Fig2.5: Images showing mitaas of stone town Source: Fig2.5: Images showing streets and buildings of stone town Siravo (1997) Source: Siravo (1997)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 15 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.6 What constitutes a house type and typology? The study aims at understanding the housing transformations taking place in stone houses in relation to their typologies. It is therefore relevant to discuss the house types and then to understand the factors or forces causing these transformations. However it is important to understand what is a type first. According to Lawrence (1994) Housing, Dwellings and Homes: Design Theory, Research and Practice a type is an object, class ,category or things that have common characteristics between them that are defined in the context they are situated in.Typology on the other hand is the study of these classes or categories that have common characteristics between them. As for the case of Zanzibar Siravo (1997) classified the Swahili stone houses into 6 typologies in Stone Town.
Fig2.7 :Image of an Omani building in stone Town, 2.6.1. Omani houses Zanzibar.Source: Author 2016 The Omani houses are the most prominent of the traditional stone buildings in Zanzibar with the exception of the palaces and civil buildings. They are massive, roughly square in plan and fundamentally 2 or 3 storey structures built on a North- South axis around a central interior courtyard. Architectural decoration both on the interior and exterior was minimal, in keeping with the austere pre-sets of the Ibadi sect, to which most of the Omanis in Zanzibar belonged. The large heavy and elaborately carved doors gave an indication of the family’s status provided a dramatic counterpoint to the plain lime plaster walls. The facades were articulated into levels by a simple pattern of solids and voids created by the tall shuttered windows.
Fig2.8 :Image of an Indian shop building in stone Town, Zanzibar .Source: Author 2016
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 16 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.6.2 Indian shop
They are majorly found in the bazaar streets, biashara, that transverse the stone town being invaluable part of its economy and traditional urban structure. Indian traders invited by Sayyid Said to settle in the town settle in the town built up areas behind the seafront and the fort. There are two main types: small- and medium sized buildings. Both were organized to fit into a continuous row of similar structures in a block built by groups of families related either by kin or provenance. Each of these blocks was surrounded by pedestrian thoroughfares lined with shops which over time formed the neighbourhood bazaars. Often, a covered passageway led from the main bazaar street into the interior of a block, which thus became a semi-private open area shared by families living around it.
2.6.3. Caravanserai/ Musafarkhanas
With a Swahili and Persian origin, it means ‘house of travellers’. The term is commonly used in Zanzibar and is referred to as a number of temporary housing structures that were built for travellers. In Islamic architecture,(Fig 2. 10), they are close to the caravanserais in Iran, these were places where travellers, with their merchandise and animals could rest for the night. These places were found along trading routes ion the open country side. They were either rectangular or square walled structures with a large open central court. A musafarkhana is therefore referred to as an accommodation facility for travellers and their animals. 2.6.4. Traditional Swahili house
These are the most common housing type along the East African coast. According to Siravo (1996) and Vestbro (1975) these one-storey structures are constructed mud and poles and Fig2.9: Exterior of a Veranda house in Stone town, Zanzibar roofed using palm leaf thatch, they are rectangular or square in plan. The walls are of similar Source: Author construction with an inner frame of vertical boriti poles and smaller poles woven
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 17 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
horizontally in between, and filled with small stones and mud. According to the sources discussed by Vestbro (1975) the traditional mud and pole house consists of four basic areas namely: the main house, corridor, veranda and backyard
2.6.5. Veranda house
Siravo (1986) says the veranda houses were built in the late nineteenth century by the wealthy merchants who had close ties with Zanzibar, Arabia and India. These houses get their names from the open verandas that face the sea front. The veranda house can be categorized into two: The older and larger veranda house and the smaller veranda house. The smaller veranda house has a veranda of three to four bays and measures about ten metres in width and seventeen metres in depth. The ground floor of the smaller house is composed of a row of narrow rectangles lying perpendicularly to a single axis with an interior courtyard only on the first floor. The larger veranda house has six to seven bays and measures about eighteen metres wide and twenty-five metres deep. The central courtyard is double volume starting from ground floor and has galleries. The larger buildings resemble the free standing Omani mansions in Zanzibar(Fig 2. 9).The veranda reflects Indian influences and it is a characteristic feature of the 19th century buildings in the east African seaports. The verandas created an extroverted orientation and reveal an interesting exterior detail towards the sea front. 2.6.6. Arab House It is a variation of the Omani house, with an entrance porch similar to the daka of the traditional Lamu stone house. The arched opening facing the street is an ogee arch. Within the small recessed porch are the Stone benches, or Barraza, after the main entrance was the guest room, which was also used as storage area or shop space.
Fig 2. 10; Exterior of a Caravanserai in Malindi, Stone town, Source: Author (2016)
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2.7 Features of Swahili Stone houses 2.7.1. Wikio
According to Siravo in 1986, the wikio (Fig 2. 11) . is an element found in traditional Stone houses. It is an upper level room or closed space that bridges the street and was designed purposefully to connect two buildings where women could use this space to visit each other instead of using the open street below and exposing themselves.
2.7.2. Daka According to Siravo in 1986, the entrance to most of the shop-front and traditional houses is set into a daka .The daka is a stepped-up porch cut out of the front elevation. The daka is an important architectural and social feature. It is a semi private space shared by the house Fig2.11 :Image of a wikio between two stone and the street. The opening to the street from the daka, usually about three meters wide, is buildings Source: Author protected from rainwater by a hood mould.
2.7.3. Plaster work The most important aspect of Swahili art is decorative plaster work. The plaster work seems to be hand carved on site during construction. The small variations that occur between repeated motifs prove that there was no use of moulds at the time. According to Usam Ghaidan the plaster is made from lime that is obtained from beach coral, it is then reinforced with grass and possibly mixed with a locally retarding agent. Once the plaster work is complete the final finish is a glossy cream skim coat. The plaster work patterns or motifs are done with in a modular grid system ensuring an ordered arrangement (Fig 2. 12). The motifs vary from leaves in a spiral surrounding to zigzag or to the most common fluted patterns .The plaster work is a mode of expression that reveals it’s self through skill in design and execution. The skill and execution show the maximum utilisation of this Fig2.12 :Image of a opening with decorated plaster work limiting medium. Source: Author 2016
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2.7.4. Doors
Zanzibar is known for its doors mainly the Arab (Fig 2. 14) and Guajarati door (Fig 2.13) .The doors demonstrate unsurpassed technical and artistic craftsmanship. Wealthy traders and house owners appointed skilled carvers brought in from India for the delicate job of arranging the entrance ornament. The oldest doors are often made out of Burma (Indian) teak, shipped all the way from Asia across the Indian Ocean. The shutters are made in one impressive piece and not mended together as is the case on newer doors. The Burma teak no longer exists, so newer doors are made from the East African teak.
a) Gujerati door
Fig 2.13; Image of a Gujarati door in Mizingani hotel The gujerati door is a simpler door that was introduced to Zanzibar when the Indians settled Source: Author (2016). in Zanzibar during the time of the sultan .They are mostly found on bazaar shops. The doors mainly comprise of 4 folding panels which when opened allow for space in the shop. They have square stile and rail panelling on their shutters and wooden square projection at the corners on the upper frames. Sometimes there are two leaf gujerati doors that comprise of a thin central post with foliage carvings. The doors are mostly done using Indian teak.
b) Arab door The door is enclosed by an intricately carved frame, the outermost strip carved into a chain so as to enslave evil spirits attempting to force their way into the residence. The two shutters of the door are aligned by the central post which is also carved. Normally the post is on the left shutter as one faces the door, and it cleverly conceals the gap between the two shutters. From inside the door leaves. It is from these planks that the brass bosses are also tightened through the use of bolts and nuts. The frieze which is normally square is carved with floral motifs which surround a central plaque that bears Islamic inscriptions or verses from the Quran or the date when the carving was done and the name of the owner of the house. Fig2.14: Image of an Arab door. Source: Author (2016)
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2.7.5. Niches
A niche according to the oxford dictionary is an ornamental recess found in a wall. It can be semi-circular in plan or rectangular and is also arched in elevation. This allows one to place an object in the recess for display. As Illustrated in Fig 2. 15 and Fig 2. 16.
Fig 2.15; Image showing niches being used for displaying objects. Source; Author (2016)
Fig 2. 5; Image showing niches above window openings. Source; Author (2016)Fig 2. 6; Image showing niches being used for displaying objects. Source; Author (2016)
Fig 2.16; Image showing niches above window openings. Source; Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 21 Fig 2. 3 :Image showing Traditional Swahili house Source: Vestbro 1975, Huba M. Nguluma 2014Fig 2. 4; Image showing niches above window openings. Source; Author (2016) CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.8 Traditional Swahili house type characteristics Vestbro’s study on the traditional Swahili house in 1975 indicated that due to the use of local materials and simple layout was versatile even though the colonial rulers considered it as a third class semi-permanent and non-durable solution .Nonetheless the house had the following qualities: a) The quadratic rooms allow for ease in furnishing the space b) The house is flexible since the ground floor can be changed within the limits set by its basic structure. c) The building is elastic since it can be extended by adding more or new rooms to the existing layout design. d) The versatility of the mud and pole Swahili house type allows itself to be adopted into any combination of household type.
A study conducted by Vestbro (1975) in Dar es Salaam showed that the traditional Swahili Fig2.17: Image showing Traditional Swahili house Source: Vestbro 1975, Huba M. Nguluma 2014 house changed. This change resulted in a new type where industrial building materials were employed and modern construction techniques. Vestbro called it the urban Swahili type and defined it as a house that had a central corridor leading to the back yard with buildings in the yard. Fig 2. 18
Fig2.18: Image showing urban Swahili house Source: Nnkya, 1984,Huba M. Nguluma 2014
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 22 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.8 Conservation and design guidelines for Swahili stone houses in stone town Zanzibar. The guidelines show how the old buildings of the stone town should be conserved and also show how the new buildings should relate to the existing context. The following are the guide lines: 1. Any alteration, demolition or addition should not be made without informing the conservation department of Stone Town and getting approval on the same from the department.
2. Construction materials: -when an existing building is being repaired the same materials used to construct the building should be used for the repair. -The repair should be done in a way that the exiting fabric should not be altered in any way with the repair. -the material being used to do the repair should be of same quality as that of the existing material. 3. The original elements of the building should remain as they were. These elements constitute of both internal and external elements, some of them are: -Doors and windows -Wikio -Decorative plaster work -Windows -Niches -Arches 4. Buildings that are listed or graded are given extra protection by the law. Grade one buildings have the following guidelines: 1. No alterations or additions to the building are allowed, either inside or outside. Fig2.19: Image showing conservation guideline 2. In very exceptional circumstances, the STCDA may allow minor changes, but any Source: Stone town conservation guideline. building work must preserve and/or renovate the original.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 23 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
3. Use of traditional materials and techniques Grade two buildings have the following guidelines: 1.No alterations or additions can be made outside however alterations can be made internally if they do not change the building in any way.
Fig 2. 20: Images showing conservation guideline. Source: Conservation and design guideline for Zanzibar, Stone town..
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 24 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.10 Origins of the Swahili houses from their foreign lands This portion of the review looks at in brief the origination of the Swahili houses in Stone town Zanzibar since the houses were influenced by the foreign cultures that came to trade and settles on the island .therefore The following will be looked at: The caravanserai in Iran, the Arab house in Oman, the Indian shop house and veranda house in India. 2.10.1 The caravanserai in Iran Brief history In Iran since ancient times shelters along the trade routes were created where many of them were considered as artistic and architectural masterpieces .These shelters are the caravanserais that traders used as shelters for themselves and their animals. Iran is the pioneer of the caravanserais.
Features and principles of design of Iranian architecture and caravanserais a) Inward-Looking/introverted spaces The Inward-Looking principle has come about from the Iranian climate and culture. The spaces look towards a central common space that has more decoration than the outside. The aim of introversion is to divert attention towards the inside and refuse the outside. Figure b) Avoiding Non-Essentials or inanity In Iranian architecture nothing would be done for the sake of beauty. The architects in Iran would use everything to make the space suitable as long as there was a good reason to do so. c) Courtyard
Fig 2. 21; Images of caravanserai in Iran. Source: http:// The spaces or rooms and shelter for the animals are built around a grand central court yard. www.trover.com/d/11T2J-deh-namak-railway-station- The court also serves as an open space that is sheltered from the harsh Iranian climate hence semnan-iran gives rise to introverted usable space.(Fig 2. 21).
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 25 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
d) Building height Caravanserais built in the country side were one storey where as those built Within the cities were generally two storeys in height. e) Structural Rigidity Structural Rigidity was of great importance to Iranian architects. They were very keen on and knowledgeable in Building technology, static and local material technology they mainly focused on technical issues, vaulting and constructional aspects of the design. This sense of rationality towards the structure brought about beauty and stability in the architecture. f) Caravansaries that were located in the desert and in central parts of Iran had wind-catchers that channelled cooling air to the internal spaces from the outside keeping the spaces cool Fig2.22: Image showing plan of the caravan serai during the summer. Source: https://archnet.org/sites/1620/media_contents/62685 A case of the caravanserai in iran :Madrese-ye Madar-e Shah Caravan serai Isfahan Iran The Caravanserai is considered as an integral portion of Iran’s urban complexes. This complex other than having the caravanserai as the primary space it also has madrasa, mosque and a bazaar that support it. The buildings general axis is along the east-west axis that is determined by a canal that flows below to the two storey Complex that was constructed in the early 1700s and comprises of thick natural stone construction that surrounds a central court cladded in brick (Fig 2. 24 (a)) and decorative tile work adding to the external arches and niches that enhanced the aesthetics of the building. a) b) Fig2.24: Images showing: a) Arches and cladding one in brick .b)Natural stone construction cladded with decorative tiles. Source: https://archnet.org/sites/1620/m edia_contents/62685 Fig2.23: Image showing grand court of caravanserai Source: https://archnet.org/sites/1620/media_contents/62685
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2.10.2The Arab house in Oman Brief history on the architecture of Oman According to Salama (1995) the architecture of Oman was greatly influenced by its natural environment. The urban setting relates to the natural landscape. Another major influence is the sense of community that Islam provides .The influences of Omani architecture spread across from Oman all the way to the east African region Stone Town Zanzibar due to trade links.
Features and principles of design of Omani architecture a) Human scale The Omani buildings respected the human scale, it is noted by Salama (1995) that the master craftsmen and builders used parts of their body as units of measurement while building. b) Materials and construction technology The use of stone, mud brick, wood lime and mud plaster provided the local craftsmen with a palette of local material giving them a means to produce a distinguished architecture. c) Environmental design The courtyard a feature in the Omani court yard house was used to encourage air movement as illustrated in Fig2.25 since according to Salama (1995) the dense urban settlement was restricted.
Fig2.25: Sections through a typical Omani courtyard house showing ventilation. Source: Architecture of Oman
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 27 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
A case of Bait Faranca in Oman The Omani building was constructed between 1820 and 1840 and was handed by the sultan of Omani, Sultan Faysal bin Turki to the French to strengthen the relation between the two countries, Oman and France to later become the building of the French consulate. Today the house is museum. The building located in Muscat, Oman is designed around a central court that aids in lighting and ventilation. The walls painted white both interior and exterior ones are very thick, with a thickness of at least three feet (900mm thick walls). The rooms have a heavy carved wooden doors(Fig 2. 26 (b)) .The house represented traditional Omani architecture as mentioned by Hegazy(2014) in his report due to the fact that it uses features such as the crenelated walls and strong outer gates that are typical of old Omani houses.
a)Ground floor
a)
b) c) d) Fig2.26: Images showing: a) Facade of building .b) Omani door .c) image of
d) Image of internal wall finish in court court b) First floor Source: Conservation of historical building – The Omani–French museum as a Fig2.27:Floor plans of Bair Faranca. Source:Author case study by Soheir M. Hegazy (2014) modified. Conservation of historical buildings – The Omani–French museum as a case study by Soheir M. Hegazy (March 2014)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 28 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
2.10.3. The Veranda house and shop house in India Brief introduction on the traditional architecture of India
Traditional Indian Architecture follows certain principles known as vastu Shastra. These main principles aid in the design of the traditional Indian buildings and are as follows: a) Site Selection The principles are key on site selection where the availability of water, ample sunshine (by the orientation) and fresh air devoid of any offensive smell need to be considered. b) Energy axes and cross ventilation The energy axis is in terms of design is considered as a row of windows or doors that aligned in the same line or plane on a building. In addition to this the North South energy axis of a building is called the Somasutra while the East West energy axis is called the Brahmasutra, these axes allow for ventilation. For a good design the Somasutra and the Brahmasutra should meet perpendicularly or intersect in the centre of the courtyard, this will enable cross ventilation in the court. c) The grid and the court When designing the central court which is considered as the lung space in the building the grid system of planning was considered regardless of the site or building type in relation to the vastu mandala which also aids in planning of orientation of the spaces.
The veranda house The word veranda or verandah according to the oxford dictionary originated from the hindi language commonly found in India. According to D.K Ching (2012) from his book a visual dictionary of architecture, second Edition, a verandah is an open porch usually roofed and partly enclosed as by a railing. Furthermore the word is a combination of two Indian words Vahir
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 29 CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
which means outside and Andar which means inside, it therefore means something that is outdoors but is covered. This was later borrowed by the English.
A case of the verandah house in Naggapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India
The 250 year old one storey traditional veranda building (Fig 2. 29) is located in the coastal region of Naggapattinam, India. The rectilinear floor plan where the longer façade is oriented towards the east west direction facing the sea consists of a veranda also known as a thinnai at the entry that is raised from ground level, in addition the thinnai has decorative columns that enhance the building frontage.. There is a connecting vestibule between the verandah and the central court that is ventilated by use of a wind catcher that is located above it. The spaces are Fig 2. 29Image showing exterior of a veranda house in arranged around the central court. Similar to the roof construction where timber and terracotta Tamil Nadu, India. Source: paper on Comparing the tiles have been used the wind catcher is also done in using the same materials. The court at the thermal performance of traditional and modern building in the coastal region of Nagappattinam, tamil nadu.(2012) centre of the building also brings in light in to the spaces .In order to maximize natural ventilation into the building the axis of the building is oriented along the East-west direction .This principle relates well to the energy axes and cross ventilation principle which is one of the Vastu Shastra or traditional Indian principles. The walls are 450mm thick brick walls that are bound with mud mortar and plastered with mud hence locally available materials have been used for its construction. Fig 2. 28:Image showing plan of the veranda building. Source: paper on Comparing the thermal performance of traditional and modern building in the coastal region of Nagappattinam, tamil nadu.(2012)
Fig 2. 7Image showing Fig 2. 30:Image showing section and elevation of the exterior of a veranda house veranda building. Source: Paper on Comparing the in Tamil Nadu, India. Source: thermal performance of traditional and modern building in paper on Comparing the the coastal region of Naggapattinam, Tamil Nadu.(2012) thermal performance of traditional and modern 3 TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILIbuilding in STONE the coastal HOUSES region 0 of Nagappattinam, tamil nadu.(2012)Fig 2. 8Image showing plan of the veranda Fig 2. 9; Image showing elevation of a bohora house in building. Source: paper on CHAPTER TWO: LITERARTURE REVIEW
The Indian shop house The Indian shop house is generally characterised by shops fronts located at the ground level of the building. This is commonly found in Hindu houses and also found in the bohora houses that borrowed greatly from the Hindu house but had slight variations in terms of balconies and exterior staircases (Fig2.31). In addition according to Madhavi (2008), the bohora houses the character is brought about by the deep and narrow plan that has 3 to 4 rooms located around a courtyard. This creates an increase in sense of privacy from the exterior space towards the interiors. This approach is also seen in the Hindu house (Fig2.32).
Fig 2.31:; Image showing elevation of a bohora house in india.Source;http://www.dawoodi- bohras.com/news/239/107/Traditional-architecture-House- form-of-Bohras-in-Gujarat/d,pdb_detail_article_comment/
Fig 2. 32; Typical floor plans of a Hindu house in India: Source: The Design Development of Indian Architecture, (1940)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 31 CHAPTER THREE;RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter looks at: 3.0. Introduction 3.1. Research purpose. 3.2. Research strategy. 3.3. Sampling method. 3.4. Overall demographics (variables) of the study 3.5. Time horizon and limitations of study 3.6. Data collection methods. 3.6.1. Primary 3.6.2. Interviews -Observations -Physical measurements -Scientific measurements 3.6.3. Secondary. -Literature review -Archival information -Information from local authorities 3.7. Data analysis. 3.8. Data presentation.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 32 CHAPTER THREE;RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction This chapter shows the methods that will be used to meet the aims and objectives of the study. The research objectives will be examined in relation to the methodology. Afterwards, establishment of data collection, recording, analysis will be done in a manner that is free from any form of bias and is also logical. This chapter will answer the following research questions formulated in chapter 01. 1. How has the Swahili built form on Zanzibar Island transformed? 2. What are the factors influencing the transformation? 3. Which direction is the Swahili house of the town taking whether there are emerging trends? 3.1 Research purpose The purpose is to define the transformation that has been taking place in the Swahili stone houses and the factors that influenced these transformations. A descriptive approach will be used to document the research.
3.3 Research strategy The research will use the case study strategy in order to have extensive coverage of the topic and have a holistic understanding of the same. According to Yin (1994) case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context. Therefore this strategy will seek to describe the selected Swahili houses that have undergone transformation in detail and within their context.
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CHAPTER THREE;RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.4 Sampling method The sampling method used will be the non-probabilistic, or purposive sample since the study is mainly concerned about discovering useful patterns of transformation which is focused towards the stone house types.
a) Area of study The area chosen for the field study is Stone Town, Zanzibar. The criteria used to choose the area is listed below: i. Stone town has the highest concentration of the stone houses in Zanzibar Island. ii. The area is rich in history and has vast literature on the same. iii. The town shows that it has undergone changes.
b) Street selection. The purposive method will be used to select the street and selection will be based on: i. History, planning and development of the street has been documented. ii. Identity and street character. The selected street captures the identity and character of
the overall town and is also a representation of the town.
c) Selected building typologies Based on the literature review from the previous chapter, the building typologies mentioned are: the Swahili house, the Indian shop-front house, the veranda house, the Omani house, the Arab house and the caravanserai or Musafarkhanas As part of the selection, two units of each of this Fig 3. 1; Author walking through Selected Street for study building typologies by use of the stratified random sampling technique will be selected. This (Sokomuhogo street).Source; Author (2016). ensures that any unit of each typology is a representation of the buildings in their respective typologies in the Town. The investigation of the buildings occurs using the parameters listed in table. These parameters are looked at from the macro to micro scale.
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CHAPTER THREE;RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
PARAMETERS 3.5 Overall demographics (variables) of the study
Urban Planning -Spatial Organization 1. Town planning(secondary data) -Street Orientation 2. Street character(primary and secondary data) -Densities 3. Unit design and salient features (primary data): -Open spaces a) Spatial layout Street Character -Street width and b) Spatial use building heights c) Layout arrangement -Building materials and surface finishes d) Construction materials -Street activity e) Window sizes -Clothing levels f) Fenestration logic -Openings and facade g) Courtyards relation- h) Architectural elements e.g. daka, wikio, carved plasterwork, columns, windows/doors/arches staircase, balustrades. types and size i) Building technology Unit Character -Openings- windows/doors/arches types and size 3.6 Time horizon and limitations of study -Spatial layout and room sizes The study was carried out for two weeks. The study did not only rely mainly on observation -Wall thickness only made by the author during the course of the inquiry but also on previous literature - Building technology obtained from published work and unpublished works. and Construction Time was limitation as there were only 2 weeks that were allocated due to the financial materials -Architectural constraints. elements-wikio/daka /plaster work/niches
Table 3. 1; Table showing parameters, Source: Author (2016)
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3.6 Data collection methods. This research consists of both the primary and secondary data collection methods. 3.6.1 Primary data a) Interviews The author carries out a semi-structured interview where a questions were formulated and asked to the key informants. The interview provides data on the history, occupancy, ownership and comfort levels in the various units. The key informants comprised of:
i. Occupants of the chosen cases or units. ii. Locals found on the streets in Stone Town. Random selection was carried out at the street level. iii. Architects, Planners and Conservationists from the Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority. (STCDA)
Sample of semi-structured interview 1. How long have you lived in this building for? 2. Do you own the building or have rented the space? 3. If not then who is the owner of the building?
Fig 3. 2; Author sketching and observing street. Source; Author 4. Are there other families that live here? If yes, how many? (2016). 5. Do know any history about the building? 6. What era or time period was it built in? 7. Did you find the house the way it is? 8. Are there any alterations that have been made to the building?
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 36 CHAPTER THREE;RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
9. If yes, what are the changes or what has been removed or subtracted? 10. Are there any changes or alterations in the neighbourhood that may have affected your building? 11. If yes, what are the changes or what has been removed and subtracted? 12. Are the local authorities aware of these changes?
b) Observation
Observation of architectural elements, building layouts, building heights, materials, openings and street activities was done and recorded using photographs, analytical sketches and notes.
Fig 3. 3; Author taking window measurements in one c) Physical measurements of the Swahili stone houses. Source; Author (2016). Actual physical measurements were done for some of the buildings while some drawings were sourced from architects during fieldwork study. This data was used to generate sketches and CAD drawings comprising of: plans, sections and elevations
3.6.2 Secondary data This was majorly covered in the Literature Review. It provided the basis of understanding to the Swahili architecture and the phenomena of transformation. However some information was obtained in the field. These included literature review on published books, published journals, un-published material, images and tables from archives in STCDA office and resource persons.
Fig 3. 4; Image of instrument used by author to carry out measurements.Source; Author (2016)
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3.7Data analysis
3.7.1 Comparative analysis The residential typologies of the Swahili house have been compared respectively against the Swahili house, the Indian shop-front house, the veranda house, the Omani house, the Arab house and the caravanserai or Musafarkhanas. This includes a detailed comparison of the spatial layout, material, building technology and architectural elements that characterise the prehistoric Swahili architecture.
3.8Data presentation The data collected and analysed in this dissertation has been presented in the form of; i. Maps ii. Architectural drawings i.e. plans, sections, elevations. iii. photographic images iv. tables v. sketches vi. notes
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 38
CHAPTER THREE;FIELDWORKRESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR: FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
This chapter looks at: 4.0. Introduction. 4.0.1. Urban planning. 4.0.2. Street orientation. 4.1. Street character; Sokomuhogo street study and its transformations. 4.2. Omani houses 4.2.1. Case A: House No: F06A STCDA offices. 4.2.2. Case B: Department of Disaster and Management. 4.2.3. Transformation of the Omani houses in Zanzibar. 4.3. Veranda houses. 4.3.1. Case A: Old customs house,Malindi,Stone town. 4.3.2. Case B. Mizingani hotel. 4.3.3. Transformation of the Verandah houses in Zanzibar. 4.4. Caravanserai. 4.4.1. Case A .Caravanserai Kajificheni. 4.4.2. Case B: Malindi Caravanserai. 4.4.3. Transformation of the Caravanserai in Zanzibar. 4.5. Indian shop house. 4.5.1. Case A: House No. : 2454, Sokomuhogo (Nasser residence), Zanzibar. 4.5.2. Case B: House No.2418 (Ibrahim Residence). 4.5.3. Transformation of the Indian shop house in Zanzibar. 4.6. Traditional Swahili house. 4.6.1. Case A: Traditional Swahili house Malindi: Kahtan house. 4.6.2. Case B. Traditional Swahili house Vuga: Bi Salama residence. 4.6.3. Transformation of the Traditional Swahili house in Zanzibar. 4.7. Comparative analysis between Swahili Stone houses in Zanzibar to foreign cases. 4.7.1. Comparison between Omani houses in Zanzibar and Omani house in Oman. 4.7.2. Comparison between Veranda houses in Zanzibar and Veranda house in India. 4.7.3. Comparison between Caravanserai in Zanzibar and Caravanserai in Iran. 4.7.4. Comparison between Shop houses in Zanzibar and shop house in India. TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 39 CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction 4.0.1Urban planning 4.0.3 Street orientation The previous chapters of this dissertation grounded the study Zanzibar Stone Town is a product of Orientation of the main streets is in the on a theoretical basis. It is in this chapter that the author’s at least three centuries of settlements N-S direction with the lanes and alleys contribution takes shape through the documentation of due to mainly the sea trade along the following the E-W direction, which is a fieldwork findings and the synthesis of the data collected in the East African Coast. The densely typical scenario of compact Swahili field. This chapter focuses on the fieldwork findings carried out clustered town is divided into a cities fig no. The Lanes and alleys assist on Zanzibar Island in the old town of Zanzibar known as Stone system of 10 wards or mitaa in channelling cool sea breeze from the Town. The findings are established upon the identified Fig No that came about as each new open western sea side into the dense parameters of urban planning, street character and the unit group that came to settle on the town. design. Under urban planning, the towns spatial organisation, island had a tendency to stay street orientation and house densities was studied. For street together and build clusters of character, an identified street in the area of study was studied interrelated buildings based on in respect to its width, height, activity levels, and orientation, family and ethnic relations as stated Fig 4. 3; Maps showing the housing density and street network of Vuga and Malindi area in building materials and surface finishes and architectural by Siravo (1997)(Fig 4. 5). This has Stone Town. Source: Siravo (1997) resulted into various building features looking at what has transformed at street level. Under the unit design, the author presents findings for the stone house typologies that have their own typologies that were identified and selected using the criteria in character with influence from the the previous chapter. cultures that settled on the island. Cases The Stone town itself forms an 4.2 Omani houses organic appearance consisting of Fig 4. 2; Image showing activity of STCDA building and Department of disaster varying sizes houses that are Sokomuhogo Street at night. Source: 4.3. Veranda houses clustered together either in a Author (2016). -Mizingani hotel regularly or randomly manner with -Old customs house narrow winding streets and open 4.4. Caravanserai spaces. -Caravanserai Kajificheni -Caravanserai Malindi 4.5. Traditional Swahili houses
-Swahili house Malindi -Swahili house Vuga 4.6. Indian shop houses -Indian shop house Sokomuhogo -Nasser residence Fig 4. 1; Image showing the map of stone town and location of cases Fig 4. 4; Image of Sokomuhogo Street Fig 4. 5; Image showing the map of stone town and location of cases studied. Source: studied. Source: Courtesy of STCDA, Author modified (2016) during daytime. Source: Author (2016). Source: Siravo (1997).
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 40
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Street character; Sokomuhogo street study and its transformations
Parameter a) General character b) Activity c) Materials d) Clothing levels e) Doors and windows f) Street height Description The general street seem to have maintained The street is full of activities ranging from All the coral rag walls are finished in The locals dress in very light The doors and windows in the street are done The buildings Sokomuhogo range their original character however there are commercial to leisure. During the day, shops lime plaster and are painted white clothing. The veiled buibui and in wood .The doors along the street are mostly between 2 to 4 stories in Height. It is transformations occurring due to pressures of are wide open to carry out business. Along the however some walls use the new hijab are worn by the ladies as this the gujerati doors which are characterised by seen that the change in height is due new technology , Fig4.8 and social needs. Lined street are stone benches where you will find concrete block technology for their is requirement by the religion of the square stile and rail wooden panels. The to vertical extensions that have been along the street, in front of the buildings, is a men relaxing and playing the traditional board construction. The colour is not Islam. For the men, the look will windows which mainly have a width to height made to the existing stone houses row of stone benches that is used by the locals game known as bao and other local board completely the same there are slight comprise of the Kanzu and the ratio of 1:2 which is common place in Swahili due to societal needs.(Fig 4. 11) to rest and play games. The walls are done in games. In some cases ladies are seen cooking variations in the white colour. The path Kofia with leather sandals. houses are done in wood and also comprise of coral rag stone using lime as the binding agent. local cuisine like mahamris, chapatis, for both is finished in small concrete slabs while However they also do wear loose iron bars that are used for security purposes. Sun shading devices including the roofs of the domestic use and commercial reasons. Asa a the benches are finished in cement trousers, shorts and T-shirts. The However the ratio of some of the windows has buildings are done in iron corrugated iron sheets result of the narrow nature of the streets, screed. Timber windows and doors are loose clothing acts as a measure to changed and have a ratio of 1:1.( Fig 4. 10) supported by timber members .some are also motorcycles are a common and quick mode of finished with a coat of varnish. The aid in cooling the body.(Fig 4. 9) decorated with wooden fascia boards. The street transport. The streets are almost dead at the bright finishes in general ensure little finish is done in paving blocks.(Fig 4. 6) night with very little activity taking place. heat is absorbed and is instead reflected by the finishes.(Fig 4. 7) Image a)Sokomuhogo at night b) Sokomuhogo daytime
Fig 4. 6; Image showing character of the street. Fig 4. 7; Image showing night and day activities. Source: Fig 4. 8; Image showing use of new materials Fig 4. 9; Image showing clothing levels Fig 4. 10; Images showing doors and windows Fig 4. 11; Image showing building Source: Author (2016). Author (2016). for the upper extended walls and finishes. and street floor materials. Source: Author along the street. Source: Author (2016). heights. Source: Author (2016). Source: Author (2016). (2016).
Table 4. 1; Table showing street parameters for Sokomuhogo Street. (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 41 CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Legend Red box/ line showing areas that have transformed
Windows Windows are done in wood however the ratio of these window has changed. The windows have a longer width Fig 4. 12 ; Image showing decorative Fig 4. 13; Image showing terrace Fig 4. 14; Image showing Fig 4. 15; Image of timber than the height which is contrary recesses and long timber along street.Source; Author gujerati door. Source; Author louvered window with a to the normal windows in windows.Source; Author (2016). (2016). (2016). Terrace width to height ratio of Fig 4. 18; Image showing Zanzibar.(Fig 4. 12) Roof 1:2.Source; Author (2016). Fig 4. 16; Image showing Fig 4. 17; image showing The roofs are done in Some buildings have terraces that face Sun shading use of concrete blocks for use of iron sheets as window with ratio of The streets and entrances to the houses and shops are covered by terrace walling. Source; sunshaders.Source; 1:1.Source; Author in iron sheets. the street.(Fig 4. 13) (2016). Aesthetics the iron sheets that serve as sunshades. (Fig 4. 17) Author (2016). Author (2016). Surface Finish Narrow lane Windows Doors The walls of this building have decorative recesses which The exterior walls are Narrow lanes join the main Windows are done in wood, the width to height ratio of Change in material The doors found along the Along the street it is seen that there is change contrasts the common plain lime finished in lime wash street which aid in channelling these windows is 1:1 which is different to the common street are mainly the plastered facades of the Swahili giving it a white look. This cool air into the dense vertically oriented Swahili window that has a width to in material where concrete blocks have been gujerati doors. (Fig 4. 14) stone houses. (Fig 4. 12) reflects the heat from the settlement. height ratio of 1:2. (Fig 4. 18) used as walling for the terrace. (Fig 4. 16) sun.
Change in window ratio
Table 4. 2;
Fig 4. 19; street elevation of Sokomuhogo street. Source; Author (2016) TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 42
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.2 Omani houses 4.2 .1 Case A: House No: F06A STCDA offices Background The two storey building was initially part of the Sultan’s family residence. d) Section Fig 4. 22; Image showing niches for storage and display above windows Source Author (2016) It was constructed in the 1900s and later in 1930s it was converted to an Arab Girls Hostel. It later became a Fig 4. 20; Image showing Location of primary school and in 1978 the building, building orientation and sun path. Source .Courtesy of STCDA, Author school moved out and the building modified (2016) Fig 4. 23: Image showing main was left to ruins. It was later entrance Door and timber rehabilitated to its original state in a) Ground floor plan b) First floor plan c) Second floor plan windows. Source Author (2016). 1987 to become the STCDA offices Fig 4. 21; Drawings of building. Source: Author modified (2016). Courtesy of STCDA, Zanzibar e) Elevation and still is to date. Fig 4. 24 Image showing courtyard. Source Author General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology (2016) e) Design principles Description The building has a 600mm thick coral rag wall The walls have a white finish done in a lime wash The façade design can be described as simple and The building has used the old construction techniques and building As a result of the buildings location on the bonded with lime mortar. The thick wall which is found in both the interior and the exterior elegant. The architectural decoration both on the materials widely used in the 19th century in Stone town. The load- waterfront the Omani structure portrays its self as ensures temperature in the building remains of the building. In terms of thermal performances the exterior and interior is minimal. The large, heavy bearing walls are made of coral rag and are 600mm thick that aid in a dominating form. It is noted that human scale cooler than the external and fairly constant as bright finishes reflect most of the heat away from the and elaborately carved Omani door which was an keeping the building cool .This strategy was used in order to and proportionality has been well considered in most of the heat from the exterior is absorbed surface. In this case the white finish on the building indication of the owner’s status in the community, increase the time lag where the internal temperatures were kept low the design. In addition environmental design has by it. In addition, the coral and lime mortar ensures little heat is absorbed by the facade. The contrasts the plain, lime plaster walls. The facades while the external temperatures are high. Lime mortar was used as also been considered. mixture that is used for the walls gives the floor has been finished with cement screed. The are articulated into levels by a simple pattern of a binding material in the construction. For the slabs, they were made walls a high thermal resistance. Hence the ceilings for the other floors have been done using the solids and voids created by the tall wooden shuttered of coral rag which was then supported by boriti poles and lime thickness of the walls is directly proportional boriti poles. The ceiling has been redone using wood windows that have iron bars for security. A mortar. Because of the nature of materials the slab is thick at almost to the thermal resistance that is the thicker the for the upper most floor.(Fig 4. 26 andFig 4. 31) decorative moulding located before reaching the 300mm. This further adds to the thermal performance of the overall walls the greater the resistance. crenelated parapet gives some ornamentation to the building. The boriti poles used, determined the spans of the rooms. building. The rooms approximate dimensions were 3000-4000mm.
Table 4. 3;Table showing general parameters for Omani houses .Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 43
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters Description/findings a) Transformation period/year The house was renovated through the conservation plans and effort by the Stone Town Conservation Authority in 1987.
Transformation of Building The major changes made can be seen on the internal floor Fig 4. 30:Image showing finishes of technology and materials surface finishes where tiles have been added on the Fig 4. 25; Image showing main façade Fig 4. 26; Image showing area where existing wall Fig 4. 31; Image showing niches and ceiling,wall and ceramic floor;Source (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade screed and also the pitched roof and gutter that is an of building Source Author (2016) was located and boriti ceiling Source. Author (2016) ceiling finish Source Author (2016) :Author2016 Roof) addition to the flat roof due to leakage problems.in addition of timber partitions to create space and also demolition of an existing wall for the same purpose of space creation.(Fig 4. 26 andFig 4. 29)
Spatial organisation transformation There is a vertical extensions done to the building in (vertical transformation/horizontal relation to the roof being added. The building has transformation/change in use of undergone change in use of space from a residential to Fig 4. 29:Image of new gutter and Fig 4. 27;Image of court.Souce:Author space) office space Fig 4. 28;Image of building partition in arch.Source:Author (2016) (2016). Externally.Source;Author (2016). General Parameters e) Balustrades f) Roof g) Floor to ceiling h) Courtyard i) Openings height j) (Doors /windows/arches /niches) Description The balustrades The building has a The STCDA building The massive building has a central courtyard which The doors are Omani timber doors. The consist of low-pitch mabati roof, has a floor to ceiling of is fairly rectangular in shape that has a dimension of windows have a width to height ratio of 1:2 and Transformation Factor Change of ownership and change in the use of the intricately carved surrounded by a 4100 in the three approximately 4000 X 8000mm. The courtyard is are done in timber. They also have iron bars for building from a residential building to an office led to timber work. crenelated parapet different floors There is surrounded by ogee open arches (2200x 3700) that security purposes. The arch used is the ogee these transformations. In addition the dilapidating state of wall. This is one of a slight variation that create a sense of continuity. This is the main feature arch that is located around the court. Niches are the building before renovation led to its transformation. the few additions arises due to the boriti that provides ventilation and lighting to the spaces located mainly above the windows which serve made to the house. poles and a 1000mm around it.Fig 4. 27 as display and storage areas. high crenelated parapet wall.
Table 4. 4; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 44
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.2.2 Case B: Department of Disaster and Management Background The three storey Omani building was initially part of the Sultan’s family residence. In the 1980s it was a ruin and was under the ownership of the government during this period until 1986 when it was passed on to the STCDA. It was rehabilitated to its original state. It was used as a half-way house that was used for temporary accommodation for families whose areas of residence were under restoration by STCDA till the early Fig 4. 33; Image showing Location of Fig 4. 34; External facade of building d) Section S01 1990s. It was then used as a school for form 4 leavers where building, building orientation and sun path.: Source: Author (2016) Source :Courtesy of STCDA, Author technical courses were being offered by the ministry of modified (2016) education for 2 years and its custody was under them. The building then went back under the custody of STCDA. The government established the department of housing in 2005 and used the building after which the building was then handed b) First floor plan over to Department of Disaster And Management in 2015. a)Ground floor plan c)Second floor plan
Fig 4. 32; Drawings of building, plans, section and elevations. Source: Author (2016). e) Elevation E01
General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Design principles Description The building comprises of 600mm thick coral The exterior and interior walls have a white finish The façade design is simple and elegant. The The building used the old construction techniques and building The planning and organisation of spaces around a rag walls which are bound with lime mortar. It that has been done in a lime wash. The white finish architectural decoration both on the exterior is minimal. materials widely used in the 19th century in Stone town. The main central court implies great sensitivity to the is noted that the wall thickness is directly on the building ensures little heat is absorbed by the The carved door is the contrasting element against the walls which are load bearing are made of coral rag and are climate of the area allowing the building to stay proportional to the thermal resistance such that surface. The floor has been finished with cement plain, lime plaster walls. The facades are articulated 600mm thick. This strategy if thick walls was used in order to cool through the use of a court yard. the thicker the wall and the higher the screed. The ceilings for the other floors have been through solids and voids created by the wooden increase the time lag where the internal temperatures were kept resistance it will have, the heat waves will take done using the boriti poles. The ceiling has been shuttered windows that have iron bars for security. A low while the external temperatures are high during a hot a longer time to pass through the thick wall redone using wood for the upper most floor. moulding decorates the plain façade at every floor level weather. Lime mortar was used as a binding material in the hence the walls will have a high time lag. This before reaching the low-pitch mabati roof. construction. For the slabs, they were made of coral rag which enables the interior spaces of the building to was then supported by boriti poles and lime mortar. The boriti remain cool during hot days. poles used, determined the spans of the rooms. Table 4. 5: Table showing general parameters for Omani houses.Aothor (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 45
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters
Transformation period/year The house was renovated by the department of housing between 2005 and 2015.
Transformation of Building The major changes made to the building can be seen on the technology and materials top most floor where a pitched roof was added to create a (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade) covered usable space and also portioning has been done. It Fig 4. 35; Image showing addition of the Fig 4. 36; Image showing addition of Fig 4. 37; Image boriti poles. Source: Fig 4. 38; Image of courtyard Fig 4. 39; Image of niches above roof. Source: Author (2016). timber partition. Source: Author (2016). Author (2016). . Source: Author (2016). doors. Source: Author (2016). is also noted that the ratio of the windows have changed, the windows on the top most floor have a width to height ratio of 1: while the windows for the remaining floors have a ratio of 1:2.this transformation is evident on the façade.(Fig 4. 45) Spatial organisation transformation There are vertical extensions done to the building where (vertical transformation/horizontal the roof was added (Fig 4. 35) however there is also a transformation/change in use of space) horizontal extension that was done to the backyard where a kitchen area was added.(Fig 4. 40)
Fig 4. 45; image of main Omani Fig 4. 41; Image showing shouldered Fig 4. 42: Image showing shouldered Fig 4. 44: image of windows Fig 4. 40: Image showing addition of Fig 4. 43; image showing square entrance door. Source: Author arches. Source: Author (2016). arch.Source: Author (2016). with 1:1 and 1:2 ratios. backyard kitchen. Source: Author (2016). windows. Source: Author (2016). (2016). Source :author (2016).
General f) Balustrades g) Roof h) Floor to i) Courtyard j) Openings Transformation Factor Change of ownership and change in the use of the building Parameters ceiling height (Doors /windows/arches /niches) from a residential building to its current use as a Description The balustrades are 1100mm The building has a The building has a The building has a central courtyard which is The doors are Omani timber doors. The government office building has led to these in height and consist of low-pitch mabati floor to ceiling of rectangular in shape that has a dimension of windows have a width to height ratio of 1:2 transformations. In addition the need for more usable timber frame with iron bars. roof. This is one of 4000mm for the first approximately 2800 X 3900mm. The courtyard is and are done in timber. They also have iron office space also influenced these transformations. the additions made two floor levels, the surrounded by oggee open arches (2300 x 3600). The bars for security purposes. The arch used is to the house. remaining floor level role is to provide ventilation and lighting to the spaces. the ogee arch that is located around the court. has a height of In addition the building also has a back yard that had a Niches are located mainly above the doors 2700mm. kitchen area. which serve as display and storage areas.
Table 4. 6; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 46
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS 4.2.3. Transformation of the Omani houses in Zanzibar
Typology Spatial organisation Materials and construction technology Openings Finishes Courtyard Roof Findings (doors/windows/arches) House No: F06A Comparing the two buildings the STCDA offices following findings were made: There is use of similar construction materials. Change in the Width to height ratio of the windows. Comparing these cases to Siravo’s description that they are roughly square buildings that have minimal ornamentation and have a central court The spaces have been organised around a central courtyard Boriti poles have been used as the The windows are timber louvers and have a ratio of 1:2.They Lime finish with paint is Court aids in lighting Galvanised iron however it is seen that there is creating a gallery around the court. support system for the slab. In addition also have iron bar used as a security measure. Some of the used. and ventilation. sheets are used for transformation of construction steel beams have also been used for the arches have been filled with timber to create more space roofing and an technology between the two buildings structural system. Thick walls have internally. The doors are the Omani doors. intricate fascia with where both buildings show use of new been used which are made of coralline galvanised gutter is construction techniques other than the rag. also used. traditional coral rag technology. Department of Disaster and Management
The spaces are arrange around a small central courtyard Boriti poles have been used as the The windows are wooden and louvered. They also have iron Lime finish with is used. Court aids in lighting Galvanised iron with a walk way round it however the geometry is support system for the slab. Thick bar used as a security measure. The ratio of the windows is 1:2 and ventilation. sheets are used for rectangular. walls have been used which are made however there are some windows located at the top most level roofing. No fascia is of coralline rag. Timber has been used have a ratio of 1:1. Some of the arches have been filled with used. The gutter for the ceiling. timber to create more space internally. The doors are the system is made of Omani doors. galvanised iron. Table 4. 7; Transformation of the Omani houses in Zanzibar. Author( 2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 47
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.3. Veranda houses 4.3.1 Case A: Old customs house,Malindi,Stone town Background The old Customs House is located along Zanzibar’s northern seafront that is a visible and significant open space to the public in the town. It was built as a family house during the reign of Sultan Majid Bin Said (1856-1870) as one in a group of buildings owned by the Busaidis, a branch of the ruling family. It remained in the Busaidi family until 1928, when the Customs authority offices were moved from a nearby shed. From 1980 until 1987 the building housed the income tax department. Afterwards it remained empty until it was entrusted to the Ministry of Water, Construction, Lands and Environment (MWCELE) in 1992. The first phase of the building’s restoration took place between 1993 and 1996, in coordination with the Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority (STCDA) with Funds-in-Trust made available by the Government of Italy to UNESCO. Later, restoration work was taken Fig 4. 46; Image showing Location of building, building over by Aga Khan Foundation and was completed in 1999. orientation and sun path.: Source .Courtesy of STCDA, Author a) Ground floor plan b) First floor plan c) Second floor plan d) Elevation E01 e) Section S01 modified (2016). Fig 4. 47; Drawings of building Plans sections and elevation. Source Author (2016).
General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Design principles Description The walls consist of heavy Both exterior and internal walls are The façade design can be described as simple and elegant. The The building has used the old construction techniques and building As a result of the buildings location on the waterfront the construction made of coral rag constructed of coral rag stone with lime architectural decoration both on the exterior is brought about by the materials that were used in stone town in the 19th century. The load- Omani structure portrays its self as a dominating form. stone with a thickness of 600mm and are finished with 15mm thick intricate balcony at the front of the building. The large, heavy and bearing walls are made of coral rag and are 600mm thick that aid in The planning and organization of the ground floor uses a which is bound together with plaster finish, and are painted off-white elaborately carved Omani door which was an indication of the keeping the building cool. Indian teak has been used for the balcony central courtyard that has circulation and spaces around it. lime and finished off with lime to reduce absorption of heat. The floor owner’s status in the community, contrasts the plain, lime plaster work at the front of the building, this intricate work was implemented Balconies open towards the street, this displays great plaster. Both internal and external finish is done using cement and sand walls. The facades are articulated by simple patterns of solids and by the Indians. Lime mortar was used as a binding material in the sensitivity to the climate of the area by taking advantage wall surfaces are finished with screed whereas for the ceiling it was voids that are brought about by the wooden shuttered windows with construction. For the slabs, they are made of coral rag which is of the breeze from the sea. white paint. done using the boriti.(Fig 4. 50) iron bars for security. Decorative mouldings located on the front supported by boriti poles and lime mortar. The boriti poles used, façade add to the aesthetic features of the building.( Fig 4. 49) determined the spans of the rooms.
Table 4. 8; Table showing general parametrs.Aothor (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 48
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters Description/findings a) Transformation period/year The house was renovated through the conservation plans
and effort by the Stone Town Conservation Authority and final restoration work by the Aga Khan Foundation in 1999.However before then the building did undergo transformation where the veranda was added in the early 1900s.
b) Transformation of Building The major changes made can be seen on the façade where Fig 4. 48; Image of old customs building in Fig 4. 49; Image of old customs facade in 2016 Fig 4. 50; Image showing wall, floor and Fig 4. 51; Image new arch that replaced the wall Fig 4. 52; Image showing Crenelation at the technology and materials 1900s .Source:https://www.delcampe.net showing addition of balcony. Source Author (2016). ceiling finishes. Source Author (2016). at the entry point. Source; Author (2016). back Of the building. Source; Author (2016). (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade The cast iron structure at the front of the building was an Roof) addition done to the Omani building giving it a veranda and balconies (Fig 4. 49). A pitched roof was later added to the building which lead to the loss of the crenulations at the front of the building. However these crenulations are still seen at the back of the building (Fig 4. 52). Steel members were also added to support some of the existing boriti floor support system that were prone to collapse.(Fig 4. 58).A wall was replaced with a large arch at the entrance lobby (Fig 4. 51) Fig 4. 53; image of court yard. Fig 4. 54; timber louvered window. Fig 4. 55; Image showing niches above Fig 4. 56; Image showing galvanised Fig 4. 57; Image showing Omani Fig 4. 58; Image showing steel supports. Source; Author (2016) Source; Author (2016). Window. Source; Author (2016) roof of building. Source; Author (2016). door Source; Author (2016) Source; Author (2016). c) Spatial organisation There are no vertical or horizontal extensions done to the transformation building however the building has undergone change in General e) Balustrades f) Roof g) Floor to h) Courtyard i) Openings (vertical transformation/horizontal use of space from a residential to office space. Parameters ceiling height (Doors /windows/arches /niches) transformation/change in use of Description The balustrades with a height The building has a low-pitch The building has a The massive building has a central The doors are intricately carved Omani doors. The space) of 1000mm consist of carved mabati roof, surrounded by a floor to ceiling of courtyard which is fairly rectangular windows are timber casement windows with the outer leaf timber work on both the crenelated parapet wall. This 4000 on the ground in shape that has a dimension of having timber louvres whereas the inner leaf has glazing d) Transformation Factor Change of ownership and change in the use of the interior and exterior. The is one of the few additions floor and first floor approximately 4000 X 8000mm. The on the timber frames (Fig 4. 54) .Some are traditional building from a residential building to an office led to balustrades located on the made to the flat roof of the 3000mm on the last courtyard is surrounded by ogee open Zanzibar windows that have iron bars for burglar proofing. these transformations. In addition the dilapidating state of exterior balconies are more building However the back floor. arches (2200x 3700) that create a The windows have a ratio 1:2.Niches are mainly located the building caused the need for restorations in 1996 and intricately carved than the portion of the building has sense of continuity. This is the main above the windows internally and serve as storage or 1999 which led to some areas being transformed. internal ones located at the still retained the flat roof and feature that provides ventilation and display shelves. Arches are mainly located at the court court adding to the external crenulations.( Fig 4. 52 and lighting to the spaces around it. adding to the interior aesthetics and allow the building to aesthetics of the building. Fig 4. 56) (Fig 4. 53) be lit and ventilated via the court. Table 4. 9; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 49
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.3.2. Case B. Mizingani hotel Background The building is located along the sea promenade, between Forodhani Park and the Zanzibar seaport. It is four storeys high. The building has recently undergone renovation in 2008 in order to
be suitable as a high-end hotel. It was Fig 4. 60; Gujarati door. Fig 4. 61: Arched window. Source; Author (2016). Source; Author (2016). opened to the public in 2012.
Fig 4. 59; Image showing Location of building, building orientation and sun path.: Source .Courtesy of STCDA, Author modified (2016)
Fig 4. 64; Drawings of building Plans, sections and elevation. Source; Author Fig 4. 65 Image of courtyard .Source; Fig 4. 63; Image showing Fig 4. 62; Image showing doors and modified (2016). Author (2016). decorative work and finishes. Windows. Source Author 2016
Source; Author (2016). General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Design principles and spatial organisation Description The walls consist of heavy weight The stone wall of both the The façade design can be described as The building used the old construction techniques and building materials widely used in The planning and organisation of spaces around a main central court construction with thickness of exterior and interior walls is elegant. The architectural decoration the 19th century in Stone town on the older section of the main building. The walls which implies great sensitivity to the climate of the area allowing the building 600mm. made of coral rag stone finished with 15mm thick white both on the exterior is brought about by are load bearing are made of coral rag and are 600mm thick. This strategy of thick walls to stay cool through the use of a court yard. In addition the Omani which is bound together with lime lime plaster finish which reflects the intricate balcony at the front of the was used in order to increase the time lag where the internal temperatures were kept low structure portrays its self as a dominating form due to its location on the and finished off with lime plaster light and heat away from outside building and also towards the larger while the external temperatures are high during a hot weather. However for the newer waterfront. Addition of the cast iron balcony on the front facade gives Both internal and external wall the building. The floor finish is court that also has intricate Indian teak section of the building which is locate at the back, 200mmm thick concrete masonry blocks the building an extroverted look. surfaces are finished in cream ceramic flooring on cement balconies facing the windows on the were used for the wall construction. For the slabs, they were all made of coral rag which yellow colour. screed over a reinforced floor façade bring about an interplay was then supported by boriti poles and lime mortar in the older section of the building slab.(Fig 4. 63) between the solid thick wall and while the newer section was all done in concrete. The boriti poles used, determined the voids/windows. (Fig 4. 68) spans of the rooms for the older section of the building.
Table 4. 10; Table showing general parametrs for veranda houses.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 50
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters Description/ findings
a) Transformation period/year The house was renovated by a private owner in 2008 who wished to convert the building into a hotel.
b) Transformation of Building There are no major technological changes made to the technology and materials main building however the technological changes can be (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade) found on the back section of the building where concrete blocks were used for walling instead of the coral rag due to it being readily available and also it is a faster method of construction and requires less skill in comparison to the Fig 4. 66; Image showing Mizingani with Fig 4. 67; Image of Mizingani with added Fig 4. 68; Image showing Mizingani with Fig 4. 69; Image showing intricate timber Fig 4. 70; Image showing use of concrete coralline technology (Fig 4. 70.) In addition modern renovated veranda in 2016.Source; veranda. Source; renovated veranda..Source; Author balcony work. Source; Author (2016). and concrete blocks during construction. finishes have been used that is ceramic tiling for the https://www.delcampe.net http://www.dewani.ca/sdzbarpage6.htm (2016). .Source: Author (2016). flooring of the overall building( Fig 4. 63) c) Spatial There are no vertical extensions done to the building organisation transformation however there is a horizontal extension that was on the (vertical transformation/horizontal main façade of the building where the cast iron structure transformation/change in use of space) at the front was an addition done in the mid-1900s making the building an Omani veranda house Fig4.59 .In the recent renovation the back court was extended with rooms built at the back and new balconies added as well.(Fig 4. 69)
d) Transformation Factor Addition of the iron structure to the front façade of the Fig 4. 71; Image showing internal Fig 4. 72; Image showing back yard of building Fig 4. 73; Backyard during Fig 4. 74; Complete back yard with new Fig 4. 75; Internal boriti construction. niches. Source; Author (2016). before renovation. Source; Author (2016). construction. Source; Author (2016). roof tiles. Source; Author (2016). Source; Author (2016). building changed the building from being introverted towards the courts to being extroverted towards the sea
General f) Balustrades g) Roof h) Floor to i) Courtyard j) Openings front. Conversion of the building from a residential Parameters ceiling height (Doors /windows/arches /niches) building to a hotel in order to meet the demand of the Description The balustrades with a height of The main building is roofed The building has a There are two courtyards that The windows on the seafront facade are timber windows growing hotel sector has led to the recent changes in the 1100mm consist of carved timber with decra roofing tiles floor to ceiling of are open to sky. These with two leafs where the outer leaf is having timber louvres building. In addition the availability of new material like work on both the interior and whereas the block at the 4000mm for the first promote cooling of the whereas the inner leaf has glazing on the timber frames. the concrete blocks that require less time for construction exterior. The balustrades located back has a flat roof with a two floor levels, the building and also aid in Some are traditional Zanzibar windows, starting slightly have influenced these material changes. Furthermore on the exterior balconies are more crenelated parapet wall remaining floor level lighting. One is located above the floor level, with burglar proofing. Internal aspiration by the developer to use modern material that intricately carved adding to the which can be accessed via a has a height of within the main building windows to courtyards are arched and have stained glass requires less maintenance and more durable than coral rag overall aesthetics of the building. spiral staircase. Fig 4. 74 2700mm. while the other is located at which add to the aesthetics. The doors are gujerati doors. has also influenced this. Fig 4. 69 the pool area. Table 4. 11; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 51
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Typology a) Spatial organisation b) Materials and construction technology c) Openings(doors/windows/arches) d) Finishes e) Courtyard f) Roof g) Findings Old customs Comparing the two buildings the house, following findings were made: Malindi, Zanzibar There is use of similar construction (Verandah house) materials and use of new construction materials and techniques.200mm thick Concrete blocks have been used for walling which is contrary to the common coral rag for walls and in addition the type of roofing material has changed where galvanised roof tiles or The spaces have been organised around a central Boriti poles have been used as the support system for The windows are timber louvers and have a ratio of Lime and paint is the main Court aids in Galvanised iron Decra tiles have been used instead of the courtyard creating a gallery around the court and the slab. In addition steel beams have also been used 1:2.They also have iron bar used as a security measure. finish of the building on the lighting and sheets are used for normal galvanised iron sheets. there is also a courtyard to the back of the for the structural system of the slabs. Thick walls The doors are the Omani doors. exterior and interior walls. ventilation. roofing and an building. have been used which are made of coralline rag. In Cement screed is the floor intricate fascia. The design of the arch has changed from addition the veranda structure is made from wrought finish the oggee shouldered arch to the iron and timber railings for the balconies. minimalistic arch used in Mizingani hotel. Mizingani hotel,
Malindi, Zanzibar Comparing these cases to Siravo’s (Verandah house) description of the veranda houses it is seen that the cases in Zanzibar fit Siravo’s description since they have open verandas that face the sea front.
Both buildings have courts that aid in lighting and ventilation. The spaces are arrange around a small central Boriti poles have been used as the support system for The windows are wooden and louvered. They also have Lime and paint is the main Court aids in Galvanised iron tiles courtyard with a walk way round it however the the slab .The walls constitute of thick coralline rag iron bars for security purposes. The ratio of the windows finish of the building on the lighting and are used for roofing. The doors used are both Omani and geometry is rectangular. and lime however some portions of the building is 1:2. The arches used have a minimalistic approach to exterior and interior walls. ventilation. Fascia is intricate Indian gujerati doors which are commonly found in Stone town, were constructed using modern material, 200mm them. The doors are the gujerati doors. Ceramic tiles is used for the wood work. The Zanzibar. thick concrete blocks. The veranda section floor finish. gutter system is made constitutes of iron, concrete and timber. of galvanised iron.
Table 4. 12; Transformation of the Verandah houses in Zanzibar. Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 52
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.4. Caravanserai 4.4.1 Case A .Caravanserai Kajificheni
Background
House number 2052/55 is a caravanserai that is located in kajificheni area. The building was owned by a bohora family before the revolution in 1964.The building was confiscated by the
government in 1964 after the revolution Fig 4. 76; Image showing Location of building, Fig 4. 78; Image showing façade of building. Source: through the presidential decree No 8 of building orientation and sun path. Source: Mutonga, author modified (2016). 1964, with confiscation of immovable Courtesy of STCDA, Author modified (2016). a) Ground floor plan b) First floor plan c) Section X d) Elevation E01 Source: property. The building then was under Author drawing 2016 ownership of the government but is now Fig 4. 77; Drawings of building plans, section and elevation. Source: Author modified (2016). House 2052/55 Kajificheni Zanzibar,report by Silvia carboneti and makame mujahir under Waqf. September 2008
General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Design principles Description The walls are of heavy construction made of Both exterior and internal walls are constructed of The design of the façade is plain and simple. There is no The building has used thick wall construction technique The principle of introversion has been implied where coralline rag stone with a thickness of 550 mm coral rag stone with lime and are finished with 15mm form of ornamentation on the exterior facade other than where the load-bearing walls are made of coral rag and are by the spaces are inward looking .The spaces all look which is bound together with lime and finished thick plaster finish, and are painted off-white to the rhythmic interplay of solid and void between the 550 mm thick. Indian teak is used for the intricately carved towards a central courtyard and are arranged around off with lime plaster. Both internal and external reduce heat intake. The floor finish is done using windows and walls .where as for the interior it is slightly fascia board, this is a technique that was implemented by the it.This implies that privacy was very key in the design wall surfaces are finished with lime plaster and cement and sand screed whereas for the ceiling was elaborate with the decorative fascia and the rhythmic Indians who came to trade and settle on the island. The floor where the internal space was extremely private and
white paint. done using wood. wooden balustrade together with the wooden columns and ceiling structure comprises of a boriti structure, with had more ornamentation than the exterior. Also the that support the roof above. A low-pitch mabati canopy coral rag on top of the structure and finished with lime shops act as a buffer from the busy street enhancing hangs in front of the building providing shade to the mortar. The spaces are determined by the spans of the boriti privacy of the spaces inside. The ground floor acts as Barraza below and the shop entrances. that support the floor above however the steel sections are the commercial part of the house while the upper also used to support the floor above. Doors and windows are floors house the residential spaces.
made of timber.
Table 4. 13; Table showing general parameter for caravanserai .Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 53
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters Description/findings a) Transformation period/year The house was renovated through the conservation plans and effort by SIDA and STCDA.in 2000.
Fig 4. 79; Image showing materials and Fig 4. 80; Image door s Fig 4. 81; Image of fascia and Fig 4. 83; Image of shop. Source:House 2052/55 Fig 4. 82: Image of kitchen area before improvement. b) Transformation of Building The main changes can be seen in the surface finishes and galvanised gutter. Source: Author deteriorating state of building. Source; and windows. Source; Kajificheni Zanzibar,report by Silvia carboneti and Source: House 2052/55 Kajificheni Zanzibar,report by technology and materials the roof/gutter detail that was added to improve drainage. (2016). Silvia carboneti and makame mujahir(2008) Author (2016). Author (2016). makame mujahir(2008) (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade Other than using the common coral rag technology 200
Roof) mm thick concrete blocks were used to construct the shop in the entrance since they were readily available (Fig 4. 82 )and in addition the same material was used for the new kitchen area.( Fig 4. 89).
c) Spatial organisation The main entrance space was reduced to create space for transformation a shop hence the entry arch was partitioned (Fig 4. 86).A Fig 4. 84; Image of timber railing. Fig 4. 85; Image of court. Fig 4. 86: Image of arch with new Fig 4. 87; Image showing main Fig 4. 88; Image showing steel supports Fig 4. 89: Image of new first floor (vertical transformation/horizontal new kitchen area was provided for the residents since Source; Author (2016). Source; Author (2016) portioned wall. Source; Author (2016). door. Source; Author (2016). and boriti ceiling. Source; Author (2016). kitchen area. Source: Author (2016). transformation/change in use of there wasn’t any previously on the ground and first
space/addition of facilities/space) floor(Fig 4. 89). A portion of the entrance was used for a General Parameters f) Balustrades g) Roof h) Floor to i) Courtyard j) Openings shop and concrete blocks were used for the wall ceiling (Doors /windows/arches /niches) construction of the shop. height Description The balustrades with a The building has a The building has The building has a centralised The window openings measure 600X900mm with a sill height of d) Transformation Factor The need for support facilities led to changes in layout of height of 1050 mm are done low-pitch mabati a floor to ceiling rectangular courtyard with dimension 1500mm while a few are 1200x600 with a sill height of 1200 and some areas and also the use of readily available material in timber and are locate roof that is of 3400mm. of approximately 4800 X 10000mm. have a spacing of 1000mm between them. The external windows led to the use of concrete blocks. around the court at the first surrounded by a The courtyard is surrounded by measure 1000x1500mm. The windows are rectangular and have a floor. Fig 4. 84 parapet wall. 600x600 thick coral rag columns. vertical to horizontal ratio of 1:1.5 and 1:2.They have iron bars for This is the main feature whose role is security. Doors are a total height of 2400mm inclusive of a fan to provide ventilation and lighting to light which is 400mm high. The doors are wooden framed and
the spaces.( Fig 4. 85) panelled.(Fig 4. 80)
Table 4. 14; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 54
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.4.2. Case B: Malindi Caravanserai
Background
The word Musafarkhanas means ‘house of travellers'. This typology is a smaller version of the caravanserai– built exclusively by Indian communities and used to stay by visiting members of the group and in some cases was used as charitable housing for the poorer residents. The building is now under the WAQF Fig 4. 90; Image showing Location of Fig 4. 91; Image showing building, building orientation and sun main entry of building. a) Ground floor plan b) First floor plan d) Section X c) Elevation E01 path. Source; Courtesy of STCDA, Source: Author (2016). Fig 4. 92; Drawings of building, plans, section and elevation. Source: Author redrawn Author modified (2016).
General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Design principles and spatial organisation Description The thick walls consist of coral rag stone Both exterior and internal walls are constructed of The design of the façade is plain and simple. There is no The walls which are load bearing are made of coral rag. This The planning and organisation of spaces around a which is bound together with lime and finished coral rag stone with lime and are finished with 15mm form of ornamentation on the exterior facade other than strategy of using thick walls was used in order to increase main central court implies great sensitivity to the off with lime plaster Both internal and external thick plaster finish. They are painted off-white to the decorative balcony consisting of intricate carved the time lag where the internal temperatures were kept low climate of the area allowing the building to stay cool wall surfaces are finished in cream yellow reduce absorption of heat. The floor finish on both Indian timber work at the entrance of the building.As while the external temperatures are high during a hot through the use of a court yard. This also shows that colour. floor levels is done using cement and sand screed. shown in Fig 4. 99 weather. The floor is cement screed and ceiling structure the design is introverted since the rooms face and open The first floor ceiling finish is done in wood while comprises of a boriti structure that supports the slab above to the court The ceiling for the ground floor comprises of at the ground level while the first floor ceiling comprises of exposed boriti from the concrete slab.(Fig 4. 97 and timber members that support the roof. However there is a Fig 4. 93) case where steel has been used to enhance the structure in an area that is prone to collapse due to failure of the boriti
.Fig 4. 93
Table 4. 15; Table showing general parametr for caravanserais.Aothor (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 55
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters Description/ findings
a) Transformation period/year The building underwent a small change a few years back.
b) Transformation of Building The building has used steel to support the upper floor technology and materials As shown in Fig4.88 (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade) Fig 4. 93; Image showing steel support system Fig 4. 94; Image of gujerati Fig 4. 95; Image of roof Fig 4. 96; Image of arch. Fig 4. 101; Image of roof for the floor above and boriti ceiling finish on door. Source; Author (2016). Source: Author (2016). Source: Author (2016). Source; Author (2016). ground floor. Source; Author (2016).
c) Spatial organisation transformation There is no transformation in terms of spatial (vertical transformation/horizontal organisation. transformation/change in use of space)
Fig 4. 97; Image of first floor timber Fig 4. 98; Image of court. Fig 4. 99; Façade of building. Fig 4. 100; Image showing intricate Fig 4. 102; Image of windows. ceiling. Source; Author (2016) Source; Author (2016). Source; Author (2016). timber balcony at main entry. Source; Source:Author (2016). Author (2016). General f) Balustrades g) Roof h) Floor to i) Courtyard j) Openings d) Transformation Factor The collapsing floor above led to the use of steel Parameters ceiling height (Doors /windows/arches /niches) being used as a support as shown in Fig4.88 Description The balustrades are The building is The building has a The building has a large The windows are rectangular and have a done in timber and roofed with floor to ceiling of central court that aids in Vertical to horizontal ratio of 1:2.They have Iron bars iron work. mabati. Or approximately lighting and ventilation for security. Doors are a total height of 2400mm .The galvanised iron 3300mm on both and also serves as a doors are wooden .The main door is an intricately sheets. floor levels. washing and drying area carved Indian gujerati door(Fig 4. 94.) The court yard is of clothes for the surrounded by arches which are also done in coral rag residents.(Fig 4. 98; Image that support the floor above and create a sense of
of court.) ornamentation in the court. The arches also have a width to height ratio of 1:2. (Fig 4. 96)
Table 4. 16; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 56
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS 4.4.3 Transformation of the Caravanserai in Zanzibar Typology a) Spatial organisation b) Materials and construction c) Openings(doors/windows/arches) d) Finishes e) Courtyard f) Roof g) Findings technology 4.4 Case 05 Comparing the two buildings the Caravanserai following findings were made: ` There is the loss of the use of arches in the court as both structural elements and aesthetic.
Steel is used as a support element.
The spaces have been organised around a central The ceiling on the ground level Windows have a ratio of 1:1.5 and also1:2.The Lime and paint is the main finish of the building Court aids in lighting and Galvanised iron Change in window ratios courtyard creating a gallery around the court. comprises of exposed boriti members main door is a simple 2 leaf door that does not on the exterior and interior walls. Cement screed is ventilation. Large court sheets are used for that support the upper floor however in define the entry. No arches are present in the the floor finish roofing and an Comparing the caravanserais in some cases steel supports are also used. court, there is only one arch that is located at intricate fascia. Zanzibar to Siravo description in the The thick walls are made from coral rag the entry area. previous chapter , in general it is which is locally available. noted that the idea of the 4.5. Case 06: caravanserai being a rectangular or Malindi square walled compound with a Caravanserai large open court as mentioned by Siravo is still seen in the cases discussed.
The spaces have been organised around a central The ceiling on the ground level Windows have a ratio of 1:2 .The main door is Lime and paint is the main finish of the building Court aids in lighting and Galvanised iron courtyard creating a gallery around the court. comprises of exposed boriti members an intricately carved gujerati door that defines on the exterior and interior walls. Ceramic tiles is ventilation. Small sheets are used for that are mainly supported by steel the entry point clearly. Arches open to the used for the floor finish. rectangular court roofing. Fascia is members. The thick walls are made court creating a sense of ornamentation intricate wood work. from coral rag which is locally available. Table 4. 17; Transformation of the Caravanserai in Zanzibar. Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 57
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.5. Indian shop house
4.5.1 Case A: House No. : 2454, Sokomuhogo (Nasser residence), Zanzibar Background
The building is a shop front house located next a) Ground floor c) Third floor plan to Sokomuhogo Street. The three storey plan building that was constructed in 2007 has a shop and a room on the ground floor while upper two levels comprise of the residential sections. Above the two levels is a covered terrace. Prior to the new building’s construction and completion in 2007, the owner decided to demolish the existing timber house in 2006 due Fig 4. 103; Image showing Location of building, Fig 4. 104; Image showing façade b) Typical First and second floor plan d) Elevation e) Section X to its ruined state and build a new one. building orientation and sun path. Source: Courtesy of of building. Source: Author STCDA, Author modified (2016). (2016). Fig 4. 105: Drawings of building, Plans, sections and elevations. Source: Nzilani Author modified (2016)
General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Spatial organisation and design principles Description The building has 250mm thick The walls both internally and The façade of the building is The building has used modern construction The building in general has a narrow plan with rooms located on one side of the corridor. In addition the corridor has a balcony walls both for the exterior and externally are all plastered and painted white to reduce the technology that comprises if concrete blocks opposite to the spaces of the building that overlooks the narrow street. On ground floor the building has a shop which is the public interior. This is different from painted white. The floors heat absorption by the walls being used for the load bearing walls that commercial section of the building while the upper floors are the more private residential living quarters of the owners. The top what is commonly found in however are all tiled with .The balconies in the façade have a thickness of 200mm. Indian teak is most floors are covered terraces that are used for cooking and relaxation, the terrace serves as a tea room. As much as the building stone town which is thick walls. ceramic tiling .the ceiling is a are done intricately I wood used for the intricately carved fascia board has openings from one side only, there is no cross ventilation through the building. The thick walls generally help plain white finish which is not and enhance the character of and the balcony work at the building front. in keeping the internal spaces common since the exposed the building. In addition the The floor is a concrete slab finished in cool by increasing the time lag boriti is mainly seen as the balconies aid in shading the ceramic tiles while the ceiling is plastered and also they have a high ceiling finish in the stone walls from the western and painted like the walls (Fig 4. 109). Doors thermal resistance. houses. sun.(Fig 4. 104) and windows are made of timber.
Table 4. 18; Table showing general parametrs for Indian shop house.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 58 CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters Description/findings a) Transformation period/year The building was constructed in the year 2007 and later an addition was made to it five years later.
Fig 4. 108; Image of balcony with Fig 4. 109; Image of Corridor Fig 4. 106; Image showing Terrace Fig 4. 107; Image of gujerati Fig 4. 110; Images of timber windows, intricate timber work. Source: Author showing wall, floor and ceiling area. door. Source; Author (2016). internal and external views. .Source; Author b) Transformation of Building The building within itself has not undergone any (2016). finishes. Source: Author (2016); Source; Author (2016) (2016). technology and materials transformation in terms of building technology and (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade materials. Roof)
Fig 4. 111; Image of galvanised c) Spatial organisation The building underwent a vertical transformation where roof. transformation the terrace and tea room were added on the building in Source:General Author Parameter (2016) s a) Balcony b) Roof c) Floor to ceiling height d) Courtyard e) Openings (vertical transformation/horizontal the year 2011 since there was need to have a cooking (Doors /windows/arches /niches) transformation/change in use of area and an outdoor relaxation area as well.(Fig 4. 105 Description The balcony which is 1200 The building roof is done in The building has a floor to The building has The doors in the building, are made of intricately carved space/addition of facilities/space) (d). mm deep and has an corrugated iron sheet roofing. ceiling height of 2700 mm on no court present. Wood. The exterior doors have the most carvings on intricate timber railing of In addition to the roof the fascia all floors. them. The doors are the timber Indian gujerati doors d) Transformation Factor The need to have more functional space since the 1000mm high give the is done in wood which is (Fig 4. 107). The windows are timber which consist of building footprint is small led to these changes or vertical building an extroverted intricately carved adding to the iron grill work for security.in addition the windows have additions. In addition prior to the construction of the new look and also helps in aesthetics of the building and insect screens that open to the inside. building using modern construction materials, the owner shading the building from the façade. (Fig 4. 111). was aspired to use modern materials since they were the sun hence it acts as a sun readily available, more durable than what the previous shading device.(Fig 4. 108) building used, cost effective and less time is needed for construction.
Table 4. 19; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 59 CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.5.2. Case B: House No.2418(Ibrahim Residence)
Background
The building is a shop front house located along Sokomuhogo Street. The two storey shop front building is currently occupied by Mrs Fatima Ibrahim and her family of 4(her son ,his wife and their two young children) . The house belongs to her close relatives . The Ibrahim family consisting of her son and herself were the only ones who moved into the house in the year 1995 and have been
living there till to date. Fig 4. 112; Image showing Location of building, building orientation and sun path. Source: a) Ground floor plan a) First floor plan c) Section X(Author sketch) d) Elevation E01(Authorsketch(2016)) Courtesy of STCDA, Author modified (2016). Fig 4. 113; Drawings of building, Plans, sections and elevations. Source: Author (2016)
General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Spatial organisation and design principles Description The walls generally are done on coralline rag Both exterior and internal walls are constructed of The façade of the building is painted a light colour to The load-bearing walls, made of coral rag which are 600mm The building in general is narrow in plan with shops which are 600mm thick and are thermally coral rag stone and lime and are finished with 15mm reduce the heat absorption by the walls .In addition the thick. The floor and ceiling structure comprises of a boriti and living quarters located towards the front section resistant. However there are sections to the thick lime plaster finish. The walls are painted light there is a mabati sunshade at the front which also aids structure, with coral rag on top of the structure and finished of the building. The shops front the street while the back of the building of the building that use colours to reduce absorption of heat. The floor finish in the entrance to the building and the street as well. with lime mortar. The width of the Doors and windows are more private spaces are located deeper within the 200mm thick concrete blocks. is done using cement and sand screed in some areas made of wooden frames and open inwards. The use of iron building. It is seen that the building responds to its while some areas have been done in ceramic bars on the windows and doors enhances the security. context through environmental design principles since tiling.(Fig 4. 118) its longer axis is oriented along the east west direction.
Table 4. 20; Table showing general parametrs for Indian shop house.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 60
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters Description/ findings
a) Transformation period/year The building underwent changes a few years after the Ibrahim family moved in.
b) Transformation of Building It was noted that the building has undergone changes technology and materials in terms of building technology towards the back (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade) section of the building. The wall surrounding the court Fig 4. 114; Image showing new Fig 4. 117; Image of court with concrete Fig 4. 115; Image showing extension done to Fig 4. 116; Image showing wall and boriti Fig 4. 118; Image showing ceramic floor galvanised Iron roof. Source; Author block walling. Source; Author (2016). back of building work. Source: Author (2016). ceiling finish. Source: Author (2016). finish and wall finish. Source: Author (2016). which serves as a rail has been done using 150mm (2016). thick concrete blocks due to its availability in the market (Fig 4. 117). In addition the pitched galvanised roof was added to the existing coralline slab since the roof had problems with leaking during
the rains. (Fig 4. 114)
c) Spatial organisation There is a horizontal extension that was done to the
Fig 4. 119; Image showing shop Fig 4. 120; Image showing timber Fig 4. 121; Image showing timber window inside transformation back of the building in order to create space for (vertical transformation/horizontal storage and also extension of the first floor to the back entrance of house. Source: Author gujerati door. Source: Author (2016). niche in wall. Source: Author (2016) (2016). transformation/change in use of space) of the building using timber .(Fig 4. 115)
General Parameters f) Barraza g) Roof h) Floor to ceiling height i) Courtyard j) Openings (Doors /windows/arches /niches) Description There is no Barraza. The roof is done in The floor to ceiling height for The building has a court towards The door in the building, are made of galvanised iron sheets and the spaces is 2700mm. The the back section that intricately carved wood. The exterior was addition made to the ceiling comprises of exposed doors have the most carvings on them. d) Transformation Factor The need for more functional space and a growing initial coralline flat boriti poles that serve as support The doors are the Indian gujerati doors. household size led to extension of the spaces .In slab.(Fig 4. 114) members for the floor slab addition the presence of readily available local above. material and ease of use led to the material change.
Table 4. 21; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 61
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS 4.5.3 Transformation of the Indian shop house in Zanzibar Typology a) Spatial organisation b) Materials and construction c) Openings(doors/windows/arches) d) Finishes e) Courtyard f) Roof Findings technology Comparing the two cases it is seen Case A: House that the main transformation is in No. : 2454, terms of the building technology Sokomuhogo used, where coralline rag and both (Nasser poles are used for one building and residence), the other building uses concrete Zanzibar blocks and reinforced concrete for the slabs .In addition comparing the cases to Siravo’s description on the The building in general has a narrow plan with rooms located on Concrete blocks have been used for the -The doors are timber with both Omani The walls and ceiling are finished The building has no court. The roof is done Indian shop house from the previous one side of the corridor. The overall layout of the building is walls and reinforced concrete for the slab. and Indian influence in plaster while the floor is finished using galvanised iron chapter shows that they both fall brought about by the geometry of the site. Timber is used for the intricate balcony. -The arched windows are also done in in ceramic tiling. sheets. within the category of Indian shop timber. houses as mentioned by Siravo (1997).
Case B: House No.2418(Ibrahim Residence)
The building in general is narrow in plan with shops and living Coralline rag is the main material used for -The doors are timber with Indian The walls are finished in plaster The building has a court The roof is done quarters located towards the front section of the building. the walls. The roof is supported with boriti influence while the floor is finished in to the back side which using galvanised iron members. The wall rail surrounding the -The windows are also timber but are ceramic tiling. The ceiling finish is aids in lighting and sheets. court at the first floor level is done in done in the wall niches exposed boriti poles. ventilation. concrete blocks.
Table 4. 22; Transformation of the Indian shop house in Zanzibar. Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 62 CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.6. Traditional Swahili house 4.6.1. Case A: Traditional Swahili house Malindi: Kahtan house
Background
The history of this house dates back to ownership by the Mr.kahtan Muhammad who built the house in the late 1930s.The house has not changed ownership and is currently under the ownership of Mama Safia Kahtan who is the daughter of the late Mr Muhammad. Fig 4. 123; Image showing Location of Fig 4. 122; Image showing main house and a) Ground floor plan b) Sketch of Elevation E01 c) Sketch of Section S01 Fig 4. 124; Image showing courtyard. Source; Author building, building orientation and sun path. area where roof material has changed. (2016). Source: Courtesy of STCDA, Author modified Source; Author (2016). Fig 4. 125; Fig4.100: Drawings of building, plans section and elevation. Source: Author (2016) (2016).(
General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Spatial organisation and Design principles The orthogonal plan of the house incorporates a long central corridor which forms the main Description The Swahili house uses the traditional The interior and exterior walls are The plain façade is painted white to reflect the The Swahili house uses the traditional mud, wattle Mud, coral stone and, wattle construction finished with 20mm thick white lime heat and it is also symmetrically designed where construction technique. The walls are 250mm thick circulation space that is a connection between the font of the house and the back. The door is technique. The walls are 250mm thick plaster, this helps in reflecting light the door is centrally placed with a window on comprising of a mix of coral rag with mud on timber centrally placed on the front .an axis is therefore created by the central corridor on the plan that that serves as an organising principle in the spatial design. comprising of a mix of coral rag with mud and heat away from outside the either side. However a stone bench known as a structure. The windows are rectangular with a on timber structure. This is dissimilar to the building keeping the building cool Barraza running located on one side of the door vertical orientation, vertical round iron bars have wall thickness that is commonly used for internal. The roof slab is painted with creates a sense of asymmetry on the front facade. been used for security and also consist of operable the Swahili stone houses. a boriti structure serving as the (Fig 4. 133) wooden panels .The main entry door is a double support system for the ceiling. The leaf Omani door that has an elaborately carved frame floor finish is cement screed over a while the single leaf interior doors are less elaborate
concrete floor slab constructed with wooden panel doors. Low-pitched corrugated mabati the same technique as the flat roof. (iron sheets) have been used to cover a flat roof made However the floor is covered with of the mud and wattle construction further supported pvc carpet. (Fig 4. 126) by boriti members.
Table 4. 23; Table showing general parametrs for Traditional Swahili house.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 63
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Description/findings Transformation parameters a) Transformation period/year The building was extended in 2005
b) Transformation of Building The building is seen to have change construction Fig 4. 126; Image showing internal Fig 4. 127: Image construction technology of Fig 4. 128; Image showing the exposed boriti members Source; Author Fig 4. 129; Image showing timber technology and materials materials , the roof was improved upon where galvanised finishes of wall, floor and ceiling. Source; the roof. Source; Author (2016). (2016) panelled window. Source; Author (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade sheets were added since the previous ones had rusted and Author (2016). (2016). Roof) were leaking. (Fig 4. 132)
Fig 4. 130; Image showing main entry Fig 4. 131; Image showing area where the existing Fig 4. 132; Image showing area galvanised Fig 4. 133; Image showing Barraza at the c) Spatial organisation The building experiences a horizontal transformation
Omani door Source; Author (2016). wall was demolished Source; Author (2016). sheets were added to the iron roofing .Source; building front. Source: Author (2016) transformation since the kitchen area was extended through demolition Author (2016) (vertical transformation/horizontal of the wall.( Fig 4. 131) General Parameters f) Barraza g) Roof h) Floor to ceiling i) Courtyard j) Openings transformation/change in use of height (Doors /windows/arches /niches) space/addition of facilities/space) Description There is Barraza or seating The building has a The height from the floor to The building has a court that Door size is 1000X2100mm (Fig 4. 130). Generally the area located at the main low-pitch mabati ceiling is 2300mm.The is flanked to the side of the window sizes on the external facade are 600x900mm with a d) Transformation Factor The need for more storage space led to the extension of entrance of the building. roof that is ceiling is also made from the main building.it serves as a sill height of 1200mm while the windows that face the However it is on only one supported by a mud and wattle construction drying area and also aids in internal outdoor kitchen yard are slightly larger with an the kitchen yard. The need for more durable material led side of the door. boriti wooden supported with boriti poles lighting and ventilation to the approximate size of 750x 1000mm.The shutters open to the to the addition of galvanised sheets on the existing iron system which sits that determine the overall spaces located next to it. (Fig yard while for the other windows on the outside the shutters sheet roof to prevent leakage.
on a coral rag slab. internal space dimensions. 4. 124) open to the inside The windows have a ratio of 1:1.5. (Fig 4. 129) Table 4. 24; Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 64
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
4.6.2: Case B. Traditional Swahili house Vuga: Bi Salama residence
Background
The history of this house dates back to ownership of Mrs Bi salama's family to the early 1900s. The house has not changed ownership, the house has stayed within the family and is currently under the
ownership of Mrs Bi salama.
Fig 4. 134 Image showing Location of building, Fig 4. 135; Image of Swahili house in Vuga.. a) Ground floor plan b) Elevation E01 c) Sketch of Section S01 building orientation and sun path. Source: Courtesy of Source: Author (2016). STCDA, Author modified (2016). Fig 4. 136; Drawings of building, plans section and elevation. Source: Author (2016).
General Parameters a) Walls b) Surface finishes c) Façade design d) Materials and building technology e) Spatial organisation and Design principles Description The Swahili house uses the coral rag The wall of both the exterior and interior walls is The plain façade is painted white to reflect the heat and The Swahili house uses the traditional coral rag technology The orthogonal plan of the house incorporates a long central technology. The walls are 300 mm thick finished with about 15 mm thick lime plaster finish it is also symmetrically designed where the door is commonly found in the Zanzibar stone houses. The walls corridor which forms the main circulation space that is a comprising of a mix of lime and coral rag which reflects light and heat away from outside the centrally placed with a window on either side. However are 300 mm thick comprising of a mix of coral rag stone connection between the font of the house and the back. The door is centrally placed on the front .an axis is therefore
stone which is finished in lime plaster. (Fig 4. building. The floor finish is cement screed over a a stone bench known as a Barraza running located on plastered with lime. The windows are rectangular with a created by the central corridor on the plan that leads to spaces 139) reinforced floor slab constructed with the same one side of the door creates a sense of asymmetry on horizontal orientation, using fly screens, iron bars on either side technique as the flat roof. the front facade. (Fig 4. 135) internally for security and operable wooden panel window on timber frame .The main entry door is a double leaf Arab door that is elaborately carved with Islamic geometric patterns, the single leaf interior doors are less elaborate wooden frame panel doors. Low-pitched corrugated iron sheets (mabati) are used to cover a flat roof made of the mud and wattle construction further supported by boriti poles.
Table 4. 25; Table showing general parametrs for Traditional Swahili house.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 65
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS
Transformation parameters Description/ findings a) Transformation period/year The building underwent changes in 2014.
b) Transformation of Building The materials used are contrary to what is common in technology and materials Stone town, 200mm thick concrete blocks are used. (walls/floors/openings/finishes/façade) (Fig 4. 139)
Fig 4. 137: Image of window. Fig 4. 138; Image showing area where material has changed Fig 4. 139; Image showing exposed coral rag Fig 4. 141; Image showing Floor and Fig 4. 140; Image showing partially Source; Author (2016). from coral rag to concrete blocks. Source Author 2016 technology of the wall. Source; Author (2016) wall finishes in corridor Source; Author ( open court and area where material 2016). has changed. Source ;Author( 2016).
c) Spatial organisation transformation The building is extended vertically hence vertical (vertical transformation/horizontal transformation. The roof system was improved using transformation/change in use of space) masonry concrete blocks to extend the roof system .In addition galvanised gutters were added. (Fig 4. 138) Fig 4. 146; Image showing support boriti members for the roof. Source: Fig 4. 142; Image showing area in court Author (2016). where material has changed from coral rag to concrete blocks. Source; Author (2016). Fig 4. 143; Image showing concrete Fig 4. 144; Image showing galvanised roof Fig 4. 145; Image showing Omani door d) Transformation Factor The previous roof was flat having issues with leakage Barraza. Source; Author (2016). of building. Source; Author (2016). .Source; Author (2016). and was therefore given more pitch and improved
using modern and durable materials. General Parameters f) Barraza g) Roof h) Floor to ceiling height i) Courtyard j) Openings
(Doors /windows/arches /niches) Description There is Barraza located The building has a low- The height from the floor to ceiling There is a partially covered Door size at the main entry point is at the main entrance of the pitch mabati roof that is is 2700mm.The ceiling comprises court located within the 1000X2100mm (Fig 4. 145) .Generally building. It spans across supported by a boriti of timber boarding. building that aids in lighting the window sizes on the main external the full length of the wooden system which sits and ventilation. facade are about 1200x1000mm with a entrance.( Fig 4. 143) on a slab. sill height of 1000mm. The shutters open to the inside.( Fig 4. 137)
Table 4. 26 Table showing transformation parameters.Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 66
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS 4.6.3 Transformation of the Traditional Swahili house in Zanzibar Typology a) Spatial organisation b) Materials and construction c) Openings(doors/windows/arches) d) Finishes e) Courtyard f) Roof g) Findings technology Comparing the two cases it is found Case A: that the main transformation is seen Traditional in the construction technology used Swahili house .The Swahili house in Malindi uses Malindi: Kahtan the traditional mud and wattle house system that is typical for the traditional one storey Swahili house as discussed by Siravo and vestbro.However the case in Vuga is The overall plan of the house is rectangular. It comprises of a main Mud and wattle is the main material for the -The doors are timber with Omani Boriti poles are used for the There is an open to sky The roof is iron different from what Siravo and central corridor that connects the back and front of the house with walls. The roof is supported with boriti influence support of the ceiling slab back yard. sheets in general but Vestbro discussed since it uses only rooms located on either side. The nature of the plan of the house is members. -The windows are also timber which is made of mud and comprises of the coral rag technology for its generally long rectangular geometry that comprises of a main wattle. Walls are lime galvanised iron construction. In addition it goes central corridor that is the main circulation space. There is also a washed. Floor is a cement sheets in some areas. further to use modern concrete small space in the house that open to sky that acts as a small court. screed blocks.
Case B: Swahili house Vuga:Bi salama residence
The nature of the plan of the house is generally long rectangular Coral rag is the main material for the walls The doors are timber with Omani Walls are plastered and There is also a small The roof is geometry that comprises of a main central corridor that is the main however the extensions for the roof were influence. The windows are also done in painted in most areas. space in the house that Galvanised iron sheet circulation space. There is also a small space in the house that done using concrete blocks. The roof is timber Floor is a cement screed open to sky that acts as a open to sky that acts as a small court. supported with boriti members finish. small court.
Table 4. 27; Transformation of the Traditional Swahili house in Zanzibar. Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 67 CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS 4.7. Comparative analysis between Swahili Stone houses in Zanzibar to foreign cases 4.7. 1.Comparison between Omani houses in Zanzibar and Omani house in Oman Omani house in Oman: Bait Faranca Omani house in Zanzibar:STCDA offices Omani house in Zanzibar: Department of disaster and management Findings Spatial organisation Facade Spatial organisation Facade Spatial organisation Facade Comparing the cases in Zanzibar to the case from Oman, the following findings were
` made:
Form/geometry The form of the building is simple and is dictated by the organisation of spaces while the plan geometry has transformed to be more orthogonal.
Consistency of the arch design The spaces have been organised around a The building has minimal ornamentation on The spaces have been organised around a The building has minimal ornamentation on the The spaces are arrange around a small The building has interplay between the solid wall The design of the arch has remained the central courtyard creating a gallery around the facade which is brought about from the central courtyard creating a gallery around facade which is brought about from the central courtyard with a walk way round it. and the openings or widows. It has minimal same hence the ogee arch is used in all the court. crenelation on the parapet wall. There is the court. crenelation on the parapet wall. There is ornamentation that is brought about through the cases. interplay between the solid wall and the interplay between the solid wall and the moulding. voids. openings or widows. Use of thick walls is consistent in all 3 cases however the walls made using Building materials and construction Openings Building materials and construction Openings Building materials and construction Openings concrete blocks are thinner than the walls technology technology technology made using the coral rag or mud for the
Omani building.
Doors are greatly influenced by Omani architecture, hence the doors are consistent in terms of design.
windows still have the 1:2 ratio but some of The building walls are made of mud which The doors used are timber Omani doors. The Boriti poles have been used as the support The windows are timber louvers and have a ratio Boriti poles have been used as the support The windows are wooden and louvered. They the windows in Zanzibar have changed to have a 1:1 ratio the local material. arches are the ogee arches .The windows are system for the slab. In addition steel of 1:2.They also have iron bar used as a security system for the slab. Thick walls have been also have iron bar used as a security measure. made from timber and seem to have a width beams have also been used for the measure. Some of the arches have been filled used which are made of coralline rag. The ratio of the windows is 1:2 however there are to height ratio of1:2. structural system. Thick walls have been with timber to create more space internally. The Timber has been used for the new ceiling some windows located at the top most level have used which are made of coralline rag. doors are the timber Omani doors. and also partitioning system a ratio of 1:1. The doors are the Omani doors.
Table 4. 28; Comparison between Omani houses in Zanzibar and Omani house in Oman. Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 68
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS 4.7. 2.Comparison between Veranda houses in Zanzibar and Veranda house in India Verandah house in India: Veranda house in Zanzibar: Veranda house in Zanzibar: Old customs house Findings
Spatial organisation Facade Spatial organisation Facade Spatial organisation Facade Comparing the cases in Zanzibar to the case from their points of origin, the following findings were made:
The building form is still the same for the verandah buildings in Zanzibar however there is influence that came from India where
the veranda as an element has been added to the Omani buildings as previously shown.
Change of material. The layout is simple and rectangular in plan The building is one storey in height and is The spaces have been organised around a The building facade has minimal The spaces are arrange around a small central The building facade has minimal There is a change or transformation in the that has an orientation towards the east west very simple in terms of façade design hence central courtyard creating a gallery around ornamentation on the facade however the courtyard with a walk way round it.In ornamentation on the facade however the material being used from the point of origin direction facing the sea. it is plain. the court and there is also a courtyard to the added veranda and balconies are the main addition the back yard also serves as a court. veranda and balconies are the main to the current building in Zanzibar. New back of the building. decorative elements that stand out on the decorative elements that stand out on the materials such as concrete and cast iron plain facade. plain facade. have been added to the old materials. Building materials and construction Openings Building materials and construction Openings Building materials and construction Openings Change in arch design
technology technology technology The design of the traditional Omani arch has changed to a more minimalistic design that does not have and ornamentation or the shoulders along the arch.
The walls are 450mm thick brick walls that The doors and windows are oriented towards Boriti poles have been used as the support The windows are wooden and louvered. They Boriti poles have been used as the support The windows are wooden and louvered. They Use of thick walls is consistent in all 3 cases are bound with mud mortar and plastered the ocean front in order to capture the cool system for the slab. In addition steel members also have iron bars for security .The ratio of system for the slab .The walls constitute of also have iron bars for security purposes. The however the walls made using concrete with mud hence locally available materials winds . have also been used to enhance the structural the windows is 1:2. The arches used 600mm thick coralline rag and lime however ratio of the windows is 1:2. The arches used blocks are thinner than the walls made using
have been used for its construction. In system. The 600 mm thick walls constitute of constitute of a decorative shoulder .The doors some portions of the building were have a minimalistic approach to them. The the coral rag or mud for the Omani building. Doors are greatly influenced by both Omani addition the roof is constructed thick coralline rag and lime. The veranda is are wooden Omani doors constructed using modern material, concrete doors are the gujerati doors. done in iron and timber. blocks. The veranda constitutes of iron, and Indian architecture. concrete and timber.
Table 4. 29; Comparison between Veranda houses in Zanzibar and Veranda house in India. Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 69
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS 4.7. 3.Comparison between Caravanserai in Zanzibar and Caravanserai in Iran. Caravanserai in Iran: Madrese-ye Madar-e Shah caravanserai Isfahan, Iran Caravanserai in Zanzibar: :Caravanserai Malindi Caravanserai in Zanzibar: Caravanserai Kajificheni Findings .Zanzibar .Zanzibar Spatial organisation Facade Spatial organisation Facade Spatial organisation Facade Comparing the cases in Zanzibar to the case from Iran, the following findings were
made:
Courtyards The courtyards are dominant in all cases however the size of the courts has greatly reduced from its point of origin to its current location in Zanzibar.
The spaces have been organised around a The facade is highly decorative and The spaces have been arranged around a The facade is very plain all around except for The spaces have been arranged around a The facade is very plain all around .No Thick walls are used in all 3 cases large central courtyard creating a gallery comprises of arches and arched windows large central courtyard creating a gallery the main entry that is highly ornamented by large central courtyard creating a gallery ornamentation or decoration.
around the court. creating rhythm and repetition of solids, around the court. the gujerati door and the Indian balcony. around the court. voids and niches. Change in material Use of new material as supporting elements Building materials and construction Openings Building materials and construction Openings Building materials and construction Openings Such as steel beams to support upper floors.
technology technology technology There is a loss of ornamentation on the facades. The case in Iran is highly decorated while the ones in Zanzibar are plain.
The walls comprise of thick stone and also The arch is the dominating element in terms The ceiling comprises of boriti poles that is The arch is the dominating element in terms The ceiling on the ground level comprises of The arch is the least dominating element in
brick. of doors ,windows and niches supported by steel members in some cases. of doors ,windows and niches exposed boriti members that are mainly the court, its only located at the entry. The thick walls are made from coral rag supported by steel members. The thick walls which is locally available. are made from coral rag which is locally available.
Table 4. 30; Comparison between Caravanserai houses in Zanzibar and caravanserai house in Iran. Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 70
CHAPTER 4;FIELD WORK AND ANALYSIS 4.7. 4.Comparison between Shop houses in Zanzibar and shop houses in India Shop house in India(bohora and Hindu house) Shop house in Zanzibar::Nasser residence Shop house in Zanzibar Findings Spatial organisation Facade Spatial organisation Facade Spatial organisation Facade Comparing the cases in Zanzibar to the foreign cases it is seen that there is the loss of the court as an element of design taking into consideration that the Nasser residence was recently constructed and falls under the category of an Indian shop building. The building is long in plan and has a The narrow façade comprises windows and The building in general has a narrow plan The façade of the building is painted white to The building in has a narrow plan The shops The façade of the building is plain and is court that serves as an organising doors creating rhythm and repetition of solids with rooms located on one side of the reduce the heat absorption by the walls and is front the street while the more private spaces painted a light colour to reduce the heat principle and voids. corridor. The overall layout of the building is greatly articulated by the balconies in the are located deeper within the building. absorption by the walls. brought about by the geometry of the site. façade are done intricately in wood.
Building materials and construction Openings Building materials and construction Openings Building materials and construction Openings technology technology technology
From the layout it is seen that the external The openings of the bohora house as seen Concrete blocks have been used for the walls The doors are timber with both Omani and Coralline rag is the main material used for the The doors are timber with Indian influence. walls that are made using local material are from the elevation are vertically oriented. and reinforced concrete for the slab. Timber Indian influence. The arched windows are walls and slabs. The slab is supported with The windows are also timber but are done thicker than the inner walls is used for the intricate balcony and windows. also done in timber. boriti members. Timber and mabati is used within in the wall niches. towards the back of the building.
Table 4. 31; Comparison between Indian shop houses in Zanzibar and shop house in India. Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 71 CHAPTER FIVE;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER FIVE: Conclusions and recommendations
Conclusions and recommendations: 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Chapters summary 5.3. Response to aims and objectives 5.4. Recommendations
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 72
CHAPTER FIVE;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction The conclusions and recommendations of the research study aim to fulfil the objectives mentioned at the start of the study. Therefore the intention of the research is to find out the transformations that have taken place in Swahili stone houses in Stone town, Zanzibar, the factors that have encouraged these transformations.
5.2 Chapters summary
Chapter 1: The author identifies the problem statement and formulates the objectives, structures the research and gives the direction it will take. He further explains the scope of the research and Fig 5. 1; Image showing the stone buildings of stone town then gives reference materials. Zanzibar. Source; Author (2016)
Chapter2: This chapter examines and documents the history and development the eras that Zanzibar has gone through. The literature review goes further to document and examine the theories behind the transformation of houses deducing the determinants or factors of transformation. Subsequently, the architecture in the Stone town is studied in order to understand the architecture of the stone. From this the typologies of stone houses are noted: the Indian shop house, Fig 5.10, the Omani house, Fig 5.8, the Swahili house, Fig 5.2, the Veranda house, Fig 5.3, house and the caravanserai.
Chapter3: In this chapter the author establishes the structure that was used to carry put the research. Buildings are identified that represent the typologies obtained in chapter 2. Here the author notes Fig 5. 2; Image of a Swahili building. Source; Author (2016) that the strategy required for the study is the case study strategy since the research is an exploratory research.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 73
CHAPTER FIVE;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Chapter4: Ten buildings were examined in total in Stone town where two building were a representation of each typology. These houses are compared using the following variables; Windows, doors, arches, Spatial organization, building materials, building height, floors and ceilings, walls, roofs, finishes, courtyard, decorative plasterwork and principles of design. The data collected off each of the case studies was analysed to find out what has transformed in relation to the variables.
5.3 Response to aims and objectives
a) Transformations that have taken place in the stone houses
Fig 5. 3; Image of a veranda building which is known as Mizingani hotel in Stone town, Zanzibar.Source;Author (2016) i. Windows The windows are made of timber louvered panels and timber frames with any iron bars that serve as a security measure. However the windows are not all the same traditionally the windows that have a width to height ratio of 1:2 but in some instances these ratios have changed, some windows have the ratio 1:1.5 and also to a further extent 1:1 for some of the windows .
ii. Doors The doors widely used in the cases are the Arab Omani door and the Indian gujerati door.
iii. Walls The walls of the houses are thick (500-600mm) and are made of coral rag which is bonded with lime mortar and is further finished with lime plaster. However, for some of the cases there has been a change, the wall thickness has reduced to 250mm due to the use of concrete Fig 5. 4; Image of an Omani door. Source; Author (2016).
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 74
CHAPTER FIVE;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
blocks .in addition there is the use of the traditional mud and wattle technique for wall construction.
iv. Roofs Traditionally the Roofs of the houses were mainly flat but later these flat roofs were changed to pitched roofs. The materials also being used for roofing have changed, instead of the Fig 5. 5; Use of ceramic common galvanised iron sheet the Decra roof tile is another addition to the types of roofing floor finishes. Source; Author (2016) systems that is used.
v. Finishes The walls traditionally were lime finished and painted while the floors had a cement screed Fig 5. 6; image showing use of finish. Today the walls still use the same finish technique however the floors are finished concrete blocks for with ceramic tiling that is placed on top of the sand and cement screed. construction of walls and reinforced concrete slabs for the floors. Source; Author vi. Building materials and construction technology (2016) It is seen from the study that there has been a change in the building materials and the construction technology employed. Concrete blocks that are 200 mm thick are used for walling other than the common traditional coral rag .In addition when the coralline rag is used for wall construction the walls are made thicker and range between a thickness of 450mm to 600mm, this enables the internal spaces to remain cool in this hot and humid climate, hence thermal comfort is achieved. This is not the case when 200mm thick walls are used. The slabs traditionally are done again using coralline rag supported with exposed boriti members but in some cases it was found that steel was also used to support the coralline floor slabs that were prone to collapse or showed signs of unstability.In addition to slab construction there was also the use of reinforced concrete slabs. Fig 5. 7; Image showing use of steel beam to support the boriti and coral rag stone slab.Source;Author (2016)
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 75
CHAPTER FIVE;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
vii. Aesthetics Elements such as arches that are used for both ventilation and lighting purposes and also for storage or display areas for the niches are still common however there is a change that is seen in some cases. The traditional ogee arch that is common for the Omani house has been given a more minimalistic approach where there is less ornamentation, hence loss of the arch shoulders and the arch is more rigid. Crenelation are a common aesthetic element found in Omani buildings but it is seen there is also a loss of these elements when vertical extensions are done to the building or when the roof are added , the crenelation are filled with concrete or masonry blocks.
b) Factors that influenced transformation. Fig 5. 8;Image showing use of the ogee arch in the S.T.C.D.A building which is an Omani building;Source;Author (2016) i. The need for improved and functional usable space.
ii. Change of use of building. To meet the demands of the tourism industry, more usable office space in Zanzibar, some buildings such as the Mizingani hotel, STCDA building and other were changed from residential buildings to office space or hotels. This resulted in change of spatial organisation where some walls were demolished to create space as seen in STCDA office building or extensions were made to the back to create more accommodation space as seen in Mizingani hotel.
iii. Change of ownership
iv. Change in household size Increase in house hold size results in extension or addition of space since more space is Fig 5. 9; Image showing use of minimalistic modern arches in Mizingani Hotel.Source;Author (2016) required for accommodation and house hold activities.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 76
CHAPTER FIVE;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
v. Aspiration for modernism Some of the owners aspire to use modern materials other than the traditional materials .This is seen in some of the cases discussed since modern construction technology, materials and finishes are used .A case that greatly shows this is the Indian shop house owned by Mr. Nasser. Where a new constructed building used mostly modern material such as reinforced concrete slabs, ceramic floor finishes and concrete block walls. However the balconies and doors were done in timber, hence traditional techniques and material was still used.
vi. Construction time To reduce the construction of cost, clients and builders when doing extensions or construction new buildings prefer using thin masonry or concrete block walls that are about 200mm thick since they are cheaper to use ,readily available and faster to work with in comparison to the traditional coral rag which requires more skilled labour and takes longer to use.
vii. Change of regime Looking at the history of Zanzibar, it is seen that the change of regime is also a contributing factor to the transformations
viii. Maintenance
Fig 5. 10; View of the Indian shop house (Nasser The coralline rag and lime plastered walls and slabs with boriti require a lot of residence).Source; Author (2016). maintenance as compared to the plastered concrete block walls.
c) The direction the stone houses are taking in the island The Swahili stone houses have changed and are still changing in stone town since change as a phaenomena is inevitable. From the data collected out it is clear that these changes will continue to take place in future if necessary measures are not taken to control these alterations that may lead to a loss of the heritage. The changes will continue to be as long as:
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 77
CHAPTER FIVE;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
i. The new building materials are cheaper than the old ones. ii. The conservation guidelines and policies laid out are not well implemented.
However as much as there are changes it is seen the changes are greatly directed towards modernism where modern materials and construction technology are being used .Taking into consideration the Nasser building as a case it is seen that there was an attempt to use both modern materials and technology (reinforced slabs and concrete block walls) and traditional Swahili elements (Omani and Indian wooden doors and intricately timber balcony) in order to respect the context.
Fig 5. 11; Arial view Tone Town showing its dense fabric 5.4Recommendations with corrugated roofs .Source; Author (2016). 5.4.1 Recommendations for future buildings It is clear from the study that the Swahili houses have changed and will continue change. However lessons can be learnt from the traditional buildings, street layout and urban context of stone town and be used either in a modern way or with modern technology.
Urban context
i. Buildings should be arranged in permeable layouts to ensure there is natural ventilation and lighting. ii. The dense urban fabric of stone town enables buildings to shade each other giving rise to narrow streets allowing the streets and buildings to remain cool during the day. Use of buildings to shade other buildings or open spaces
Fig 5. 12View of the narrow Sokomuhogo street; Source ;Author(2016) TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 78
CHAPTER FIVE;CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Street i. The streets should be oriented along the east- west direction as seen in stone town that enables them to channel the cool sea breeze and at the same time along the north and south direction to also take advantage of the north east and south west winds.
Building units i. Building should have courtyards which promote natural lighting and ventilation ii. The rooms should be single banked so as to allow for cross ventilation iii. The long axis of the building should be along the E-W orientation to reduce exposure to solar radiation. iv. Use of locally available materials for the building construction should be encouraged in future buildings since they have low embodied energy. Fig 5. 13; Image showing a court yard; Source; Author v. The openings of the buildings should be oriented towards the western sea breeze but (2016). should be shaded. vi. As seen from the cases there is use of modern technology and materials such as steel, reinforced concrete slabs and beams. These can be employed in future buildings for greater floor spans. vii. Use of both traditional and modern technology should be employed
5.4.2 Recommendations on the conservation guidelines and policies Guidelines and policies on the use of both Modern and traditional materials and technology should be looked into so as to provide a basis on how both can be used to enhance and preserve the heritage of stone town and Zanzibar.
5.4.3 Recommendations on further research Further research can be carried out on the other towns with in Zanzibar to investigate what transformations have taken place.
TRANSFORMATION OF THE SWAHILI STONE HOUSES 79 References Published Material i. Francesco Siravo (1996), Zanzibar; A plan for the Historic Town. The Aga khan trust for culture; historic cities support programme- the gallery publication.
ii. Salma Damar Salmuji (2008), the Architecture of Oman, Garnet Publishing Limited, Reading, UK.
iii. Siravo F., Pulver A. (1986) , Planning Lamu, Conservation of an East African Seaport, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi Kenya.
iv. Salma Samar Dalmuji, Architecture of Oman, Garnet Publishing Ltd., Reading, UK, 1998
v. Steyn G. (2001): An analysis of an Omani house in Stone Town Zanzibar, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
vi. Al-Radi, Selma. Brief History of the East African Coast. In The Architecture of Housing, edited by Robert Powell. Singapore: Concept Media/Aga Khan Award for Architecture, 1990.
vii. Linda Groat and David Wang (2002), Architectural Research Methods, John Wiley& sons, New York viii. Ghaidan, U. (1975): Lamu, A study of the Swahili Town. Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi
ix. Siravo F. & Pulver A. (1986): Planning Lamu: Conservation of an East African seaport, National Museums of Kenya.
x. Rapoport A. (1969): House, form and culture. University of Wiscon-sin, Milwaukee.
xi. Desai, M. (2007). Traditional architecture: House form of Bohoras in Gujarat. Council of Architecture, New Delhi
Published journals/Reports/Research papers.
i. Bahareh H. & Atefe Z.K. (2012): A Brief Survey on the Principles of Iranian Islamic Architecture. Shahid Beheshti University, Iran. ii. Steyn G. (2001): An analysis of an Omani house in Stone Town Zanzibar, University of Pretoria, Pretoria. xv iii. R.shanti Priya and S. Rhadhakrishna. (2012)Comparing the thermal performance of traditional and modern building in the coastal region of Nagappattinam, Tamil Nadu. iv. Soheir M. Hegazy (March 2014), Conservation of historical buildings – The Omani–French museum as a case study. v. Conservation and design guideline for Zanzibar .stone town. vi. House 2052/55 Kajificheni Zanzibar,report by Silvia carboneti and makame mujahir(2008)
Unpublished Material i. Peninah W. Mutonga (2014), Evolution of Swahili Architecture: A case study of Mombasa, Lamu & Zanzibar. B. Arch Thesis (UON).
ii. Mwangi Billy Ndegwa, (2014), Indian Architecture and its Influence on the built form in Stone Town, Zanzibar. B. Arch Thesis (UON).
iii. Nzilani Christine, (2015), Traditional Swahili Stone House: Its suitability for the warm humid climate, B. Arch Thesis (UON).
iv. Manda Kakaire, (2016), Thermal comfort analysis of buildings in Stone town and Ngambo, Zanzibar, B. Arch Thesis (UON).
v. Huba M. Nguluma, (2003) Housing Themselves, Transformations, Modernisation and spatial qualities in informal settlements in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Doctoral Thesis (KTH)
xvi Appendices
Observation checklist
The urban and street character
1. What is the street width and height? 2. What is the character and proportions of building facades? 3. Are there any sun-shading elements? 4. What are the surface finishes? 5. The street furniture and landscaping elements that characterise the streets. 6. What are the indoor and outdoor human activities and the clothing levels? 7. Are there any open spaces?
The residential unit
1. What is the typology of the unit? 2. What is the spatial organisation? 3. What are the design principles employed? 4. What materials have been used for the floors, walls and ceilings? 5. What type of roof has been used? Flat or pitched? 6. What other building elements are present?
xvi i
Sample interview questions and responses
Interview with Fatima Ibrahim, Indian shop house
1. How long have you lived in this building for? We have lived here since 1995. 2. Do you own the building or have rented the space? We do not own the building but our relatives have given us a place to stay 3. If not then who is the owner of the building? Our relatives own the building 4. Are there other families that live here? If yes, how many? No there are no other families here 5. Do you know any history about the building? No we do not have any history about it 6. What era or time period was it built in? We do not know 7. Did you find the house the way it is? No we did no find it that way, we made few changes 8. Are there any alterations that have been made to the building? Yes there are changes made to it. 9. If yes, what are the changes or what has been removed or subtracted? We extended the back of the building towards the court for more space and because our family has grown.. 10. Are there any changes or alterations in the neighbourhood that may have affected your building? There are changes on some buildings in the neighbourhood but it has not affected us. xvi
ii 11. If yes, what are the changes or what has been removed and subtracted? Some people have made extensions to the houses on the existing floors for more space. 12. Are the local authorities aware of these changes? No some of them are not aware of some of the changes
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