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An Investigation of the Food Coactions of the Northern Plains Red Fox Thomas George Scott Iowa State College

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An Investigation of the Food Coactions of the Northern Plains Red Fox Thomas George Scott Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1942 An investigation of the food coactions of the northern plains red fox Thomas George Scott Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Scott, Thomas George, "An investigation of the food coactions of the northern plains red fox " (1942). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13586. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13586 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is tiie best copy available. UMI' AH nrv: STIGATICH OF Tlir FOOD COACTIONS OF TIE NORTIIERIf HAINS RED FOX by /c-f Thost 0* Soott A Thesis Submitted to tho Graduate Faculty for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILCeoPHY Major SubjecttZoology Approved t Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Zowa State College 1942 UMI Number: DP12274 (J) UMI UMI Microform DP12274 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights resen/ed. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 - ii - OL7 51X/Z Sco6l TABLE OF COTITENTS Pa-o LIST OF iii LIST OF TABLES vil F0RE\70RD 1 THE MOINGOItA FOC-v 3 FIF.LD TECimiqUF.S 18 Tho "Signs" of the Red Fox»»* 18 Rnowlodgo of tho Country»«»».« 39 Status of the Potential Foods***** 40 Oonerul Routine in tho Field*. 45 IKSffi RAHGE, MOVKlfETIT /JfU LIFK HISTORY. 67 PKEDEIO BEHAVIOR * 78 Hunting IJethods * 78 Pood Caohes************ 05 Use of Food 90 PEEOna 94 Cfeneral Poedlns Trends*. .......*. 100 Pood Preferenoes**.**•* * * * * lOG The Influence of Age on Feedins Trendo*******.•.»»».».*......*»• 110 The Relationship of Home Ran<^o and Diet* 115 r.peoifio Feeding Trends. 110 nonfood and Items of Queotlcnable Dietary Value** *** 177 104 LITERATUEK CITED* 187 AcmmfLsmmns * * 192 AHPEIIDIX 194 T74-1"^ - iii - LIST OF FIGURES Figure !• Topography of the Uoingona Fox Hange 4 2. Bear Crook in mid-sustner* A likely place for reading fox "sign"...... 5 S* Folly Creek* dry throughout most of the year« was ideal for "sign" reading. Host of the drainage lines on the Range were of this charaoter 6 4* Mean monthly temperatures and precipitation for each of the years studied***.. 8 S* Aerial photograph of the Uoingona Fox Kange*.**. 10 6* Westward view from a out over slope on the northern part of the Range 12 7* Red fox tracks in mud* The upper impressions is that of a hind foot WIAIIO the lower one is of a fore foot *.*•***. 19 8. Red fox traoks in wet sand* The lower iinpressior is of a fore foot and the upper one of a hind foot* * 20 9* Tho traok pattern of the trotting red fox 21 10* The traok pattern of the galloping rod fox**** 22 11* The trail of a rod fox walking in deep snow .*......*** 23 12* Tho trail of a rod fox atten^ting to gallop in deep snow*.*** 24 13* Tho red fox found easier going along tho fallen tree***.*...* 26 14* Feoal passages of the red fox* Two^thirds natural sise**.... 27 16* Focal passages of tho red fox* One-half natural site* The somewhat largor passages on the left were from the Big Wall Lake Area where food was abundant while the smaller passages on the right were from the Iloingom Fox Ran^e iriiere food seemed barely available* ^he passages wero taken at random from oolleotions made in February and Maroh* 1941*... 28 - iv - Figure na-o 16* The bedding place of a red fox**...*.. 30 17* Examples of loose fitr tossed aside by t}io rod fox dressing; its coat* Actual size*..*... 31 18* Burdock {Arctium sp*) furs plucked out with loose fur and left by the red fox***.».. 33 19* Uolo runway ripped open by red fox 34 20* Feathers shoarod from the carcass of a ring-neoked pheasant by the rod fox***...**..*.**...*..... * * 35 21* Roraains of cottontail loft by young red foxes ***** *•••* 36 22* Remains of ring-necked pheasant left by red foxes* 37 23* Paired trails of red foxes Dooember 23* 1938*..... ....* 38 24* Outline map showing grid systen used in recording field evidence* The quadrats used in the estimations of prey populations are also shown** * 41 25* Average depths of snow on the Moingona Fox Rango during the three winters studied***••**. 47 26* Fecal pAssagt of a rod fox on a boulder* March 21« 1939**..* 51 27* Fecal passage of a red fox next to a boulder on the edge of a field 52 26* Track pattern of a red fox during defecation 54 29* A den opened up by a red fox*** 62 30* Den sites, direoticn and time of movement between dens* scat locations and interpolated home ranges, 1939*** 64 31* Den sites, direction and time of movement between dsns, scat locations and interpolated home ranges, 1940** 67 32* Closely grased ridge included in the early fall rallying station of the red fox family in 1939** 72 33* Polly Creek in fall* The leaves on the ground proved dis­ tracting to the observer searching for "sign" * 73 - T - Figure Pago 34. Scope of activity of one red fox durinc a 24-hour period. Locality Tthere conounwd and place of recovery are also shonn for Itcnel metal tag swallowed by a fex fox*«** 76 35. Fora in wl.ich a cottontail remained under tlie snow until disturbed by the observer. It had been there at least during the IZ-hour interval since tho snow ceased rallin;;; as is attestedby tho tracks79 3G« Weasel in oacho whore it had beon placed by a red fox*.••.... 81 37. A red fox caught a mouse at the disturbed spot in tho foreground S3 38. A bob-white whom iw died in a covey roost under an overhunf; creek bank. Red foxes readily take advantage of such easily available food..*. 86 39. Mole in rod fox cache. Tho snow has been disturbed only enouEh to show tho characteristic fore foot of the mole. The mole had beon burrowing; throu^ this late snow when captured by the fox. March 6» 1939. 88 40. Paoal passages of red fox ouba about eight or nine wooks of age (right) coapared with the passage of an adult (left). /otual sise.... 96 41. The annual representations of major food {groups in the diet of the red fox.... 102 42. Seasotial representations of the major food c,roup8 in tlie red fox diet 104 43. Monthly trends for the major food groups in the red fox diet. 107 44. Red fox cub estiznatod to bo about five weeks of age.. Ill 46. Rod fox cub estimated to be about eight weeks of age......... 112 46. Monthly trend of rodent representations. A broken lino was used where the number of fecal samples was thought in- adoquate 126 47. Monthly trend of prairie harvest mouse representations.. 137 48. Monthly trend of white-footed mouse representations.......... 140 49. Monthly trend of lemming mouse representations. 143 - vi - Figure Pac® 50* Monthly trend of meadonrr mouse representations*..•••••••••••• 146 51* Montlily trend of cottontail reprosontatioiis in thu fecal passages ocntraated nitii soasonal changes in tho levels of tho cottontail population******** 151 52* Konthly trends of tho principal Orthoptera in tho diet*••*** 166 53* Monthly trends of tho principal Colooptern in the diet****** 167 64* Monthly trends of fleshy fruit reprocontations****** 175 vii - LIST OF TABLES Table Page !• Nu2ab«r3 of Individual Food Itens Locatod in Vao Field..****. 195 2* Oooui'ronoos of General Food Groups in Faoal Pasaages fron the Tirails for Period I. *.**..*... 196 3* Oocurroncea of General Food Groups in Fecal Passages from the Trails for Period II*.*.*.*...* 197 4* Ooourrouoos of General Food Groups in Fflcnl Pasaaces from tho Trails for Pariod III 190 5* Ma:iT:aul lieiiains in Fooal Gollaouud at Kaaring Dons in 1940 199 G* aird liamins in Fooal raaaa^oa Collactod at Iljarinc Dons in I3i0 200 7* Invertebrate Ileniaina in Focal Passages Collected at Keorln^ Dens in 1040* *** * 201 8* A Cuiuparison of tlio Percentages of Total Ooourreuces for tho Principal Groups of Foods Deteobed in Feoal Passasoo Col­ lected on tho Trails (j^ril* GOj Uay«68} June, 47) with aiuilar Porcanfcagea for Paasagoo Piolcod up at :'«nu (April, 117j l^tay^ 39} Juno« 16) in 1940****************** 113 9* Differences in Oocurrn^toes of Vjuronal Remains in Focal Passagoa fron tho Trails on tho llorth and South Kaji^as,1940* 202 10* Diffsroncos in Ooourrenood of Dird ne-.naiutf in I'doal Puooai^es from tlio Trails on tho North and South i{an(jo3,1940* 203 11* Differences in Ooourrenoau of Invortebrato Hemaino in Peoal Pasaa^jes froia tho Trails on tho IlorUi and South San^ios, 1940.
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