Marcel Göken

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Marcel Göken Marcel Göken Das Filmmusical im 21. Jahrhundert F ILM UND M EDIEN IN DER D ISKUSSION 20 Marcel Göken Das Filmmusical im 21. Jahrhundert Film und Medien in der Diskussion Band 20 Film und Medien in der Diskussion Hrsg. v. Jürgen E. Müller Band 20 Marcel Göken Das Filmmusical im 21. Jahrhundert Semantische, syntaktische und pragmatische Innovationen und das Verhältnis von Film und Musik in zeitgenössischen Filmmusicals Marcel Göken Das Filmmusical im 21. Jahrhundert Semantische, syntaktische und pragmatische Innovationen und das Verhältnis von Film und Musik in zeitgenössischen Filmmusicals Nodus Publikationen Münster Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. Die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde am 17. April 2013 von der Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bayreuth als Dissertation angenommen. © Copyright 2014 by Marcel Göken Alle Rechte vorbehalten — Printed in Germany Nachdruck oder Vervielfältigung, auch auszugsweise, verboten. Gedruckt auf chlor- und säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier. Umschlaggestaltung: Nodus Design unter Verwendung einer bearbeiteten Version der Szenenphotos von S. 160 (Vorderseite) und S. 145 (Rückseite). Nodus Publikationen — Wissenschaftlicher Verlag D-48 031 Münster • Germany http://www.nodus-publikationen.de ISBN 978–3–89323–372–4 ISSN 0939–9410 ___________________________________________________________________________ INHALT Danksagungen ................................................................................ 7 1. OUVERTÜRE 1.1 Einleitung........................................................................... 9 1.2 State of research und axe de pertinence ....................................... 14 2. ERSTER AKT: Das traditionelle Filmmusical 2.1 Vorbemerkungen .................................................................. 19 2.2 ‘Auf nach Hollywood’ — Transformation und historische Perspektiven ................................ 21 2.3 Eine semantisch-syntaktisch-pragmatische Annäherung an Filmgenres...................................................................... 26 2.4 Die Geschichte des klassischen Hollywood-Musicals ....................... 31 2.4.1 Die ‘Goldene Ära’ des Filmmusicals .......................................... 32 2.4.2 Zwischen Krise und Konsolidierung — Die 1960er und 1970er Jahre ... 42 2.4.3 Die 1980er Jahre und die ‘Renaissance’ in den 1990er Jahren ............ 53 2.4.4 Zwischenbilanz .................................................................... 58 2.5 Strukturen des Filmmusicals .................................................... 60 2.5.1 Das Filmmusical als dual-focus narration .................................... 61 2.5.2 Diegetic und non-diegetic sound und der audio dissolve ................... 66 2.5.3 Die visuelle Überlagerung oder der video dissolve .......................... 71 2.5.4 Spiegelungsprinzipien oder der personality dissolve ........................ 78 2.5.5 Die Subgenres fairy tale, show und folk musical............................. 81 2.6 Traditionen und Konventionen im Genre ‘Filmmusical’.................... 85 ___________________________________________________________________________ – 5 – INHALT ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. ZWEITER AKT: Das zeitgenössische Filmmusical 3.1 Vorbemerkungen................................................................... 87 3.2 Modifikation / Ablösung der traditionellen dual-focus narration........... 90 3.2.1 DANCER IN THE DARK (2000) — eine europäische Alternative?...... 91 3.2.2 Eine neue Form der Dualität? — WERE THE WORLD MINE (2008) .. 96 3.2.3 Gender und Dissoziation — HEDWIG AND THE ANGRY INCH (2003) ................................ 102 3.2.4 Zwischenbilanz: Die Ablösung der dual-focus narration ................... 107 3.3 Gesellschaftliche Diskurse und Genrereflexion im Filmmusical........... 108 3.3.1 Zwischen Jazz und Zynismus — CHICAGO (2002)......................... 109 3.3.2 Auf Disneys Spuren? SOUTH PARK — BIGGER, LONGER & UNCUT (1999)................ 116 3.3.3 Popkultur und Intermedialität — MOULIN ROUGE! (2001) .............. 125 3.3.4 Zwischenbilanz: Gesellschaftskritik und Selbstreflexivität.................. 131 3.4 Liveness im Filmmusical.......................................................... 136 3.4.1 Beispiele für den Einsatz von Liveness in aktuellen Filmmusicals......... 138 3.4.1.1 Liveness als Handlungsachse — WERE THE WORLD MINE (2008)... 138 3.4.1.2 Ein neuer audio dissolve? — MAMMA MIA! (2008)....................... 140 3.4.1.3 Emotion und Performance — HEDWIG AND THE ANGRY INCH (2001) ................................ 143 3.4.1.4 Unmittelbarkeit von Musik — ONCE (2006) ................................. 146 3.4.2 Zwischenbilanz: Wirkungsdimensionen von Liveness ....................... 150 3.5 Semantisch-syntaktische Innovationen in zeitgenössischen Filmmusicals ............................................... 152 4. FINALE: Zu den Interaktionen von Film und Musik und der effet de vie.. 163 Literatur und Quellen — Aufsatzsammlungen / Lehrbücher / Monographien / Nachschlagewerke ...... 173 — Aufsätze / Essays / Manuskripte / Presseartikel.................................... 178 — Online-Ressourcen....................................................................... 181 — Bühnenwerke ............................................................................. 181 — Filmwerke................................................................................. 182 — Abbildungsverzeichnis .................................................................. 184 ___________________________________________________________________________ – 6 – ___________________________________________________________________________ Danksagungen Die vorliegende Arbeit hätte niemals ohne die Unterstützung zahlreicher Personen ent- stehen können, an die ich an dieser Stelle meinen aufrichtigen Dank richten möchte. Zunächst möchte ich mich herzlich bei Prof. Dr. Jürgen E. Müller und Prof. Dr. Marion Linhardt, welche die Entstehung der Arbeit von Beginn an begleitet haben, für die wertvollen Anregungen und Perspektiven sowie die stets sachliche und kon- struktive Kritik bedanken. Zudem gilt mein Dank meiner Schwester Vivien Göken, Dr. Eva-Maria Hart- mann, Dr. Anna Wiehl und Bernhard Wiehl, die vor allem während der Endphase das Korrekturlesen übernahmen und die mich immer wieder dazu anhielten, auch komplizierte Sachverhalte nachvollziehbar zu formulieren. Ferner richte ich meinen Dank an meine Familie und meine Freunde, ohne deren andauernde Unterstützung diese Arbeit niemals hätte entstehen können. Zu guter Letzt möchte ich diese Dissertation meinem Lebenspartner Marco wid- men, der mir stets in allen Dingen die notwendige Kraft gibt. Bayreuth, im April 2013 Marcel Göken ___________________________________________________________________________ – 7 – ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. OUVERTÜRE 1.1 Einleitung Stellen wir uns einen heutigen Zuschauer vor, der sich im Kino — mehr oder weni- ger zufällig — einen ‘Klassiker’ der Filmmusicalgeschichte, etwa Vincente Minnellis AN AMERICAN IN PARIS aus dem Jahr 1951, ansieht. Er wird hierbei mit einigen inhaltlichen und ästhetischen Elementen und Aspekten konfrontiert werden, die zu den wesentlichen Konventionen des Filmmusicals gehören, beispielsweise der diege- tische Gesang (und Tanz) der Figuren, durch den sie ihren Emotionen Ausdruck ver- leihen, die schematisierte Liebesgeschichte zwischen Mann und Frau (der Fokus der Erzählung liegt ausschließlich auf dem heterosexuellen Figurenpaar) und die visuell überzeichneten Filmbilder, die durch eine starke Farbsättigung und Kontrastreichtum geprägt sind. Bedenken wir nun, in welchem soziohistorischen Umfeld sich der angenommene Rezipient befindet: Das Kino ist gegenwärtig nur noch eines von vielen unterhalten- den Medienangeboten. Es wurde durch das Fernsehen und insbesondere das Internet von seiner einstigen Vorreiterposition verdrängt. Die zunehmende Individualisierung in der Gesellschaft — die durch die Emanzipation der Frau oder auch der Homo- sexuellen befördert wurde beziehungsweise wird —, geht mit einer medienhistori- schen Konstellation einher, in der sich ein umfangreiches Spektrum an Unterhal- tungsformaten und -gattungen ausdifferenziert hat, die den individuellen Erwartungs- haltungen der Rezipienten Rechnung tragen. Die sozialen und politischen Umbrüche der vergangenen Jahrzehnte und deren bis heute anhaltender Nachklang (die sexuelle Revolution am Ende der 1960er Jahre, der Kalte Krieg und der anschließende Zerfall des Ostblockes etc.) und die jüngsten globalen Entwicklungen (beispielsweise die Bedrohung durch den organisierten Ter- rorismus) schlagen sich offenkundig im zeitgenössischen kinematographischen Dis- kurs nieder. Heutige Filmmusicals thematisieren vermehrt gegenwartsbezogene und gesellschaftskritische Aspekte, selbst dann, wenn sie von tendenziell unterhaltenden Sujets ausgehen. Vor diesem Hintergrund überrascht es wenig, dass ein älteres Filmmusical auf eine heutigen Rezipienten ‘altmodisch’ und künstlich wirkt. Dieser Eindruck resul- tiert zunächst aus den genrekonstitutiven semantischen und syntaktischen Elementen in Filmmusicals (insbesondere dem diegetischen Gesang), dann aber auch aus der ___________________________________________________________________________
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